TABLE OF CONTENTS

Division Section Title Revision Pages

SPECIFICATIONS GROUP

DIVISION 03 - CONCRETE
033000 CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE B 40

DIVISION 05 - METALS
051200 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING B 17

DIVISION 07 - THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION

071326 SELF-ADHERING SHEET WATERPROOFING B 10

DIVISION 31 - EARTHWORK
312000 EARTH MOVING B 9
313116 TERMITE CONTROL B 4

END OF TABLE OF CONTENTS

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SECTION 033000 - CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1. SUMMARY
A. This Section specifies the requirements for cast-in place concrete,
including formwork, reinforcement, concrete materials, mix design,
placement procedures, and finishes, for the following:
1. Footings.
2. Foundation walls.
3. Slabs-on-grade.
4. Suspended slabs.
5. Concrete toppings.
6. Building frame members.
7. Building walls.
1.2. DEFINITIONS
A. Cementitious Materials: Portland cement alone or in combination with one
or more of the following: fly ash (PFA) and other pozzolans, ground
granulated blast-furnace slag, and silica fume or rice husk ash; subject to
compliance with requirements.
1.3. SUBMITTALS
A. Product data sheets: For the following products:
1. Cementitious materials.
2. Admixtures.
3. Form materials and form-release agents.
4. Steel reinforcement and accessories:
5. Waterstops.
6. Curing compounds.
7. Floor and slab treatments.
8. Bonding agents.
9. Adhesives.
10. Vapor retarders.
11. Semirigid joint filler.
12. Joint-filler strips.
13. Repair materials.

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B. Design Mixes: For each concrete mix. Submit alternate design mixes
when characteristics of materials, Project conditions, weather, test results,
or other circumstances warrant adjustments.
C. Steel Reinforcement Shop Drawings: Placing drawings that detail
fabrication, bending, and placement. Include bar sizes, lengths, material,
grade, bar schedules, stirrup spacing, bent bar diagrams, bar arrangement,
splices and laps, mechanical connections, tie spacing, hoop spacing, and
supports for concrete reinforcement.
D. Formwork Shop Drawings: Prepared by or under the supervision of a
qualified professional engineer detailing fabrication, assembly, and support
of formwork.
E. Shoring and Re-shoring: Indicate proposed schedule and sequence of
stripping formwork, shoring removal, and installing and removing re-
shoring.
F. Samples: For water-stops and vapor retarder to be provided.
G. Welding certificates: Provide certification of, equipment, and materials to
be used for welding.
H. Material Test Reports and Certificates: For the following, from a qualified
independent testing agency, indicating compliance with requirements for
each batch of material:
1. Cementitious materials.
2. Admixtures.
3. Form materials and form-release agents.
4. Steel reinforcement and accessories:
5. Each bar size
6. Each steel grade specified
7. Waterstops.
8. Curing compounds.
9. Floor and slab treatments.
10. Bonding agents.
11. Adhesives.
12. Vapor retarders.
13. Semirigid joint filler.
14. Joint-filler strips.
15. Repair materials.
16. Aggregates: Include service record data indicating absence of
deleterious expansion of concrete due to alkali aggregate reactivity.
I. Floor surface flatness and level measurements to determine compliance
with specified tolerances

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J. Field quality-control test and inspection reports

K. Minutes of pre-installation conference.
1.4. QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Manufacturer Qualifications: A firm experienced in manufacturing ready-
mixed concrete products and that is currently certified to ISO 9001 or
equivalent quality standard for product conformity.
1. Production Facilities: Ready-mixed concrete is to be obtained from
one source if possible.
2. The contractor is to submit proposals, as well as, name and address
of depot before any concrete is delivered. Delivery notes are to be
retained for inspection. Any declarations of nonconformity from
concrete producer are to be notified immediately
B. Manufacturer Qualifications: A firm experienced in manufacturing ready-
mixed concrete products and that is currently certified to ISO 9001 or
equivalent quality standard for product conformity.
C. Testing Agency Qualifications: An independent agency acceptable to
Local Authority.
D. Welding: Qualify procedures and personnel according to BS 7123.
E. Concrete Testing Service: Engage a qualified independent testing agency
to perform material evaluation tests and to evaluate design concrete mixes.
F. Mockups: Cast concrete slab-on-grade and formed-surface panels to
demonstrate typical joints, surface finish, texture, tolerances, and standard
of workmanship.
G. Build panel as directed by Engineer.
H. Approved panels may become part of the completed Work if undisturbed at
time of Substantial Completion.
1.5. DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
A. Steel Reinforcement: Deliver, store, and handle steel reinforcement to
prevent bending and damage. Avoid damaging coatings on steel
reinforcement.
B. Waterstops: Store waterstops under cover to protect from moisture,
sunlight, dirt, oil, and other contaminants.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1. GENERAL
A. The following requirements apply to product selection:
1. Available Products: Subject to compliance with requirements,
products that may be incorporated into the Work include, but are not
limited to, products specified.

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2. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide one of

the products specified.
3. Available Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements,
manufacturers offering products that may be incorporated into the
Work include, but are not limited to, manufacturers specified.
4. Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide
products by one of the manufacturers specified.
2.2. FORM-FACING MATERIALS
A. Smooth-Formed Finished Concrete: Form-facing panels that will provide
continuous, true, and smooth concrete surfaces. Furnish in largest
practicable sizes to minimize number of joints. Material may be plywood,
metal, or other Approved material.
B. Rough-Formed Finished Concrete: Plywood, lumber, metal, or another
approved material. Provide lumber dressed on at least two edges and one
side for tight fit.
C. Forms for Cylindrical Columns, Pedestals, and Supports: Metal, glass-
fibre-reinforced plastic, paper, or fibre tubes that will produce surfaces with
gradual or abrupt irregularities not exceeding specified formwork surface
class. Provide units with sufficient wall thickness to resist plastic concrete
loads without detrimental deformation.
D. Pan-Type Forms: Glass-fibre-reinforced plastic or formed steel, stiffened
to resist plastic concrete loads without detrimental deformation.
E. Void Forms: Biodegradable paper surface, treated for moisture resistance,
structurally sufficient to support weight of plastic concrete and other
superimposed loads.
2.3. RELATED FORMWORK MATERIALS
A. Chamfer Strips: Wood, metal, PVC, or rubber strips, 20 by 20, minimum
B. Rustication Strips: Wood, metal, PVC, or rubber strips, kerfed for ease of
form removal.
C. Form-Release Agent: Commercially formulated form-release agent that
will not bond with, stain, or adversely affect concrete surfaces and will not
impair subsequent treatments of concrete surfaces. Formulate form-
release agent with rust inhibitor for steel form-facing materials. Form
release agents shall be colourless and free of kerosene.
D. Form Ties: Factory-fabricated, removable or snap-off metal or glass-fibre-
reinforced plastic form ties designed to resist lateral pressure of fresh
concrete on forms and to prevent spalling of concrete on removal.
E. Controlled Permeability Formwork (CPF) Liners: Commercially
manufactured formwork liners that allow the passage of water and
entrapped air from the concrete, and through the formwork, whilst retaining
cement and other solids to improve the surface finish of vertical faces
F. Furnish units that will leave no corrodible metal closer than 25 mm to the
plane of exposed concrete surface.

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G. Furnish ties that, when removed, will leave holes no larger than 25 mm in
diameter in concrete surface.
H. Furnish ties with integral water-barrier plates to walls indicated to receive
damp-proofing or waterproofing.
2.4. STEEL REINFORCEMENT
A. Mild steel, plain rolled bars BS 4449 –2005
B. High yield steel hot rolled deformed bars- BS 4449 – 2005
C. High yield steel, cold worked deformed bars BS 4449 – 2005
D. Steel Fabric for the Reinforcement of Concrete- BS 4483 – 1998
E. Cold reduced steel wire BS 4482 – 1985
F. Scheduling, Dimensioning, Bending and Cutting Reinforcement BS 8666
G. Construction Drawings – Bar Scheduling BS EN ISO 4066
H. Deformed bars shall have Type 2 bond classification (Grade 500B)
2.5. REINFORCEMENT ACCESSORIES
A. Joint Dowel Bars: BS 4482, plain-steel bars, cut bars true to length with
ends square and free of burrs.
B. Zinc Repair Material: BS 4482, 0, zinc-based solder, paint containing zinc
dust, or sprayed zinc.
C. Bar Supports: Bolsters, chairs, spacers, and other devices for spacing,
supporting, and fastening reinforcing bars and welded wire reinforcement
in place. Manufacture bar supports from steel wire, plastic, or precast
concrete according to CRSI's "Manual of Standard Practice," of greater
compressive strength than concrete and as follows:
1. For concrete surfaces exposed to view where legs of wire bar
supports contact forms, use CRSI Class 1 plastic-protected steel
wire or CRSI Class 2 stainless-steel bar supports.
2. For zinc-coated reinforcement, use galvanized wire or dielectric-
polymer-coated wire bar supports.
2.6. CONCRETE MATERIALS
A. Cement: General Requirements
The cement to be used throughout the Works shall be Portland Cement obtained from
manufacturers certified in writing and shall be as described under one of the following
headings:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (CEM I): Cement complying with BS EN
197 but containing not more than 12% by weight of tri-calcium
aluminate (C3A).
2. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC): Cement complying
with either BS 4027, but containing not more than 4% by weight of
tri-calcium aluminate (C3A).
B. For cement to be used in permanent Works:
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1. The heat of hydration at 7 days in accordance with BS EN 196-8

shall not exceed 290 J/g at 7 days or 270 J/g for Low Heat cement
and
2. The fineness (specific) in accordance with BS EN 196-6 shall not be
less than 280 m2/kg (where measured by the Air Permeability
method).
3. Cement shall be free flowing and free of lumps. It shall be supplied in
the manufacturer's sealed and unbroken bags or in bulk.
4. Cement, which has become hardened or lumpy or fails to comply
with this Specification in any way, shall be removed immediately from
the site.
5. Cement shall be transported to the batch plant/site in containers
agreed by The Engineer. It shall be fully protected from the weather
and from carbonation and air setting during transportation and site
storage. Different brands or types of cement shall be stored
separately and shall not be mixed together for use in the works,
excepting where specified above.
6. The Engineer may order additional tests on cement and the
Contractor shall draw the necessary samples from the stocks on site
in the event of a significant change in the concrete properties.
7. Cement that has been deleteriously affected by moisture shall not be
used in the works and shall be immediately removed from the site.
C. Silica Fume
1. Where agreed by the Engineer the concrete mix may contain silica
fume. The silica fume shall comply with the technical requirements of
BS EN 197-1 or ASTM C1240.
2. The Contractor shall submit proposals for the supply of silica fume to
the Engineer for review.
3. Certification shall be provided for each consignment of silica fume
delivered.
4. The method of incorporation of the silica fume into the mix shall be
subject to the review of the Engineer. The Contractor shall submit a
method statement describing the plant and equipment proposed for
batching and mixing and the timing of addition of the silica fume to
the mix. The method statement shall be supported by a letter from
the silica fume supplier approving the methodology.
D. Supplementary Cementing Materials
1. Supplementary Cementing Materials shall consist of GGBS(Ground
Granulated Blastfurnace Slag), PFA (Pulverised Fuel Ash), Natural
Pozzolan (NP) , Silica Fume and/or Rice Husk Ash (RHA).
2. Blended cements consisting of mixtures of Portland cement and
supplementary cementing materials shall comply with the
requirements of BS EN 197-1 (2000) and test certificates shall be

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provided to the Engineer in accordance with the conformity

requirements of BS EN 197-1 (2000).
3. GGBS shall comply with the requirements of BS EN 15167-1: 2006.
4. Tests shall be carried out on, or certificates shall be provided for
each delivered batch of GGBS in accordance with BS EN 15167-1:
2006.
5. The results of all testing shall be submitted to The Engineer for
review and comment.
6. The specific surface of GGBS when tested in accordance with BS
EN 196-6 shall be not less than 275 m2/kg.
7. PFA shall comply with the requirements of BS 3892: Part 1: (1997)
Specification for pulverized-fuel ash for use with Portland cement.
8. Tests shall be carried out on, or certificates shall be provided for
each batch of PFA in accordance with BS 3892 (1997).
9. The results of all testing shall be submitted to The Engineer for
review and comment.
10. NP shall comply with the requirements of BS EN 197-1 (2000)
11. Tests shall be carried out on, or certificates shall be provided for
each batch of NP in accordance with the requirements of BS EN
197-1 (2000).
12. The results of all testing shall be submitted to The Engineer for
review and comment.
13. The specific surface, when tested in accordance with BS EN 196-6,
shall be not less than 450 m2/kg.
14. Tests shall be carried out on, or certificates shall be provided for
each batch of Silica fume or RHA.
15. The test data shall be submitted to The Engineer for review and
comment.
16. When supplied separately, dry Portland cement, PFA and GGBS
shall be thoroughly blended in the mixer. Silica fume should be
added together the coarse aggregate to aid dispersion of silica fume
agglomerates.
17. Transportation to and storage on site of cementitious additions shall
be in containers agreed by The Engineer. All cementitious materials
shall be fully protected from the weather during both transportation
and site storage.
18. Batches of cementitious additions shall be used in order of their
delivery to the site.
E. Aggregates
1. Except as may be modified hereunder the aggregate (fine and
coarse) for all types of concrete shall comply in all respects with BS

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EN 12620:2002 "Aggregates for concrete" and shall also comply with

any Local Authority Administrative Orders.
2. The aggregates used in the permanent works shall be naturally
occurring crushed materials obtained only from certified/agreed
sources. Aggregates exhibiting high drying shrinkage shall not be
used. Aggregates shall be clean hard, durable and shall not contain
significant quantities of deleterious materials such as iron pyrites,
iron oxides, mica, shale, coal or other laminar, soft or porous
materials or hollow shells.
3. Before any aggregate from a particular source is used, the Supplier
shall demonstrate that the material is suitable for use in the concrete
for the Project. If previous data on the aggregate source are not
available, the Contractor shall obtain representative samples of fine
and coarse aggregates and carry out the necessary tests and
analyses to show that the samples comply with the Specification.
Part of each sample will be required for concrete trial mixes and part
shall be retained for comparison with subsequent deliveries. The
data on the aggregate source shall be submitted to the Engineer and
his consent shall be obtained before any of the material is used in
the Works.
4. During the progress of the Works, the properties of the aggregate
shall be checked using the test procedure and at the intervals
outlined in Annex H of BS EN 12620:2002. The results of these tests,
etc. shall be submitted to the Engineer and his consent shall be
obtained before any of the material is used in the Works.
5. The maximum size of the coarse aggregate shall be 20 mm, except
where mass concrete is to be used, or where the spacing of
reinforcement allows a larger aggregate size to be successfully
placed and compacted. The Engineer shall approve any use of
aggregate greater than 20 mm. The maximum size of the aggregate
shall not be larger than 20% of the narrowest dimension between
sides of the member for which the concrete is to be used and 75% of
the maximum clear distance between reinforcing bars or the side
form.
6. The Contractor shall demonstrate to the Engineer's satisfaction that
the cement-aggregate combination will be stable and not liable to
excessive internal expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The
Contractor's proposals for demonstrating this shall be submitted and
shall take account of the time necessary for any testing. Under
exceptional circumstances, the demonstration may be based on
previous long term experience of the materials. Otherwise, the
Contractor shall undertake a programme of tests using an
independent testing laboratory in accordance with the following
requirements:
7. In the event that the aggregates have not been tested in accordance
with BS EN 12620, they shall be in accordance with the table below.

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Table 1 Table of Limits for Physical, Chemical And Mechanical Properties of Aggregates For
Concrete (Allowable test procedures not in BS EN 12620)

Sl
Requirement Test Methods Permissible Limits
No.

BS812 ASTM Fines Coarse

1. Grading Part 103 Standard Standard

(dry)

2. Material finer than 0.075mm Part 103

(wet)

Natural, uncrushed/crushed Max 3% Max 1%

Crushed rock Max 7% Max 1%

3. Clay lumps and friable particles C142 Max 1% Max 1%

4. Light weight pieces C123 Max 0.5% Max 0.5%

5. Organic impurities BS 1377 C40 The colour of the supernatant

liquid shall be lighter than
standard colour solution

6. Water absorption C128/ Max 2.3% Max 2%

C127
7. Specific gravity (apparent) C128/ Min 2.6 Min 2.6
C127

8. Shell content in aggregates: Part 106

- Coarser than 10 mm N/A Max 5%

- Between 5mm & 10mm N/A Max 15%

- Between 2.36mm & 5mm Max 10% none

-Finer than 2.36mm Max 10% none

- Hollow shells none none

9. Particle shape:

- Flakiness index Part 105.1 Max 30%

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Sl
Requirement Test Methods Permissible Limits
No.

- Elongation index Part 105.2 Max 25%

- Elongation/flakiness factor See note 1

10. Acid soluble chlorides, Cl : Part 117
- For reinforced concrete made
with

SRPC cements Max 0.03% Max 0.01%

OPC & MSRPC cements Max 0.03% Max 0.02%

- For mass concrete made with Max 0.03% Max 0.02%

SRPC cements Max 0.03% Max 0.02%

OPC & MSRPC cements Max 0.05% Max 0.04%

- For prestressed concrete & Max 0.01% Max 0.01%

steam cured structural concrete

11. Acid soluble sulphates, Part 118 Max 0.3% Max 0.3%

12. Soundness

(5 cycles) C88 Max 12% Max 12%

Sodium sulphate Na^S04 C88 Max 10% Max 10%

13. Mechanical strength

10% fines value Part 111 Min 100KN

or Impact value Part 112 Max 30%

Los Angeles abrasion C131/ Max 30%

C535
14. Drying shrinkage Part 120 Max 0.075% Max 0.075%

15. Potential reactivity Innocuous Innocuous

- Aggregates, chemical method C289 6 month

expansion

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Sl
Requirement Test Methods Permissible Limits
No.

"- Cement-aggregate C227, 0.10% max.

combination C1260

Notes:
1. Not more than 5% of particles shall have ratios greater than 1:2:3 (flaky)and 1:21:3 (elongation)
when tested by visual inspection of 100g of sand under a microscope where the ration
represents width:breadth:length.
2. The aggregate shall be fully protected from contamination and loss of fines prior to its
incorporation into the concrete. Stockpiles should be covered to protect them from windblown
dust.

8. Only certified aggregates whose source contains a sufficient quantity

of aggregate to complete the work shall be used. The following
information shall be submitted to The Engineer for review and
comment prior to the commencement of the works:
a. The name and location of the pit or quarry.
b. Groups classification in accordance with BS EN 12620:2002 or
BS 812, part 102 (1989).
9. Not more than 5% of particles shall have ratios greater than 1:2:3
(flakey) and 1:1:3 (elongate) when tested by visual inspection of
100g of sand under a microscope where the ratio represents width:
breadth: length.
10. The aggregate shall be fully protected from contamination and loss of
fines prior to its incorporation into the concrete. Stockpiles should be
covered to protect them from windblown dust.
11. Potential Reactivity of aggregates shall be determined initially at the
start of the project or whenever there is a change in the source of
supply or where in the opinion of the Engineer the material is
deemed to have changed.
F. Water:
1. Water used for mixing and curing of concrete shall be clean and free
from salt and other impurities to the satisfaction of the Engineer. It
shall be tested in accordance with BS EN 1008:1997.
2. Water direct from the sea shall not be used.
3. Water used for mixing and curing of concrete shall have a pH value
in the basic range of 7 to 9 and the soluble solids shall not exceed
the following limits:

Table 2 Properties of Water for Mixing and Curing of Concrete

Total dissolved solids 2000 mg/l

Chlorides (NaCl) 250 mg/l

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Total dissolved solids 2000 mg/l

Sulphate (SO3) 350 mg/l

Alkali Carbonates & Bicarbonates 500 mg/l

4. The temperature of mixing water for concrete should not be less than
5°C nor more than 25°C. Water may be cooled by the gradual
addition of chilled water or flaked ice. Where ice is used water used
to make the ice shall comply to the above criteria.
5. No ice solids shall be present in the mix during workability testing
6. The water shall be clean and free from industrial wastes and other
deleterious material. Water which is highly coloured or which has a
pronounced odour or in which algae is growing shall not be used.
G. Admixtures
1. Admixtures used in the concrete shall comply with BS EN 934 and
BS EN 480 Parts 1 – 10 as appropriate
2. The quantity and method of adding admixtures shall be in
accordance with the manufacturers recommendations and in all
cases shall be subject to the review and comment of the Engineer.
3. Admixtures shall be stored and used in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations.
4. The shelf life of any admixture shall not be exceeded. Any
admixture, which has exceeded its shelf life, shall be immediately
removed from the works.
5. The Contractor shall demonstrate the action of any proposed
admixture by means of trial mixes.
6. The Contractor shall obtain the Engineer's agreement prior to the
use of admixtures in each mix.
7. Calcium chloride shall not be used. Any admixture containing
chlorides or sulphates shall not be used without the prior consent of
the Engineer. Admixtures, which contain a chloride ion content in
excess of 2% by weight of admixture or 0.03% by weight of the
cementitious content of the concrete mix, shall not be used. The
supplier shall satisfy the Engineer that any admixture or ingredient
used, or their combination, does not detrimentally affect the strength
or other properties of the concrete.
8. Both the amount of admixture to be added and the method of use
require the agreement of the Engineer for whom the following data
shall be provided:
a. The chemical name(s) of the main active ingredient(s) in the
admixture;
b. Whether or not the admixture contains chlorides and the
chloride content and alkali content of the admixture.

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c. The typical dosage and detrimental effects of under-dosage

and over-dosage;
d. Whether or not the admixture leads to the entrainment of air
when used at the manufacturer's recommended dosage;
e. Long-term and short-term effects of the admixture on concrete,
and the effect of different types of cement and aggregate;
f. Storage life and any special storage requirements;
g. Health and Safety precautions in handling;
h. Availability of on-site technical service.
i. Air entrainment agents shall be such that the air content can be
maintained within the limits specified even if the mixing time is
extended to 30 minutes.
9. Admixtures from different suppliers shall not be used in the same
concrete mix. Two or more admixtures from the same supplier may
be used subject to successful trial mixes and agreement from the
supplier and the Engineer.
10. Any admixture or ingredient other than cement, aggregate or water-
reducing admixture, used by the Contractor to comply with the
absorption requirement must be shown by an independent authority
to have been used in concrete exposed to a coastal or marine
environment without significant deterioration of the cement matrix,
embedded reinforcing steel or measurable reduction in performance
of the product on absorption.
2.7. READY MIXED CONCRETE
A. Ready-mixed concrete shall comply with this specification, including the following special
requirements.
1. The concrete shall be carried in purpose-made agitators, operating
continuously, or truck mixers.
2. The concrete shall be compacted in its final position within 2 hours of
the introduction of cement to the aggregate, unless a longer or
shorter time is agreed by The Engineer. The time of such
introduction shall be recorded on the Delivery Note together with the
weights of the constituents of each mix.
3. When truck-mixed concrete is used, water shall be added under
supervision either at the Site or at the central batching plant as
agreed, but under no circumstances shall water be added in transit.
4. A record book shall be kept on site by the Contractor and be
available for inspection by The Engineer at all times. This shall
contain the following information relating to each delivery of concrete
to the site:
a. Registration number of truck, name of supplier and location of
the batching plant.
b. Time of introduction of water and cement to the mix.
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c. Date and time of arrival of the truck at the concreting location.

d. Time when concrete is placed in position and left undisturbed.
e. Mix proportions, including water/cement ratio, type of cement,
nominal maximum aggregate size, and admixtures if any and
grade of concrete.
f. Position where the concrete was placed.
g. Whether test cubes were taken from the delivery, and details of
cube markings.
h. Slump or slumpflow test results.
i. Temperature of mixed concrete immediately prior to discharge.
j. Quantity of concrete brought to site and quantity placed in
works.
k. Serial number of the delivery certificate
2.8. EARLY PROTECTION AND CURING MATERIALS
A. Evaporation Retarder: Waterborne, monomolecular film forming,
manufactured for application to fresh concrete.
B. Absorptive Cover: Burlap cloth made from jute or kenaf, weighing
approximately 305 g/sq. m when dry.
C. Moisture-Retaining Cover: Polyethylene film or white burlap-polyethylene
sheet.
D. Water: Potable.
2.9. RELATED MATERIALS
A. Expansion- and Isolation-Joint-Filler Strips: Asphalt-saturated cellulosic
fiber, cork or self-expanding cork.
B. Semirigid Joint Filler: Two-component, semirigid, 100 percent solids,
epoxy resin with a Type A shore durometer hardness range of 90 to 95 per
ASTM D 2240.
C. Bonding Agent: ASTM C1059, Type II, non-redispersible, acrylic emulsion
or styrene butadiene.
D. Epoxy Bonding Adhesive: ASTM C 881, two-component epoxy resin,
capable of humid curing and bonding to damp surfaces, of class suitable
for application temperature and of grade to suit requirements, and as
follows:
E. Types I and II, non-load bearing, for bonding hardened or freshly mixed
concrete to hardened concrete.
F. Reglets: Fabricate reglets of not less than 0.55-mm thick, galvanized steel
sheet. Temporarily fill or cover face opening of reglet to prevent intrusion
of concrete or debris.

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G. Dovetail Anchor Slots: Hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, not less than 0.85
mm thick, with bent tab anchors. Temporarily fill or cover face opening of
slots to prevent intrusion of concrete or debris.
2.10. GROUT
A. Non-shrink grout shall be a premixed non-shrink grout with the required
properties to match the substrate. The product must be approved in writing
by the Engineer before use
2.11. NO FINES CONCRETE
A. No Fines Concrete (NFC) shall comply with this specification (including the
requirements for ready mixed concrete and concrete mixes, general) and
the following special requirements:
1. NFC shall be manufactured using a single-sized aggregate of
maximum 19 mm. Smaller aggregate sizes may be used subject to
the approval of the Engineer
2. Density Class D1 in accordance with BS EN 206-1:2000 (oven dry
density less than 1000 kg/m3)
3. NFC shall be machine mixed
4. The concrete supplier account for the proposed placing method of
NFC when designing the concrete mix
5.
6.
2.12. CONCRETE MIXES, GENERAL
A. Prepare design mixes for each type and strength of concrete, proportioned
on the basis of laboratory trial mixture or field test data, or both to comply
with the requirements of this Specification.
1. Use a qualified independent testing agency for preparing, testing and
reporting on specimens from proposed mix designs based on
laboratory trial mixes. Trained in-house staff may be permitted to
conduct trial mixes, measure wet properties of the concrete and
prepare test specimens provided these activities are witnessed by
the Engineer.
2. Trial mixes shall be tested to determine the following properties:
a. Bleeding in accordance with ASTM C232 (non-vibrating) shall
not exceed 0.5 percent.
b. Air content if applicable BS EN 12350-7.
c. Free water/cement ratio AASHTO T318-02.
d. Workability in accordance with BS EN 12350.
e. Fresh concrete density in accordance with BS EN 12350-6
f. Hardened concrete density in accordance with BS EN 12390-7

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g. Compressive strength in accordance with BS EN 12390-3. The

compressive strength of the concrete shall be determined on
test specimens obtained and prepared in accordance with
BS EN 12390-2.
h. Flexural strength in accordance with strength BS EN 12390-5
i. Tensile strength in accordance with BS EN 12390-6.
j. Drying shrinkage of the trial mix concrete in accordance with
BS 8443:2005 Annex B.
k. Water Permeability BS EN 12390-8
l. Water absorption BS 1881 Part 122
m. Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion
Penetration to ASTM C1202
n. Chloride and sulphate levels of the concrete to BS 1881 Part
124
o. Heat of hydration as well as the coefficient of thermal
expansion and contraction during heat-up and cool down for
concrete mixes that will be used in elements with minimum
dimensions exceeding 1200 mm. The heat of hydration test
cube shall comprise a 1m x 1m x 1m test cube insulated with
polystyrene. Temperature measurements shall be made in
accordance with the Specification clauses for controlling
temperature. The test shall determine the temperature at the
centre, top and corner within the test sample as well as strain
at the centre.
B. For each trial mix for a specified compressive strength, sufficient cubes
(150 mm) and other specimens should be prepared for strength and
durability testing. For compressive strength three cubes shall be tested at
7 days, three cubes at 28 days of age and three cubes at 56 days. The
sampling, making, curing and testing of the test cubes shall be in
accordance with BS EN 12350:1.
1. If the values obtained do not comply with the Specification or are not
to the full satisfaction of the Engineer then the mixes shall be re-
designed.
2. Before commencement of concreting, approved trial mixes shall be
prepared under full-scale site conditions and tested in accordance
with the relevant standards.
3. All costs associated with the preparation and testing of the trial mixes
shall be borne by the Contractor.
C. Guidelines for concrete mix design for the various elements are given in
D. Table 3.

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Table 3 Guidelines for Concrete Mixes for the Concrete Elements

Element Strength Minimum Cement Minimum Silica Max Nominal

Binder Type cement fume or water / cover
(MPa)
Content replacement RHA (% binder (mm)
(kg/m3) (% cementitious of binder ratio
material) content)

Retaining 40 380 CEM I + 50% GGBS 3% to 0.38 75 (50 at

Note 1
walls GGBS 5% inside
face)

Foundations & 40 380 CEM I + 50% GGBS n/a 0.35 75

Slab on grade GGBS
Note 1

Raft 40 380 CEM I + 50% GGBS n/a 0.35 75 (50

Note1
foundation GGBS at inside
face)

Building 40 380 CEM I + n/a n/a 0.40 40

Note 1
Frame GGBS

Suspended 40 380 CEM I + n/a n/a 0.40 35

Slabs GGBS

Temporary 30 320 SRPC n/a n/a 0.40 40

works

Blinding 20 250 SRPC n/a n/a n/a n/a

Concrete 60 410 CEM I n/a n/a 0.35 35

Topping

Note 1 – Refer to Table 5 for Durability Testing Requirements

E. The maximum chloride content of the concrete mix is defined by the
applicable chloride class as shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Chloride class (BS EN 206-1)

Element Chloride class Maximum Cl content by mass of

cement

Reinforced concrete Cl 0.20 0.20%

(OPC/MSRPC)

Reinforced concrete Cl 0.10 0.10%

(SRPC)

Prestressed concrete & heat- Cl 0.10 0.10%

cured reinforced concrete.

Mass concrete Cl 1.0 1.0%

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Note: Where cement replacements (other than silica fume) are used and are taken into account for the
cement content, the chloride content is expressed as the percentage chloride ion by mass of cement plus
total mass of additions that are taken into account

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1. DESIGN AND ERECTION OF FORMWORK

A. Design, erect, shore, brace, and maintain formwork, to support vertical,
lateral, static, and dynamic loads, and construction loads that might be
applied, until structure can support such loads.
B. Construct formwork so concrete members and structures are of size,
shape, alignment, elevation, and position indicated, within tolerance limits
of BS 5975.
C. Limit concrete surface irregularities generally in accordance with the
guidance provided in BS 8110-1 and specifically as designated by
ACI 347R as abrupt or gradual, as follows:
D. Class A, 3.2 mm, for smooth-formed finished surfaces.
E. Class B, 6 mm, Class C, 13 mm and Class D, 25 mm for rough-formed
finished surfaces.
F. Construct forms tight enough to The Contractor shall make allowance for
any deflection of formwork that is likely to arise during construction, so that
the hardened concrete conforms to the specified line and level.
G. In the absence of any specified camber, the soffit of all beams more than 5
metres in span shall be laid to a chamber where:
2
Camber = (Span) /7200 x depth
H. Construct forms tight enough to prevent loss of concrete mortar.
I. Fabricate forms for easy removal without hammering or prying against
concrete surfaces. Provide crush or wrecking plates where stripping may
damage cast concrete surfaces. Provide top forms for inclined surfaces
steeper than 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical.
J. Install keyways, reglets, recesses, and the like, for easy removal.
K. Do not use rust-stained steel form-facing material.
L. Set edge forms, bulkheads, and intermediate screed strips for slabs to
achieve required elevations and slopes in finished concrete surfaces.
Provide and secure units to support screed strips; use strike-off templates
or compacting-type screeds.
M. Provide temporary openings for cleanouts and inspection ports where
interior area of formwork is inaccessible. Close openings with panels
tightly fitted to forms and securely braced to prevent loss of concrete
mortar. Locate temporary openings in forms at inconspicuous locations.
N. Chamfer exterior corners and edges of permanently exposed concrete.

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O. Form openings, chases, offsets, sinkages, keyways, reglets, blocking,

screeds, and bulkheads required in the Work. Determine sizes and
locations from trades providing such items.
P. Where identified on the Drawings, CPF Liners shall be installed in
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
Q. Clean forms and adjacent surfaces to receive concrete. Remove chips,
wood, sawdust, dirt, and other debris just before placing concrete.
R. Retighten forms and bracing before placing concrete, as required, to
prevent mortar leaks and maintain proper alignment.
S. Coat contact surfaces of forms with form-release agent, according to
manufacturer's written instructions, before placing reinforcement.
3.2. EMBEDDED ITEMS
A. Place and secure anchorage devices and other embedded items required
for adjoining work that is attached to or supported by cast-in-place
concrete. Use setting drawings, templates, diagrams, instructions, and
directions furnished with items to be embedded.
B. Install anchor rods, accurately located, to elevations required and
complying with tolerances in Section 7.5 of AISC's "Code of Standard
Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges."
C. Install reglets to receive waterproofing and to receive through-wall
flashings in outer face of concrete frame at exterior walls, where flashing is
shown at lintels, shelf angles, and other conditions.
D. Install dovetail anchor slots in concrete structures as indicated.
3.3. REMOVING AND REUSING FORMS
A. General: Formwork for sides of beams, walls, columns, and similar parts
of the Work that does not support weight of concrete may be removed after
curing 24 hours after placing concrete providing the concrete is hard
enough to not be damaged by form-removal operations and curing and
protection operations are maintained.
B. Leave formwork for beam soffits, joists, slabs, and other structural
elements that supports weight of concrete in place until concrete has
achieved at least 70 percent of its 28-day design compressive strength.
C. Props to Cantilevers shall not be removed before the counter balance
construction and the cantilever construction has been completed and fully
matured and gained the 28 day design strength.
D. The Contractor shall provide a detailed method statement on the
procedure and timing for removal of falsework and formwork for various
elements including the calculation of expected construction loads and the
required factors of safety.
E. Remove forms only if shores have been arranged to permit removal of
forms without loosening or disturbing shores.

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F. Clean and repair surfaces of forms to be reused in the Work. Split, frayed,
delaminated, or otherwise damaged form-facing material will not be
acceptable for exposed surfaces. Apply new form-release agent.
G. When forms are reused, clean surfaces, remove fins and laitance, and
tighten to close joints. Align and secure joints to avoid offsets. Do not use
patched forms for exposed concrete surfaces unless approved by
Engineer.
H. Re-use of CPF liners shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations
3.4. SHORES AND RESHORES
A. Do not remove shoring or re-shoring until measurement of slab tolerances
is complete.
B. In multistorey construction, extend shoring or re-shoring over a sufficient
number of storeys to distribute loads in such a manner that no floor or
member will be excessively loaded or will induce tensile stress in concrete
members without sufficient steel reinforcement.
C. Plan sequence of removal of shores and re-shore to ensure safety and
avoid damage to concrete. Locate and provide adequate re-shoring to
support construction without excessive stress or deflection.
3.5. VAPOR RETARDERS
A. Plastic Vapor Retarders: Place, protect, and repair vapour retarders
according to ASTM E 1643 and manufacturer's written instructions.
B. Lap joints 150 mm and seal with manufacturer's recommended tape.
C. Bituminous Vapour Retarders: Place, protect, and repair vapour retarders
according to manufacturer's written instructions.
D. Granular Course: Cover vapor retarder with granular fill, moisten, and
compact with mechanical equipment to elevation tolerances of plus 0 mm
or minus 19 mm.
E. Place and compact a 13-mm- thick layer of fine-graded granular material
over granular fill.
3.6. STEEL REINFORCEMENT
A. General: Comply with CRSI's "Manual of Standard Practice" for placing
reinforcement.
B. Do not cut or puncture vapour retarder. Repair damage and reseal vapour
retarder before placing concrete to Engineer’s approval.
C. Clean reinforcement of loose rust and mill scale, earth, ice, and other
foreign materials that would reduce bond to concrete.
D. Accurately position, support, and secure reinforcement against
displacement. Locate and support reinforcement with bar supports to
maintain minimum concrete cover. Do not tack weld crossing reinforcing
bars.
E. Weld reinforcing bars according to BS 7123 and BS 8110, where indicated.
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F. Set wire ties with ends directed into concrete, not toward exposed concrete
surfaces.
G. Install welded wire reinforcement in longest practicable lengths on bar
supports spaced to minimize sagging. Lap edges and ends of adjoining
sheets at least one mesh spacing. Offset laps of adjoining sheet widths to
prevent continuous laps in either direction. Lace overlaps with wire.
H. Zinc-Coated Reinforcement: Repair cut and damaged zinc coatings with
zinc repair material according to ASTM A 780. Use galvanized steel wire
ties to fasten zinc-coated steel reinforcement.
3.7. JOINTS
A. General: Construct joints true to line with faces perpendicular to surface
plane of concrete.
B. Construction Joints: Install so strength and appearance of concrete are
not impaired, at locations indicated or as approved by Engineer.
C. Place joints perpendicular to main reinforcement. Continue reinforcement
across construction joints, unless otherwise indicated. Do not continue
reinforcement through sides of strip placements of floors and slabs.
D. Form keyed joints as indicated.
E. Locate joints for beams, slabs, joists, and girders in the middle third of
spans. Offset joints in girders a minimum distance of twice the beam width
from a beam-girder intersection.
F. Locate horizontal joints in walls and columns at underside of floors, slabs,
beams, and girders and at the top of footings or floor slabs.
G. Space vertical joints in walls as indicated on the Drawings. Locate joints
beside piers integral with walls, near corners, and in concealed locations
where possible.
H. Where an unplanned construction joint is made or as noted on the
drawings, use epoxy-bonding adhesive at locations where fresh concrete is
placed against hardened or partially hardened concrete surfaces.
I. Contraction Joints in Slabs-on-Grade: Form weakened-plane contraction
joints, sectioning concrete into areas as indicated. Construct contraction
joints for a depth equal to at least 1/4 of concrete thickness as follows:
J. Grooved Joints: Form contraction joints after initial floating by grooving
and finishing each edge of joint to a radius of 3.2 mm. Repeat grooving of
contraction joints after applying surface finishes. Eliminate groover tool
marks on concrete surfaces.
K. Sawed Joints: Form contraction joints with power saws equipped with
shatterproof abrasive or diamond-rimmed blades. Cut 3.2-mm wide joints
into concrete when cutting action will not tear, abrade, or otherwise
damage surface and before concrete develops random contraction cracks.
L. Isolation Joints in Slabs-on-Grade: After removing formwork, install joint-
filler strips at slab junctions with vertical surfaces, such as column

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pedestals, foundation walls, grade beams, and other locations, as

indicated.
M. Extend joint-filler strips full width and depth of joint, terminating flush with
finished concrete surface, unless otherwise indicated.
N. Terminate full-width joint-filler strips not less than 13 mm or more than 25
mm below finished concrete surface where joint sealants are indicated.
O. Install joint-filler strips in lengths as long as practicable. Where more than
one length is required, lace or clip sections together.
P. Doweled Joints: Install dowel bars and support assemblies at joints where
indicated. Lubricate or asphalt coat one-half of dowel length to prevent
concrete bonding to one side of joint.
3.8. WATERSTOPS
A. Waterstops must be certified as being compatible with the waterproofing
membrane where there are to be in contact with the membrane.
B. Flexible Waterstops: Install in construction joints and at other joints
indicated to form a continuous diaphragm. Install in longest lengths
practicable. Support and protect exposed waterstops during progress of
the Work. Field fabricate joints in waterstops according to manufacturer's
written instructions.
3.9. CONCRETE PLACEMENT
A. Workability: The workability of the fresh concrete shall be such that the
concrete is suitable for the conditions of handling and placing as described
in this specification so that after compaction it surrounds all reinforcement
and completely fills the formwork.
B. Workability shall be measured for each batch in accordance with
BS EN 12350 Part 2 2000 and shall be within the following limits of the
required values: Slump± 25mm ± 1/3 of the required value, whichever is
the greater. For applications requiring higher workability (i.e. tremie or
congested reinforcement), workability may be assessed by slumpflow (The
mean diameter of the spread of fresh concrete using a conventional slump
cone). The slumpflow diameter shall be within ± 50 mm of the agreed value
but shall not exceed 750 mm.
C. Where cohesive mixes are proposed lower values of slump may be
accepted by The Engineer, provided adequate compaction of formwork
has been demonstrated.
D. Before placing concrete, verify that the extent of excavation and character
of bearing material have been approved, that installation of formwork,
reinforcement, and embedded items is complete and that required
inspections have been performed to the Engineer’s satisfaction.
E. Do not add water to concrete during delivery, at Project site, or during
placement unless approved by Engineer to achieve the specified
workability
F. Do not under any circumstances add water to piling concrete during
delivery, at Project site, or during placement.
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G. Do not add water to concrete after adding high-range water-reducing

admixtures to mix.
H. Deposit concrete continuously in one layer or in horizontal layers of such
thickness that no new concrete will be placed on concrete that has
hardened enough to cause seams or planes of weakness. If a section
cannot be placed continuously, provide construction joints to the
Engineer’s satisfaction. Deposit concrete to avoid segregation.
I. Deposit concrete in horizontal layers of depth to not exceed formwork
design pressures and in a manner to avoid inclined construction joints.
J. Consolidate placed concrete with mechanical vibrating equipment
according to BS 8110.
K. Do not use vibrators to transport concrete inside forms. Insert and
withdraw vibrators vertically at uniformly spaced locations to rapidly
penetrate placed layer and at least 150 mm into preceding layer. Do not
insert vibrators into lower layers of concrete that have begun to lose
plasticity. At each insertion, limit duration of vibration to time necessary to
consolidate concrete and complete embedment of reinforcement and other
embedded items without causing mix constituents to segregate.
L. Deposit and consolidate concrete for floors and slabs in a continuous
operation, within limits of construction joints, until placement of a panel or
section is complete.
M. Consolidate concrete during placement operations so concrete is
thoroughly worked around reinforcement and other embedded items and
into corners.
N. Maintain reinforcement in position on chairs during concrete placement.
O. Screed slab surfaces with a straightedge and strike off to correct
elevations.
P. Slope surfaces uniformly to drains where required.
Q. Begin initial floating using bull floats or darbies to form a uniform and open-
textured surface plane, before excess bleed-water appears on the surface.
Do not further disturb slab surfaces before starting finishing operations.
3.10. PLACING CONCRETE IN HOT WEATHER
A. This section covers the materials, design, workmanship and testing of
concrete for structural concrete work in hot weather countries. Hot weather
shall be defined as any combination of high air temperature, low relative
humidity and wind velocity tending to impair the quality of fresh or
hardened concrete. The climatic factors affecting concrete in hot weather
are high air temperature and reduced relative humidity, the effects of which
may be considerably more pronounced with increases in wind velocity.
The effects of hot weather on concrete are most critical during periods of
rising temperature, falling relative humidity or both.
B. When trunking or chutes are used they shall be kept clean and used in
such a way as to avoid segregation. Where steep slopes are required for
placing concrete with chutes, the chutes shall be equipped with baffle
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boards or be in short lengths that reverse the direction of the movement.

Chutes and the use of chutes must be agreed by the Engineers. All chutes
shall be kept clean and free from coating of hardened concrete by
thoroughly flushing with water after each run. The water used for flushing
shall be discharged clear of the concrete already in place.
C. Concrete shall not be placed using chutes or conduits of aluminium or
aluminium alloy.
D. No concrete shall be placed in flowing water. Underwater concrete shall be
placed in position by tremie or by pipeline from the mixer.
E. Full details of the placement method proposed shall be submitted in
advance to the Engineers and his agreement obtained before placing
begins. Where the concrete is placed by the tremie, its size and method of
operation shall be in accordance with BS 8004. During and after concreting
under water, pumping or dewatering operations in the immediate vicinity
shall be suspended until the Engineers permits them to be continued.
F. Measures shall be taken to avoid premature stiffening of concrete placed in
contact with hot, dry surfaces. Surfaces including reinforcement against
which concrete is to be placed shall be shielded against the direct rays of
the sun and shall be sprayed with water to prevent excessive absorption by
the surfaces of water from the fresh concrete.
G. A complete record shall be kept of the date, time, temperature and
conditions of placing the concrete in each portion of the work and shall be
available for inspection by the Engineer at any time.
3.11. HOT WEATHER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
A. The Contractor shall calculate the rate of water evaporation from the
concrete under the range expected environmental conditions. The
Contractor shall ensure that the concrete is not adversely affected by the
climatic factors, namely, high air temperature, low relative humidity and
wind velocity. Where calculations show that the rate of water evaporation
exceeds 1.0 kg/sq.m per hour for concrete without silica fume and 0.50 kg/
sq.m per hour for concrete containing silica fume, special precautions shall
be taken. Special precautions may include a combination of dampening
the subgrade and the forms, erecting sunshades and windbreaks and the
application of evaporation retarder or use of fog sprayers. The Contractor
shall be submit a detailed method statement on the hot weather protection
procedures to be adopted under expected environmental conditions for the
Engineer’s review and comment.
B. No concreting shall be attempted during periods of inclement weather
including storms and dust storms, at the discretion of the Engineer.
C. Precautions shall be taken by the Contractor to ensure the maximum
temperature of the concrete mix at time of placing is less than 32°C. The
constituents, including reinforcement, may be shaded from the sun prior to
the pour. Aggregates may be stored in shaded bunkers. Cold, potable
water may be sprayed on the stockpiles to further reduce temperature.
Precautions and monitoring shall be undertaken to ensure there is no

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significant increase in the level of dust, chlorides or sulphates present in

the aggregate through this procedure.
D. During transportation, delivery and placing of concrete the Contractor shall
take precautions to prevent evaporation of water from the concrete and to
minimize the increase in temperature through exposure to sunlight. To this
end, concreting should be carried out at such times that avoid the hottest
parts of the day, particularly finishing flatwork during the hottest part of the
day.
E. Formwork shall be examined before concreting and shall be clean,
correctly and rigidly fixed in position, and free of dust or other materials.
The formwork shall be kept as cool as possible before and during
concreting, and, where practicable, shall be shaded from direct sunlight.
The formwork shall be leak proof and not move during concreting.
F. Air and concrete thermometers shall be kept on the site and both
temperatures monitored during concreting. Ambient relative humidity shall
be monitored during concreting..
G. In the event of plastic shrinkage cracks forming, the affected concrete
should be re-vibrated immediately and further evaporation minimised.
3.12. TEMPERATURE CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
A. For all concrete sections the Contractor shall take precautions to limit any
detrimental effects of heat of hydration.
B. For concrete sections greater than 1200 mm thick, the Contractor shall
submit to the Engineer detailed proposals of the measures to be taken.
These measures may include but are not limited to: control of concrete mix
constituents; curing water; formwork type; surface insulation; and/or,
cooling by embedded pipes. All submissions shall be based on measured
values of heat of hydration generated by the proposed mix to meet the
criteria set out below:
1. Maximum temperature difference between the core and the surface
of any pour shall be 30°C.
2. Absolute maximum temperature anywhere in a pour. Design target
65°C. Field maximum 70°C.
C. Instrumentation shall be installed in the Works to verify compliance with the
above criteria for each combination of concrete mix and section thickness.
Temperature measurements shall be made by means of thermocouples
positioned in a line perpendicular to the concrete faces at locations
determined by the Engineer. The thermocouples shall be fixed: at the
concrete faces and at the centre of the section.
D. Concrete temperatures shall be measured and logged at 15-minute
intervals from the start of the pour for 7 days or until instructed to stop by
the Engineer. The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer details of the
proposed methods and equipment for the measuring and logging of
temperatures.
E. If temperature measurements exceed any of the criteria above then action
shall be taken in accordance with the sub-section on defective concrete.
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F. The Contractor shall submit his detailed proposals and method statement
review and comment by the Engineer in accordance with Contract
requirements. In the method statement, the Contractor shall show to the
Engineer’s satisfaction, how he can attain the following:
1. Limit temperature differential between the hottest and coolest
position in the concrete to less than 30C by means of reduced peak
temperature and adequate thermal insulation of exposed surfaces
throughout the curing period.
2. Arrange pouring sequence to reduce external restraint movement
and in particular to avoid “trapped bays”.
3. Ensure the adequacy of the supply of concrete, the means of
placing, compaction and covering to guarantee that a pour, once
commenced, will be completed.
4. Provide all necessary means of measuring and recording concrete
temperature, both inside and on the surface of the concrete, to
ensure that temperature differentials are being kept within the
required limits and to assist in determining formwork stripping times.
G. All necessary equipment, material and personnel provisions shall be made
to ensure the continuity of the operation.
H. The Contractor shall submit for review details of all plant, personnel and
standby arrangements.
3.13. FINISHING FORMED SURFACES
A. Rough-Formed Finish: As-cast concrete texture imparted by form-facing
material with tie holes and defects repaired and patched. Remove fins and
other projections that exceed specified limits on formed-surface
irregularities.
B. Smooth-Formed Finish: As-cast concrete texture imparted by form-facing
material, arranged in an orderly and symmetrical manner with a minimum
of seams. Repair and patch tie holes and defects. Remove fins and other
projections that exceed specified limits on formed-surface irregularities.
C. Rubbed Finish: Apply the following to smooth-formed finished as-cast
concrete where indicated:
D. Grout-Cleaned Finish: Wet concrete surfaces and apply grout of a
consistency of thick paint to coat surfaces and fill small holes. Mix one part
Portland cement to one and one-half parts fine sand with a 1:1 mix of
bonding admixture and water. Add white Portland cement in amounts
determined by trial patches so colour of dry grout will match adjacent
surfaces. Scrub grout into voids and remove excess grout. When grout
whitens, rub surface with clean burlap and keep surface damp by fog spray
for at least 36 hours.
E. Related Unformed Surfaces: At tops of walls, horizontal offsets, and
similar unformed surfaces adjacent to formed surfaces, strike off smooth
and finish with a texture matching adjacent formed surfaces. Continue
final surface treatment of formed surfaces uniformly across adjacent
unformed surfaces, unless otherwise indicated.
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3.14. FINISHING FLOORS AND SLABS

A. General: Comply with ACI 302.1R recommendations for screeding,
restraightening, and finishing operations for concrete surfaces. Do not wet
concrete surfaces.
B. Scratch Finish: While still plastic, texture concrete surface that has been
screeded and bull-floated or darbied. Use stiff brushes, brooms, or rakes
to produce a profile amplitude of 6 mm in 1 direction.
1. Apply scratch finish to surfaces indicated and to receive concrete
floor toppings.
C. Float Finish: Consolidate surface with power-driven floats or by hand
floating if area is small or inaccessible to power driven floats.
Restraighten, cut down high spots, and fill low spots. Repeat float passes
and restraightening until surface is left with a uniform, smooth, granular
texture.
1. Apply float finish to surfaces indicated and to be covered with fluid-
applied and/or sheet waterproofing, built-up and/or membrane
roofing, or sand-bed terrazzo.
D. Trowel Finish: After applying float finish, apply first trowelling and
consolidate concrete by hand or power-driven trowel. Continue trowelling
passes and restraighten until surface is free of trowel marks and uniform in
texture and appearance. Grind smooth any surface defects that would
telegraph through applied coatings or floor coverings.
1. Apply a trowel finish to surfaces as indicated or to be covered with
resilient flooring, carpet, ceramic or quarry tile set over a cleavage
membrane, paint, or another thin-film-finish coating system.
E. Trowel and Fine-Broom Finish: Apply a first trowel finish to surfaces
indicated and to where ceramic or quarry tile is to be installed by either
thickset or thin-set method. While concrete is still plastic, slightly scarify
surface with a fine broom.
1. Comply with flatness and levelness tolerances for trowel finished
floor surfaces.
F. Broom Finish: Apply a broom finish to exterior concrete platforms, steps,
and ramps, and elsewhere as indicated.
1. Immediately after float finishing, slightly roughen trafficked surface by
brooming with fiber-bristle broom perpendicular to main traffic route.
Coordinate required final finish with Engineer before application.
G. Slip-Resistive Finish: Before final floating, apply slip-resistive aggregate
finish where indicated and to concrete stair treads, platforms, and ramps.
Apply according to manufacturer's written instructions and as follows:
1. Uniformly spread kg/10 sq. m) of dampened slip-resistive aggregate
over surface in 1 or 2 applications. Tamp aggregate flush with
surface, but do not force below surface.
2. After broadcasting and tamping, apply float finish.

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3. After curing, lightly work surface with a steel wire brush or an

abrasive stone and water to expose slip-resistive aggregate.
H. Dry-Shake Floor Hardener Finish: After initial floating, apply dry-shake
floor hardener to surfaces according to manufacturer's written instructions
and as follows:
1. Uniformly apply dry-shake floor hardener at a rate of 49 kg/10 sq. m
unless greater amount is recommended by manufacturer.
2. Uniformly distribute approximately two-thirds of dry-shake floor
hardener over surface by hand or with mechanical spreader, and
embed by power floating. Follow power floating with a second dry-
shake floor hardener application, uniformly distributing remainder of
material, and embed by power floating.
3. After final floating, apply a trowel finish. Cure concrete with curing
compound recommended by dry-shake floor hardener manufacturer
and apply immediately after final finishing.
3.15. MISCELLANEOUS CONCRETE ITEMS
A. Filling In: Fill in holes and openings left in concrete structures, unless
otherwise indicated, after work of other trades is in place. Mix, place, and
cure concrete, as specified, to blend with in-place construction. Provide
other miscellaneous concrete filling indicated or required to complete the
Work.
B. Curbs: Provide monolithic finish to interior curbs by stripping forms while
concrete is still green and by steel-trowelling surfaces to a hard, dense
finish with corners, intersections, and terminations slightly rounded.
C. Equipment Bases and Foundations: Provide machine and equipment
bases and foundations as shown on Drawings. Set anchor bolts for
machines and equipment at correct elevations, complying with diagrams or
templates from manufacturer furnishing machines and equipment.
D. Steel Pan Stairs: Provide concrete fill for steel pan stair treads, landings,
and associated items. Cast-in inserts and accessories as shown on
Drawings. Screed, tamp, and trowel-finish concrete surfaces.
3.16. CONCRETE PROTECTION AND CURING
A. General: Protect freshly placed concrete from premature drying and
excessive cold or hot temperatures. Comply with ACI 305.1-06
Specification for Hot weather concreting. Refer also to Hot Weather
Concrete Requirements detailed within this Specification.
B. Early concrete protection shall be by wind breaks, sunshades, fogging,
covering the plastic concrete or evaporation retarder if hot, dry, or windy
conditions cause moisture loss approaching 1 kg/sq. m per hour (or 0.5
kg/sq. m per hour for concrete containing silica fume) before and during
finishing operations.. Apply proprietary products according to
manufacturer's written instructions after placing, screeding, and bull
floating or darbying concrete, but before float finishing.

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C. Formed Surfaces: Cure formed concrete surfaces, including underside of

beams, supported slabs, and other similar surfaces. If forms remain during
curing period, moist cure after loosening forms. If removing forms before
end of curing period, continue curing for the remainder of the curing period.
D. Unformed Surfaces: Begin curing immediately after finishing concrete.
Cure unformed surfaces, including floors and slabs, concrete floor
toppings, and other surfaces.
E. Cure concrete one or a combination of the following methods:
1. Moist Curing: Keep surfaces continuously moist for not less than
seven days with the following materials:
2. Water.
3. Continuous water-fog spray.
4. Moisture-Retaining-Cover Curing: Cover absorptive cover with
moisture-retaining cover for curing concrete, placed in widest
practicable width, with sides and ends lapped at least 300 mm, and
sealed by waterproof tape or adhesive. Absorptive cover to be water
saturated, and kept continuously wet. Cure for not less than seven
days. Immediately repair any holes or tears during curing period
using cover material and waterproof tape.
5. Moisture cure or use moisture-retaining covers to cure concrete
surfaces to receive floor coverings.
6. Moisture cure or use moisture-retaining covers to cure concrete
surfaces to receive penetrating liquid floor treatments.
7. Cure concrete surfaces to receive floor coverings with either a
moisture-retaining cover or a curing compound that the manufacturer
certifies will not interfere with bonding of floor covering used on
Project..
8. Curing Compound: Apply uniformly in continuous operation by
power spray or roller according to manufacturer's written instructions.
Recoat areas subjected to heavy rainfall within three hours after
initial application. Maintain continuity of coating and repair damage
during curing period.
9. After curing period has elapsed, remove curing compound without
damaging concrete surfaces by method recommended by curing
compound manufacturer unless manufacturer certifies curing
compound will not interfere with bonding of floor covering used on
Project.
10. Curing and Sealing Compound: Apply uniformly to floors and slabs
indicated in a continuous operation by power spray or roller
according to manufacturer's written instructions. Recoat areas
subjected to heavy rainfall within three hours after initial application.
Repeat process 24 hours later and apply a second coat. Maintain
continuity of coating and repair damage during curing period.

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11. Liquid curing membranes shall not be used on concrete surfaces

against which concrete has to be subsequently to be placed.
F. At least 15 days before the start of the concrete construction schedule, a
preplacement conference will be held for the purpose of reviewing the hot
weather concreting requirements and concrete mixes. The Contractor,
Premix concrete supplier, concrete subcontractor, Testing Agency and
Engineer will attend.
3.17. LIQUID FLOOR TREATMENTS
A. Penetrating Liquid Floor Treatment: Prepare, apply, and finish penetrating
liquid floor treatment according to manufacturer's written instructions.
B. Remove curing compounds, sealers, oil, dirt, laitance, and other
contaminants and complete surface repairs.
C. Do not apply to concrete that is less than 14 days' old.
D. Apply liquid until surface is saturated, scrubbing into surface until a gel
forms; rewet; and repeat brooming or scrubbing. Rinse with water; remove
excess material until surface is dry. Apply a second coat in a similar
manner if surface is rough or porous.
E. Sealing Coat: Uniformly apply a continuous sealing coat of curing and
sealing compound to hardened concrete by power spray or roller according
to manufacturer's written instructions.
F.
3.18. JOINT FILLING
A. Prepare, clean, and install joint filler according to manufacturer's written
instructions.
B. Remove dirt, debris, saw cuttings, curing compounds, and sealers from
joints; leave contact faces of joint clean and dry.
C. Install semirigid joint filler full depth in saw-cut joints and at least 50 mm
deep in formed joints. Overfill joint and trim joint filler flush with top of joint
after hardening.
D.
3.19. CONCRETE SURFACE REPAIRS
A. Defective Concrete: The Contractor shall prepare mock-up samples to
confirm the appearance and variability acceptable to the Engineer. These
mock-up samples will provide the reference for future assessment of
acceptable surface appearance. Repair and patch defective areas when
approved by Engineer. Remove and replace concrete that cannot be
repaired and patched to Engineer's approval.
B. Patching Mortar: Mix dry-pack patching mortar, consisting of one part
portland cement to two and one-half parts fine aggregate passing a 1.18-
mm sieve, using only enough water for handling and placing.
C. Repairing Formed Surfaces: Surface defects include color and texture
irregularities, cracks, spalls, air bubbles, honeycombs, rock pockets, fins

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and other projections on the surface, and stains and other discolorations
that cannot be removed by cleaning.
D. Immediately after form removal, cut out honeycombs, rock pockets, and
voids more than 13 mm in any dimension in solid concrete, but not less
than 25 mm in depth. Make edges of cuts perpendicular to concrete
surface. Clean, dampen with water, and brush-coat holes and voids with
bonding agent. Fill and compact with patching mortar before bonding
agent has dried. Fill form-tie voids with patching mortar or cone plugs
secured in place with bonding agent.
E. Repair defects on surfaces exposed to view by blending white Portland
cement and standard Portland cement so that, when dry, patching mortar
will match surrounding colour. Patch a test area at inconspicuous
locations to verify mix and colour match before proceeding with patching.
Compact mortar in place and strike off slightly higher than surrounding
surface.
F. Repair defects on concealed formed surfaces that affect concrete's
durability and structural performance as determined by Engineer.
G. Repairing Unformed Surfaces: Test unformed surfaces, such as floors and
slabs, for finish and verify surface tolerances specified for each surface.
Correct low and high areas. Test surfaces sloped to drain for trueness of
slope and smoothness; use a sloped template.
H. Repair finished surfaces containing defects. Surface defects include
spalls, pop-outs, honeycombs, rock pockets, crazing and cracks in excess
of 0.25 mm wide or that penetrate to reinforcement or completely through
unreinforced sections regardless of width, and other objectionable
conditions.
I. After concrete has cured at least 14 days, correct high areas by grinding.
J. Correct localized low areas during or immediately after completing surface
finishing operations by cutting out low areas and replacing with patching
mortar. Finish repaired areas to blend into adjacent concrete.
K. Correct other low areas scheduled to receive floor coverings with a repair
underlayment. Prepare, mix, and apply repair underlayment and primer
according to manufacturer's written instructions to produce a smooth,
uniform, plane, and level surface. Featheredges to match adjacent floor
elevations.
L. Correct other low areas scheduled to remain exposed with a repair
topping. Cut out low areas to ensure a minimum repair topping depth of 6
mm to match adjacent floor elevations. Prepare, mix, and apply repair
topping and primer according to manufacturer's written instructions to
produce a smooth, uniform, plane, and level surface.
M. Repair defective areas, except random cracks and single holes 25 mm or
less in diameter, by cutting out and replacing with fresh concrete. Remove
defective areas with clean, square cuts and expose steel reinforcement
with at least a 19-mm clearance all around. Dampen concrete surfaces in
contact with patching concrete and apply bonding agent. Mix patching
concrete of same materials and mix as original concrete except without
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coarse aggregate. Place, compact, and finish to blend with adjacent

finished concrete. Cure in same manner as adjacent concrete.
N. Repair random cracks and single holes 25 mm or less in diameter with
patching mortar. Groove top of cracks and cut out holes to sound concrete
and clean off dust, dirt, and loose particles. Dampen cleaned concrete
surfaces and apply bonding agent. Place patching mortar before bonding
agent has dried. Compact patching mortar and finish to match adjacent
concrete. Keep patched area continuously moist for at least 72 hours.
O. Perform structural repairs of concrete, subject to Engineer's approval,
using epoxy adhesive and patching mortar.
P. Repair materials and installation not specified above may be used, subject
to Engineer's approval.

PART 4 - FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

4.1. GENERAL
A. Minimum 21 days prior to starting concrete work, submit proposed quality
control procedures for the Engineers review for the following items:
Formwork erection, Hot weather concreting, Curing, Finishes, Formwork
removal and Joints.
B. The Contractor must submit evidence to the Engineer that the final cast
concrete is to perform in accordance with this specification for the design
life of as defined elsewhere in this specification. All testing and sampling
for both strength and durability must satisfy the requirements of this
specification and the design life of the concrete.
C. Routine testing of production concrete materials strength and of proposed
mix design materials and strength shall be carried out by an independent
inspection and testing company, agreed by the Engineer, appointed and
paid for by the Contractor. Trained in-house staff can conduct concrete
sampling, cube making as well as tests on wet concrete provided the tests
on hardened concrete are conducted by an approved independent
laboratory. All necessary precautions will be taken to ensure that the
concrete specimens are protected from evaporation and mechanical
damage before testing.
D. Any testing required by the Contractor to vary mix design, grade of steel, or
to prove strength of concrete in place, or load testing where specified
design strengths are not attained, or where errors have been made in
construction, shall be done at the Contractor's expense.
4.2. ROUTINE INSPECTION AND TESTING
A. All sampling and testing of constituent materials shall be carried out in
accordance with the appropriate British Standard. In particular, sampling
and testing of fresh and hardened concrete shall comply with BS EN 12350
unless this is at variance with this Specification. The midpoint temperature
of 27°C shall be adopted. For concrete pours designated as ‘large pours’
the maximum placing temperature shall be 32°C.

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B. If fresh concrete does not comply with the workability requirements of this
specification, then it shall not be placed in the permanent works without
agreement from the Engineer.
C. The Contractor shall have at least one person on site trained and
competent to sample concrete, undertake slump tests and prepare test
specimens in accordance with the requirements of BS EN 12350-2. Cube
preparation shall only be undertaken by trained independent laboratory
staff or Contractor’s personnel.
D. The Engineer shall review proposed concrete mix design and require
check-testing if considered necessary.
4.3. CONCRETE STRENGTH TESTS
A. Compliance with the specified characteristic strength shall be based on
tests made on cubes at an age of 28 / 56 days, unless there is satisfactory
evidence that a particular testing regime is capable of predicting the
strength at 28 days, of concrete tested at an earlier age. Further testing
should be carried out at 56 days for large pours , raft foundations and other
elements containing high volumes of cement replacements. For concrete
with early strength requirements compliance shall be based on tests made
on cubes at an age proposed by the Contractor. Loading shall not be
applied to elements of the works composed of the concrete with early
strength requirements until such time the minimum strength requirement
has been achieved, as demonstrated by cube test results from samples
manufactured from the concrete proposed for loading and cured in a
manner identical to the concrete in the works.
B. Unless otherwise directed by The Engineer, the rate of sampling shall be
not less than four samples on each day for each type of concrete grade
and binder that is cast. In addition, where multiple deliveries of the same
concrete type are made, the rates of sampling shall be as per Table E or
until such time the Engineer is satisfied that the Contractor has
demonstrated the concrete is of a consistent quality.
C. Perform a standard slump test or slump-flow test for each set of samples.
D. The Contractor shall provide a minimum of four samples moulded in 150
mm x 150 mm x 150 mm steel moulds, stored, and laboratory cured to
conform with BS EN 12390 for strength tests. Two samples shall be
compression tested at seven (7) days and the remaining two at twenty-
eight (28) days after. Where required an additional two cubes shall be cast
and cured as above for compressive strength testing at fifty six (56) days.
E. Each sample shall be taken from a randomly selected batch of concrete.
Samples shall be taken at the point of discharge from the delivery vehicle.
Samples shall generally be collected from the first 3 trucks, and randomly
thereafter as instructed by The Engineer.
F. On completion of curing the cubes shall be tested and the mean of the two
measured values taken as the test result.
G. When the difference between the two measured values divided by their
mean exceeds 15%, the test result shall be deemed invalid.

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H. The compliance criteria shall be in accordance with BS EN 206.

I. Early age strength monitoring:
J. In addition to the criteria above, the early age strength development of the
concrete cast on site shall be monitored against the following criteria:
1. The average strengths of the two cubes tested at 7 days shall be
used as indication only. If the average strength is less than 0.75 (or a
percentage agreed based on the results of the trial mixes) of the
characteristic strength, the Engineer may instruct that the mix design
be modified to increase the mean strength of subsequent concrete
until satisfactory evidence is obtained of its adequacy.
2. If the average 7-day strength is less than 0.67 (or a percentage
agreed based on the results of the trial mixes) of the characteristic
strength, no more concrete shall be placed on the suspect concrete
until the 28-day strength is found to comply or unless the Engineer
specifically approves. Any additional expense and/or delay shall be
borne solely by the Contractor. Alternatively the Engineer may
instruct removal of the suspect concrete.
K. If only one test result fails to meet the compliance test requirement above,
then that result shall be considered to represent only the particular batch of
concrete from which the test cubes were taken.
L. If the average strength of any group of four consecutive test results fails to
meet the compliance test requirement, then all the concrete in all the
batches represented by all such results shall be deemed not to comply with
the strength requirements. For the purposes of this clause the batches of
concrete represented by a group of four consecutive test results shall
include the batches from which samples were taken to make the first and
the last cubes in the group of four, together with all the intervening
batches.
M. The action required in the case of non-compliance shall be determined by
The Engineer, but may include the testing of additional samples of the
concrete or removal of the non-compliant concrete. All additional testing or
remedial work shall be at the Contractors expense.
N. Identify and correlate reinforcing steel with mill test reports for compliance.
O. The frequency of sampling may varied as directed by the Engineer if non-
compliance is found.
P. The procedures shall be repeated when materials or design mixes are
changed.
Q. If the above criteria are not satisfied, the unit represented by the sample is
questionable and any or all of the following actions may be instructed by
the Engineer at the Contractor's expense:
1. Changing the concrete mix.
2. Improving quality control.
3. Cutting and testing cores from placed concrete.

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4. Non-destructive testing of placed concrete.

5. Cutting-out and replacing defective concrete.
R. In the event cutting and testing of cores are required, the Contractor shall
cut cores from agreed locations, and test them in accordance with BS EN
12504-1:2000. Interpretation of the strength of the in-situ cores shall be in
accordance with BS EN 13791: 2007
4.4. DURABILITY INDICATOR TESTS
A. Samples shall be taken in accordance with the minimum test requirements
for concrete in the Specification and shall coincide with samples taken for
test cubes. The concrete shall be tested for the following properties by
undertaking the tests as directed below.

Table 5 Concrete Durability Indication Testing

Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration to ASTM C1202:

Type of Concrete Maximum Characteristic Charge Passed* (Coulombs) at 28

days (GGBS) or 56 days (PFA)

Foundations 1000

Water Permeability to BS EN 12390-8:

Type of Concrete Maximum Characteristic Penetration at 28 days*

Foundations 15 mm

30 Minute Absorption to BS 1881 Part 122:

Type of Concrete Maximum Characteristic Corrected 30 Minute Absorption*

Foundations 1.5% at 28 days

* For the purposes of this Specification, the maximum characteristic value is considered the value
above which up to 5% of the values may fall.
B. The action required in the case of non-compliance shall be determined by
The Engineer, but may include the testing of additional samples of the
concrete, remedial work or removal of the non-compliant concrete. All
additional testing or remedial work shall be at the Contractors expense.
C. Allowable Chloride and Sulphate Levels in the Concrete Mix when tested in
accordance with BS 1881 Part 124 shall be in accordance with the
guidance provided in this Specification and the limits defined in Table 8.

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Table 6 Allowable Chloride and Sulphate Levels in the Concrete Mix

Type of Concrete Maximum Chlorides as Cl (a) Sulphates as SO3 (a)

(% by mass of cement)
(% by mass of cement)

For reinforced concrete

- made with OPC/MSRPC 0.20 4.00
- made with SRPC 0.10 4.00
- Basement concrete
Prestressed and Foundations
& heat-cured 0.30 4.00
reinforced concrete. 0.10 4.00
Basement and Foundations 0.20 3.00
Mass Concrete (c) 1.0 3.70

Notes
1. When silica fume is used it shall not be included as cement binder for the purpose of chloride
and sulfate limitations.
2. The OPC and MSRPC cements can also contain chlorides, the relevant standard BS 12 allows
up to 0.1% Cl. Therefore any chloride content present in the cement has to be taken into account
while computing total Cl in the mix.
3. Not containing steel reinforcement or other embedded metal with the exception of corrosion
resisting lifting devices
4.5. OTHER TESTS
A. Cubes may be required and trials carried out to determine stripping times
for formwork, the duration of curing and to check testing and sampling
errors, all at the Contractor's expense
B. The Contractor shall establish the strength of the concrete and the static
modulus of elasticity of the concrete to BS 1881: Part 121 at 7 days and 28
days. These tests shall only cease when directed by the Engineer.
C. Concrete shall be tested for drying shrinkage. 75 x 75 x 250 mm prisms
shall be prepared and tested in accordance with BS 8443:2005 Annex B.
D. The air content of concrete shall be determined in accordance with BS EN
12350-7.
E. Other workability tests shall be carried out as required during concreting of
permanent Works to control workability of specialist concrete (such as self
compacting concrete) at the batching plant and at the site of the pour. For
each sample the temperature of the concrete shall be measured and
recorded with the time the test was performed. The degree of workability
shall be as for the trial mixes; permitted tolerances shall be in accordance
with BS EN 206-1.
4.6. MINIMUM SAMPLING RATES FOR CONCRETE

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A. Minimum sampling rates shall be in accordance with Local Authority

requirements.
4.7. TEST REPORTING
A. Reports of test of materials and compression tests of concrete control
cubes shall be distributed as directed by the Engineer.
B. Concrete cube test reports shall contain the following information: whether
specimens laboratory or field cured, date cast, date received in lab, date
tested, unit weight of concrete, specified twenty-eight (28) day strength,
correlation of the exact location of each pour with the test cubes in
question, concrete supplier, person who cast the cube, time mixer charged,
time cube cast, measured slump/slumpflow, temperature of concrete and
air, whether or not water was added at the job, nominal aggregate size,
type of admixture, air-entrainment agent, project identification and with
sequential numerical identification.
C. Should a crushed cube show a failed test result required by the
specification, the testing company shall immediately advise the Engineer
by telephone of such occurrence in order to expedite curing or remedial
measures which may be required.
D. In the event that test cubes indicate a strength of concrete below that
which is specified, the test report shall state the reason for the lack of
strength, i.e. poor quality concrete in place, cubes improperly taken,
stored, capped, frozen, improperly handled or faulty testing procedure. A
correct analysis of the cause of poor tests will save unnecessary
inconvenience when the report is submitted to all parties involved.
E. The testing company shall supply written reports of tests or materials and
reinforcing steel, giving all pertinent information required by the above
mentioned Specifications and Standards.
4.8. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE TESTING COMPANY
A. The representative of the testing company shall not be required to
supervise the Work or to instruct the Contractor. The tester’s function shall
be that of sampling and testing materials and cubes, observing procedures
and reporting of same to the Engineer. If any material is at variance with
the Specification the tester shall immediately advise the superintendent
and then inform the Engineer by telephone.
B. The testing company will advise and co-operate with the Contractor
regarding adequate handling and storage of cubes.
4.9. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR
A. Co-operate with the representatives of the testing company.
B. Advise the testing company and the Engineer at least twenty-four (24)
hours in advance of the placing of concrete.
C. Provide suitable handling and storage of test cubes.
D. Keep a record set of drawings upon which shall be marked by the
Contractor's superintendent, the time and date of pouring of each section

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of concrete, the date of removal of forms and a daily record of the

temperature.
4.10. RETESTING
A. Payment for retesting and reinspection of Work replacing that found
defective following initial inspection made under Contract Work, or as
otherwise made evident, is the responsibility of the Contractor and will not
be considered as additional Work to this Section.
4.11. CLEAN-UP
A. Upon satisfactory Completion of the Work, clear away from the site, excess
or waste materials and debris and leave the premises in a condition
acceptable to the Engineer within the contract time.
B. Do not unload excess concrete from concrete trucks during clean-up
operations and do not deposit in undesignated or unauthorized locations
within the scope of work boundaries whether concealed or not.
C.
4.12. DEFECTIVE CONCRETE
A. The action to be taken in the event of non-compliance of test results with
the Specification, including but not limited to cube strength results, shall be
determined by the Engineer and may range from qualified acceptance,
additional testing as agreed by the Engineer to rejection and removal of all
or part of the affected works as described in Field Quality Control - Cube
Strength Results.
B. The Contractor shall provide at his own expense all additional testing
required by the Engineer, all records, samples, including core samples,
tests and their results as may be required by the Engineer, whether the
concrete be finally accepted or not.
C. Non-destructive Testing: Impact hammer, sonoscope, or other non-
destructive device may be permitted by Engineer but will not be used as
sole basis for approval or rejection of concrete.
D. Additional Tests: Testing and inspecting agency shall make additional
tests of concrete when test results indicate that slump, air entrainment,
compressive strengths, or other requirements have not been met, as
directed by Engineer. Testing and inspecting agency may conduct tests to
determine adequacy of concrete by cored cylinders complying with
ASTM C 42/C 42M or by other methods as directed by Engineer.
E. Additional testing and inspecting, at Contractor's expense, will be
performed to determine compliance of replaced or additional work with
specified requirements.
F. Correct deficiencies in the Work that test reports and inspections indicate
dos not comply with the Contract Documents.
4.13. FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER REINFORCEMENT

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A. Quality control testing shall be carried out under the requirements of an

ISO 9002 certified facility by testing GFRP bars before use. The testing
agency should also be approved by the local municipal authority.
B. The supplier shall perform following quality control tests in accordance with
standard test methods and submit copies of the test reports to the
Engineer before use:
1. Tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strain.
2. Bent bars tensile strength.
3. Fatigue strength.
4. Bond strength.
4.14. REQUIRED CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES
A. The concrete work shall be constructed to an accuracy, which shall permit
the proper assembly of components and installations and shall be
compatible with the finish. The accuracy of the work shall comply with the
following:

Table 7 Construction Tolerances

Plan setting out dimensions

Foundations (Surface against Ground) +/-20 mm

Foundations (Top Surface) +/-5 mm

Columns/Walls +/-10 mm

Sections of concrete members +10 mm & -5 mm

Floor slabs

Surface level (3m straight edge) +/-5 mm, +/-3 mm for power floating

Surface level to datum +/-5 mm

Columns and walls

Plumb in storey height +/-5 mm

Cross diagonal distortion in storey height between +/-10 mm

adjacent columns

Plumb to any point in building height +/-20 mm

Inside faces of lift shafts in storey height +/-5 mm

Inside faces of lift shafts in full basement +/-5 mm

Dimensions and position of openings +/-5 mm

Position of Holding down bolt assemblies’ +/-10 mm

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Position of Embedded Items +/-10 mm

Cover to reinforcement

Elements up to 500 mm thick +/- 5 mm

Elements between 500 mm and 1000 mm thick -5 mm / + 10 mm

Elements between 1000 mm and 2000 mm thick -5 mm / + 15 mm

Elements greater than 2000 mm thick -5 mm / + 20 mm

Notes:
The thickness of a slab shall not be less than 95% of the nominal thickness specified.
Where stated on the drawings, slabs shall be laid to the specified falls.
Gaps and slots for sealant shall satisfy the requirements specified elsewhere.
The Structural tolerances are based upon an acceptable degree of structural alignment so as to remain
within the structural design intent. The construction tolerances must also be co-ordinated with
Mechanical installations, Electrical installations and the internal and external finishes as detailed in each
specific specification.
End of Section 033000

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SECTION 051200 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1. SUMMARY

A. Provisions of the National Structural Steelwork Specification – 5th Edition,

published by BCSA, are generally incorporated within this document.
Where this document deviates from the requirements denoted within the
National Structural Steelwork Specification, then the Project Specification
shall take precedence.

B. This Section includes the requirements for the following:

1. Structural steel.
2. Architecturally exposed structural steel.
3. Prefabricated building columns.
4. Grout.
5. Tuned Mass Dampers and Isolation Bearing Pads

1.2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

A. Joints design and details.

1. The Contractor shall submit a planned procedure to be followed in
the erection, assembly and welding of the structural members. The
erection procedure proposals shall include a detailed sequence of
operations together with all calculations for erection stresses, etc.
2. The Contractor shall submit full details and drawings, diagrams and
schedules of the proposed welding procedures and including edge
preparations, welding techniques, positions and sequences of all
welds together with the details of the manufacture, classification,
code (as defined in BS 639) and size of electrode to be used, to the
inspector for his approval. Tests shall be undertaken as may be
required by the relevant British Standard.
3. The Contractor's drawing for all welded work shall comply with BS
5135 "Metal- arc Welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steel".
4. On all working drawings, welding procedure sheets, etc., terms and
symbols relating to the welding shall be in accordance with the
relevant BS.
5. Methods of jointing other than those shown as typical on the
drawings may be employed subject to the Engineer's approval.
6. All end connections of truss members shall be capable of developing
the full strength of the members in tension, in details developed by
the Contractor, and shall be supported by calculations
7. The design and details of all joints and connections, butt and fillet
welds and the permissible working stresses to be used therein shall
comply with AISC 360-05 except as may be otherwise specified or
shown on the Contract drawings.

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8. Single bolt connections will not be allowed unless the Engineer's

agreement in writing is obtained.
9. If two or more types of welds are combined in a single joint, the
effective capacity of each type shall be separately computed with
reference to the axis of the group in order to determine the allowable
capacity of the combination.
10. All shop details and erection drawings shall have been cleared in
writing by the Engineer before the work is put in hand. The
Contractor shall be solely responsible for the correctness of his shop
details, notwithstanding review by the Engineer.
11. Sanctioning of the welding schedules and procedures shall not
relieve the Contractor of his sole responsibility for the correct welding
and for minimizing distortion in the finished structure.
12. The Engineer's review of submitted information shall not in any way
relieve the Contractor of responsibility for any errors subsequently
discovered in the details.

1.3. SUBMITTALS
Information to be provided by the Steelwork Contractor shall generally be in accordance with
th
the National Structural Steelwork Specification – 5 Edition, Section 3, and will include but not
be limited to the following:

A. Product Data: For each type of product indicated.

B. Quality Assurance Plan: Provide details of Stage Control and Inspection

Documents and demonstrate compliance with the Quality Assurance
requirements of the Main Contractor.

C. Design Calculations
1. Design Calculations are to be submitted for all elements designed by
the Contractor
2. Where computer software has been used, this should be licensed
3. All Calculation Pages should be numbered and cross referenced to
drawings where appropriate
4. Design assumptions should be clearly stated
5. Design calculations and drawings should be checked and approved
prior to submission to The Engineer for review.
6. While there is a Contractual requirement to comply with the
requirements of the specification for the design and detailing of
steelwork, there is a further Local Authority Requirement to comply
with American Design Codes for structural elements. The Contractor
must therefore submit design calculations for connections based
upon the current version of relevant American Steel Design Guides,
and will remain wholly responsible for obtaining approvals of the
Local Authority for Contractor Designed elements.

D. Shop Drawings: Show fabrication of structural-steel components.

1. Include details of cuts, connections, splices, camber, holes, and
other pertinent data.
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2. Include embedment drawings.

3. Indicate welds by standard AWS symbols, distinguishing between
shop and field welds, and show size, length, and type of each weld.
4. Indicate type, size, and length of bolts, distinguishing between shop
and field bolts. Identify pretensioned and slip-critical high-strength
bolted connections.
5. Information to be resubmitted As Erected

E. For structural-steel connections indicated to comply with design loads,

include structural analysis data prepared by the qualified professional
engineer responsible for their preparation.

F. Substitutions
1. If steel sections of the required sizes are not available, the Engineer
may permit substitutions from available stocks.
2. As soon as practicable after commencement of the Contract, the
Contractor shall notify the Engineer of any sizes which are not
available and shall submit a list of possible substitutions which could
maintain structural adequacy and architectural detailing. No
substitution of steel member shall be made without the Engineer’s
written approval.
3. No variations to the Contract Sum or extensions of the Contract Time
will be permitted as a result of the adoption of any substitutions for
designed sections.

G. Certificates
1. The Steelwork Contractor shall submit to The Engineer inspection
documents to BS EN 10204 provided by manufacturers for all steel
products used in the works.

1.4. QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Installer Qualifications: A qualified installer who participates in the AISC

Quality Certification Program and is designated an AISC-Certified Erector,
Category CASE.

B. Fabricator Qualifications: A qualified fabricator who participates in the

AISC Quality Certification Program and is designated an AISC-Certified
Plant, Category Sbd.

C. Welder Qualifications: Welders shall be tested to meet the requirements of

BS EN287-1.

D. Mockups: Build mockups of architecturally exposed structural steel to set

quality standards for fabrication and installation.
1. Coordinate finish painting requirements with Architectural
Specifications.
2. Approved mockups may become part of the completed Work if
undisturbed at time of Substantial Completion.

1.5. DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

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A. Store materials to permit easy access for inspection and identification.

Keep steel members off ground and spaced by using pallets, dunnage, or
other supports and spacers. Protect steel members and packaged
materials from erosion and deterioration.

B. Each type and grade of bolt and each type and grade of welding
consumable to be identified and stored separately.

C. Store fasteners in a protected place. Clean and relubricate bolts and nuts
that become dry or rusty before use.

D. Do not store materials on structure in a manner that might cause distortion,

damage, or overload to members or supporting structures. Repair or
replace damaged materials or structures as directed.

E. Store all galvanized materials in a manner that prevents storage stains or

the formation of white rust due to the entrapment or accumulation of
moisture between contacting surfaces or the ground.

F. Particular care shall be taken when transporting, handling or storing parts

which have been painted. If any coating is damaged it shall be restored to
comply with the relevant requirements of this Specification.

G. Steelwork shall be stored in such a way as to avoid water retention. If

necessary it shall be kept under well ventilated cover.

H. Steelwork shall not be placed directly on the ground

I. Lifting points shall be suitably wrapped and protected and steel slings shall
not be allowed to come into direct contact with coated steelwork.

J. Holding down bolts shall be delivered to site with the threads protected
against corrosion with TP 4a soft film grease as specified in BS 1133
Section 6.

1.6. COORDINATION

A. Furnish anchorage items to be embedded in or attached to other

construction without delaying the Work. Provide setting diagrams, sheet
metal templates, instructions, and directions for installation.

B. Information submitted by the Steelwork Contractor shall have a means of

identifying that the latest information provided by The Engineer is being
used and that superseded information has been withdrawn. The system
will be open to audit.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 STRUCTURAL-STEEL PRODUCTS

A. General
1. Unless otherwise specified or permitted by the Engineer, all steel
used in the works shall be grade S275 Sub-grade J0.

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B. Material Quality
1. Material shall be steel in rolled sections, structural hollow sections,
plates or bars and shall comply with the appropriate standard shown
in table 2.1 of the National Structural Steelwork Specification – 5th
Edition.

C. Testing
1. All steel products for use in The Works shall have been specifically
tested in accordance with the appropriate material product standard
shown in Table 2.1 of the National Structural Steelwork Specification
– 5th Edition.
2. The results of these tests shall be submitted to The Engineer using
an inspection certificate type 3.1 to BS EN 10204.

D. Dimensions and Tolerances

1. Dimensions and tolerances shall comply with the appropriate
standard shown in Table 2.1 of the National Structural Steelwork
Specification – 5th Edition.

E. Surface Condition
1. All steel surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove all rust,
scale, weld splatter and slag, oil, grease, paint, dirt and other
contaminating materials which could inhibit bonding of protective
coatings or cause deterioration in the steel and/or coatings. Coating
shall not be applied while surfaces are damp, greasy, dusty or
otherwise unsuitable.
2. Defects uncovered by cleaning processes shall be made good before
work proceeds further.
3. Abrasive blast cleaned surfaces must be coated within four (4) hours
of completion of cleaning.
4. Cut edges, corners, bolts and welds in completed steelwork shall be
cleaned and spot primed before the full coating system is applied.
5. Surface adjacent to shop or site welds shall be de-slagged, cleaned
and coated immediately after inspection and approval, using the
same type of coating as used for the general coating system.

2.2 BOLTS, CONNECTORS, AND ANCHORS

A. Bolts and nuts (other than High Strength Friction Grip) shall be of grade 8.8
in accordance with BS 4190.

B. Hexagon headed bolts shall comply with BS 4395 Parts 1 and countersunk
or cup headed bolts shall comply with BS 5493.

C. Ordinary washers shall comply with BS 4320. Plain washers shall be made
of steel and taper or other special shaped washers shall be of steel or
malleable cast iron.

D. Bolts that have been sherardised or otherwise coated shall be

manufactured with sufficient thread clearance to give a satisfactory fit in
the finished bolt and nut.
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E. High strength friction grip bolts; nuts and washers shall comply with BS
4395-1 and BS 4395-2.

F. Rivets shall comply with BS 4620.

G. Shear Connectors shall comply with: ASTM A1 08, Grades 1015 through
1020, headed-stud type, cold-finished carbon steel; AWS D1.1, Type B.

2.3 WELDING CONSUMABLES

A. Consumables for use in metal arc welding shall comply with BS EN ISO
2560, BS EN 440, BS EN 756 or BS EN 758 as appropriate

B. All electrodes shall have a yield stress and a tensile stress not less than
those specified for the grade of steel being welded.

2.4 PROTECTIVE COATINGS

A. With the exception of steel members adjacent to connections required to

be field welded, all structural steel surfaces shall be coated with an
approved protective coating at locations identified on drawings before
delivery to site.

B. In all cases the approved paints and protection, including decorative and
identification paints shall be applied strictly in accordance with the
approved manufacturer’s instructions. All painting and protection shall be
carried out by skilled operators with appropriate supervision.

C. Painting shall not be permitted during adverse weather and/or atmospheric

conditions such as high humidity, in rain or fog, at low temperatures, when
surface temperatures are less than 3W above the dew point or when the
metal temperature is higher than 50W. Painting shall not be carried out
when the surface to be painted is exposed to direct sunlight.

D. Paint thinners shall only be added to paints in strict accordance with the
approved manufacturers instructions and viscosity tests shall be carried
out on random samples of mixed paints as directed by the Engineer.

E. Except as herein specified, no paint shall be applied to any surface when it

is in the slightest degree damp and any paint so applied shall be removed
and replaced to the Engineers satisfaction at the Contractor’s cost.

F. All precautions necessary shall be taken to prevent dust, dirt and moisture
from coming into contact with freshly painted surfaces or with surfaces
being painted. All grit, shot or other cleaning processes shall be screened
off from painting areas and all dust, residues and grit or shot shall be
removed prior to painting in any designated area.

G. Attention is drawn to the specific requirements for painting and protection

in the following sections.

2.5 APPLIED COATINGS

A.A coating system shall be applied to all steelwork, whether it is externally

exposed to the elements or within the framework of the building. The type
of coating system will depend on the exposure classification, any specific
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requirements for architectural appearance or fire resistance. Final colour

shall be as specified by the Architect.

B. Coating systems are to be fully compliant with BS 5493. The time to first
maintenance shall be “Long Life” in accordance with BS 5493. It is required
that the paint contractor/manufacturer shall provide a back to back
guarantee for a period of 10 years. This guarantee shall warranty the client
against local or generalized defects to the coating during this period.

C. All site coating work shall be undertaken by an approved Applicator who

can demonstrate significant experience in similar types of work. Shop
coating of components by a Fabricator is permitted subject to the general
surface preparation and application requirements of this Specification. All
shop coated work shall be inspected after erection, and any defects due to
handling or installation activities shall be repaired to the original standard
and in accordance with an approved Coating Repair Procedure.

D. All coating work, whether performed by the Contractor, Fabricator or a

specialist Applicator, shall be performed in accordance with a previously
approved Method Statement that incorporates an Inspection and Test Plan
clearly identifying the responsibilities of each party and Hold Points beyond
which no further work will be performed until approval is given by the
relevant authority.

E. All coating systems to be applied shall be previously approved, and all

single components of any coating system shall be from the same
manufacturer. Paint containers shall be correctly stored under cover and
in a well-ventilated area where the temperature does not exceed 40oC.
Batch numbers shall be recorded and any component exceeding its
storage life shall not be used.

F. Location Categories: Five individual areas have been identified where

different coating systems are applicable. These are:
1. Externally exposed steelwork, including areas where a high standard
of surface finish is required for architectural reasons
2. Internal steelwork, exposed and visible, architectural finish
3. Internal steelwork within cavities or not exposed to public view, and
not requiring an architectural finish
4. Locations requiring fire protection suitable to maintain the structural
capacity of the steelwork for a limited period of time
5. Galvanized surfaces.
It may be noted that these latter two locations are simply specialist locations requiring either a particular
type of coating or a different surface preparation.

G. Exposure Classification: There are a number of different Standards that

describe exposure classification of steelwork to its environment. Many of
these refer to the International Standard ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and
alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres – Classification as their basis, and use
the same categorization of parameters to define how corrosive the
surrounding environment will be. These parameters are:

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1. Time of wetness – the period during which a metallic surface is

covered by adsorptive and/or liquid films of electrolyte that are
capable of causing atmospheric corrosion
2. Pollution by sulphur – the relative quantity of sulphur compounds in
the atmosphere that can settle on a surface and so react with a
metallic component
3. Pollution by salts – the relative amount of airborne salinity that can
settle on a surface and so affect the conductivity of the electrolyte,
hence aiding corrosion

Explosure classifications have been derived with reference to CIRIA Report 174, and
EN ISO 12944. Classifications to be considered for this project are defined below.

Table 1 Exposure Classifications

Location Life to First Maintenance Corrosivity Category

External exposed > 15 Years Category C5 (Severe, marine)

Internal Exposed > 15 Years Category C1

Internal within cavities 60 Years Category C2

H. Surface Preparation
1. Prior to blast cleaning, all steelwork shall be inspected for signs of
surface contamination, including oil, dirt, chalk marks and the like. A
suitable solvent shall be used to remove surface contamination and
the steelwork then washed down with clean potable water and
allowed to dry.
2. Site painted steelwork shall be grit blasted using garnet as the
blasting medium. The garnet shall be 36 Mesh and the nozzle
pressure should be 90-100 psi (620-690 kPa), suitable to obtain an
angular anchor profile of 35 to 70 microns, depending on the coating
system to be applied. The garnet shall not be recycled.
3. For shop painted steelwork where the blasting is to be done in an
enclosed blasting machine, steel grit of G-40 grade shall be used to
produce an angular anchor profile of 50 microns. Steel shot (S-230
grade) may be used in combination with the grit to assist with
cleaning. Recycling of the blasting medium is permitted if the
medium is processed to remove all contamination.
4. Regardless of the method or location used for surface preparation,
all millscale, rust and other contamination shall be removed to
produce a level of cleanliness equivalent to Sa2½ as per Swedish
Standard SIS 05 50 00 (otherwise referred to as SSPC 10, NACE
No. 2 “Near White Metal” or BS 4232 2nd Quality).
5.
Prior to blasting, all fabricated items shall be inspected for sharp
corners and other abrupt angular changes in direction. These shall
be ground to a 3mm radius, except at bolt holes where coating is not
to be applied within 50mm of the bolt hole.(e.g. at slip critical faying
surfaces). At such locations, masking shall be applied to prevent
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overspray. All surface defects, including cracks, surface laminations,

deep pitting and burrs likely to affect the quality of paint application
shall be removed before coating application.
6. All blast cleaned surfaces shall be overcoated with the first coat
within 4 hours of blasting taking place, except that no blasting shall
be performed during inclement weather or when rain is anticipated, if
the relative humidity exceeds 85% or if the surface temperature is
within 3oC of the dew point. Following completion of blasting, the
surfaces shall be vacuumed or blown clean of spent abrasive.
Should abrasive remain on the surface and subsequently be
overcoated, the affected area shall be reblasted and the coating
system reapplied.

I. Coating Application
1. The specified coating system, as described for each exposure
condition, shall be applied strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions, and the general rules lay down below.
2. No coating shall be applied when the surface temperature is within
3oC of the dew point or if the relative humidity exceeds 85%.
Surface temperature shall be within the range 10oC to 40oC.
3. Coatings shall be mixed as per the manufacturer’s instructions. No
thinners shall be added unless specifically approved for a particular
application. All welds, bolts holes (where appropriate) and sharp
edges shall receive an initial stripe coat by brush before spray
application, with the coating being well worked into the contours.
4. Prior to application, all paints shall be stirred by a mechanical stirrer
to ensure that any segregation that may have taken place in single-
pack products is eliminated. For two-pack coatings, each component
will be stirred before mixing and after mixing, following which it shall
be sieved to ensure that no lumps remain. Application method shall
preferably be by airless spray, although any method recommended
by the manufacturer may be used (subject to cosmetic restrictions
with respect to runs, sags, brush strokes, etc.). Where a coating
requires an initiation period or has a restricted pot life dependent on
temperature, these shall be strictly adhered to, and all mixed
coatings shall be discarded following expiration of the recommended
pot life.
5. All spray equipment shall be cleaned with the appropriate cleanser
recommended by the manufacturer immediately following application
or when any remaining paint is discarded due to end of pot life. This
shall include nozzles and spray tips, filters, lines and containers.

J. Inspection: Apart from any other requirement for third party inspection, the
Contractor shall be responsible for his own quality control and inspection.
A record of all surface preparation and coating application activities shall
be maintained. This shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the
following:
1. Date and time of surface preparation activities
2. Air and material surface temperature at start and end of surface
preparation

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3. Relative humidity and calculated dew point at start and end of

surface preparation
4. Time of abrasive and any other cleaning activities used (e.g. solvent
degreasing)
5. Grade of cleaning
6. Profile achieved (permanent record to be kept with Testex Tape)
7. Date and time of each coating application
8. Surface temperature and relative humidity at start and end of coating
activities
9. Type of coating applied, plus product brand name
10. Thinner type and quantity used
11. Dry film thickness achieved
12. Cure period
13. Repairs to coating carried out
14. Details of holiday testing performed
15. Results of thickness testing
16. Adhesion pull-off testing results and/or adhesion knife-cut tests

A full record of the above will be kept up-to-date during surface preparation and coating
application work, which will be made available on demand to the Owner’s Representative or
independent Inspector. An Inspection and Test Plan shall be prepared for approval by the
Owner’s Representative prior to any coating works being undertaken.

K. Coating Systems: The following generic coating systems shall be used:

1. Paint Coating Systems shall comply with EN ISO 12944-5 2007 with
reference to Corrosivity Categories defined within Table 1 of this
specification.
2. Galvanized Steelwork
1) All surfaces shall be cleaned of any deposits of white rust, dirt
and cement grout, and shall be degreased as required prior to
being abrasive blast cleaned. Blasting shall consist of a sweep
blast only to provide a surface profile not exceeding 35
microns.
2) Coating system selection will depend on the environment to
which the galvanizing will be exposed, as follows:
3) For galvanizing that will be located externally, apply an epoxy
tie coat to 125 microns, followed by a polyurethane topcoat to
at least 50 microns in accordance with the required colour
Specification.
4) For galvanizing that will be within the building envelope and
visible after construction, but requires an architectural finish,
apply one coat of a polyurethane primer to 35 microns,
followed by one coat of a polyurethane topcoat to 50 microns.
5) For galvanizing that will be within the building envelope and not
visible after construction, no coating is required, and should not
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receive any surface preparation apart from cleaning by solvent

and potable water.

2.6 COATING THICKNESS

A. Coating thicknesses shall be tested with an approved paint thickness

gauge, such as an Elcometer Inspector Gauge.

B. The Contractor shall provide an approved gauge and make it available for
use at any time during normal working hours as requested by the
Engineer.

C. It shall be solely the Contractor’s responsibility to ensure that immediately

prior to handover, all marks, chips, scratches, etc., be made good as
described above under areas adjacent to site welding.

2.7 HOT DIP GALVANIZING

A. This clause covers the after fabrication galvanized coating applied to

general steel articles, structural sections, angles, channels, beams,
columns, fabricated steel assemblies, castings, threaded fasteners, steel
reinforcement and other steel components where required on the structural
drawings.

B. All articles to be galvanized shall be handled in such a manner as to avoid

any mechanical damage and to minimize distortion. Design features that
may lead to difficulties during galvanizing should be pointed out prior to
dipping. Galvanizing parameters such as galvanizing temperature, time of
immersion and withdrawal speed shall be employed to suit the
requirements of the article.

C. The composition of the zinc in the galvanizing bath shall not be less than
98.0% zinc.

D. The thickness of the galvanized coating shall conform with BS EN ISO

1461.

Table 2 Requirements for coating thickness and mass for articles that ARE NOT centrifuged

Article Thickness Local coating thickness Average coating Average Coating

Mm Microns thickness Microns mass g/m2

1.5 mm or less 35 45 320

Over 1.5 to 3 mm 45 55 390

Over 3 to 6 mm 55 70 500

Over 6 mm 70 85 600

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Table 3 Requirements for coating thickness and mass for articles that ARE centrifuged

Article Thickness Local coating thickness Average coating Average Coating

Microns thickness
(incl. castings) mass g/m2
mm Microns

Less than 8 mm 25 35 250

8 mm and over 40 55 390

E. The thickness of the galvanized coating shall first be tested by the

fabricator at the galvanizer's works, using an approved magnetic
measuring device. In the event of any dispute, an independent test shall be
carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO1461.

F. The galvanized coating shall be continuous, adherent, as smooth and

evenly distributed as possible, and free from any defect that is detrimental
to the stated end use of the coated article. On silicon killed steels, the
coating may be dull grey, provided the coating is sound and continuous.

G. The integrity of the coating shall be determined by visual inspection and

coating thickness measurements.

H. Where slip factors are required to enable high strength friction grip bolting,
where shown, these shall be obtained after galvanizing by suitable
mechanical treatment of the faying surfaces.

I. Where a paint finish is to be applied to the galvanized coating, this should

be advised at the time of order and all spikes shall be removed and all
edges shall be free from lumps and runs.

J. The galvanized coating shall be sufficiently adherent to withstand normal

handling during transport and erection.

2.8 SHOP INSPECTION

A. Before any coating is applied, the steelwork shall be carefully checked for
accuracy and adequacy. Where applicable, the steelwork shall be laid out
so that all parts are accessible for inspection and the Engineer and
Welding Inspector notified.

2.9 MARKING

A. After completion of fabrication and application of protective coatings, all

steel components and steel framed members shall be clearly marked, in
order to facilitate site assembly and erection.

B. Marking shall be adequate for its purpose and clearly readable, but must
be done in a manner which will enable it to be obliterated by painted
finishes or coatings. Colour coding shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer and shall include distinctive markings to indicate connections to
be made by high strength bolts, by field welding (defining the extent and
size required) and between dissimilar steels.

C.
Bolts, nuts and washers shall be separately bundled for each size and
each bundle clearly marked to show the size and purpose of the bolts.
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D. All steel members weighing more than 1.5 tonnes shall have the weight
marked on them.

E. The steelwork fabricator shall provide accurate comprehensive marked-up

drawings for the information of the steelwork erector. One (1) copy of the
drawings shall be kept in the Contractor’s site office and made available for
reference by the Engineer.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 GENERAL

A. All structural steelwork shall be assembled and installed in the correct

positions in accordance with the requirements of the Contract and BS 5950
and The National Structural Steelwork Specification – 5th Edition.

B. The Contractor shall ensure that steelwork is delivered to the site in

planned sequence to ensure correct order of construction.

3.2 EXAMINATION

A. Verify elevations of concrete- and masonry-bearing surfaces and locations

of anchor rods, bearing plates, and other embedments, with steel erector
present, for compliance with requirements.

B. Proceed with installation only after unsatisfactory conditions have been

corrected.

3.3 PREPARATION

A. Provide temporary shores, guys, braces, and other supports during

erection to keep structural steel secure, plumb, and in alignment against
temporary construction loads and loads equal in intensity to design loads.
Remove temporary supports when permanent structural steel,
connections, and bracing are in place, unless otherwise indicated.

B. Do not remove temporary shoring supporting composite deck construction

until cast-in-place concrete has attained its design compressive strength.

3.4 ERECTION

A. Set structural steel accurately in locations and to elevations indicated and

according to National Structural Steelwork Specification – 5th Edition.

B. Base Plates: Clean concrete- and masonry-bearing surfaces of bond-

reducing materials, and roughen surfaces prior to setting base plates.
Clean bottom surface of base plates.
1. Set base plates for structural members on wedges, shims, or setting
nuts as required.
2. Weld plate washers to top of base plate.
3. Snug-tighten anchor rods after supported members have been
positioned and plumbed. Do not remove wedges or shims but, if

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protruding, cut off flush with edge of base plate before packing with
grout.
4. Promptly pack grout solidly between bearing surfaces and base
plates so no voids remain. Neatly finish exposed surfaces; protect
grout and allow to cure. Comply with manufacturer's written
installation instructions for shrinkage-resistant grouts.

C. Maintain erection tolerances of structural steel and architecturally exposed

structural steel according to National Structural Steelwork Specification –
5th Edition.

D. Align and adjust various members forming part of complete frame or

structure before permanently fastening. Before assembly, clean bearing
surfaces and other surfaces that will be in permanent contact with
members. Perform necessary adjustments to compensate for
discrepancies in elevations and alignment.

E. Level and plumb individual members of structure.

F. Make allowances for difference between temperature at time of erection

and mean temperature when structure is completed and in service.

G. Splice members only where indicated.

H. Remove erection bolts on welded, architecturally exposed structural steel;

fill holes with plug welds; and grind smooth at exposed surfaces.

I. Do not enlarge unfair holes in members by burning or using drift pins.

Ream holes that must be enlarged to admit bolts.

J. Shear Connectors: Prepare steel surfaces as recommended by

manufacturer of shear connectors. Use automatic end welding of headed-
stud shear connectors according to AWS D1.1 or Approved Equivalent and
manufacturer's written instructions.

3.5 STRAIGHTENING

A. If straightening is necessary or specified, it shall be done by mechanical

means, taking care to minimise indentations or change in cross section. If it
is necessary to heat metal for straightening, heating shall not be to a
higher temperature than 650°C. After heating, cool the metal slowly.

B. After curving or straightening, welds within the area of curving or

straightening shall be visually inspected. Welds that are subject to non-
destructive testing shall have these tests carried out after curving or
straightening.

3.6 CUTTING

A. All steel members, brackets, plates and other components shall be

accurately cut to size and shape by sawing, shearing or cropping.
Thermal cutting may be permitted, provided that full sizes of sections are
maintained without distortion or rough edges. If any cutting method is
considered by the Engineer to be unsatisfactory for a particular detail,
another approved method shall be adopted as directed.
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B. All rough sheared and cropped edges shall be ground off to a smooth
finish, and shall be free from dross, burrs and irregularities. Sharp edges
shall be dressed.

3.7 DRILLING AND PUNCHING

A. All holes shall be drilled or punched, or punched and reamed. Flame

cutting shall not be permitted.

B. Slotted holes for bolts shall be provided only in positions designated on the
Structural drawings.

C. The axis of all holes shall be normal to the surface of the steel.

D. Holes on thicker members up to and including 20mm thickness maybe

sub-punched to a diameter 3mm smaller than the normal diameter of the
bolts or rivets or the thickness of the member (whichever is the smaller)
and then reamed out with reamers or twist drills to a diameter 2mm larger
than the nominal diameter of the bolts or rivets.

E. Where several steel sections and/or plates form a compound member or

girder, they shall, where practicable, be firmly clamped together and the
holes drilled through all thicknesses in one operation. After drilling, the
members shall be taken apart and all burrs removed before they are
assembled again.

F. Slight inaccuracy (up to 2mm) in matching of holes shall be corrected by

reaming, but drifting of unfair holes shall not be permitted. Poor matching
of holes will be sufficient reason for rejection of the work.

G. Oversize holes may be permitted by the Engineer, but only in writing. Hole
size will be limited to a maximum depending on the bolt size to be used.
Where oversize holes are used, thicker washers of 8mm shall be included
in the bolt assembly.

H. Unless specially detailed, steelwork connections shall be regarded as

typical standard connections developing the full strength of the members.

3.8 FIELD CONNECTIONS

A. High-Strength Bolts: Bolts should be installed in accordance with Section

6 of the National Structural Steelwork Specification – 5th Edition.

B. Weld Connections: Shall meet the requirements of the National Structural

Steelwork Specification – 5th Edition. With respect to tolerances,
appearance, and quality of welds and for methods used in correcting
welding work.

C. For Architecturally exposed steelwork remove backing bars or runoff tabs,

back gouge, and grind steel smooth.

D. Assemble and weld built-up sections by methods that will maintain true
alignment of axes without exceeding tolerances stated within the National
Structural Steelwork Specification – 5th Edition

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E. Verify that weld sizes, fabrication sequence, and equipment used for
architecturally exposed structural steel will limit distortions to allowable
tolerances.

F. Grind butt welds flush. Grind or fill exposed fillet welds to smooth profile.
Dress exposed welds.

3.9 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

A. It is the Contractor’s responsibility to ensure that all plant, equipment, tools,

appliances, temporary braces and props, fitting bolts, pilot and driving nut
drift pins and other items necessary for unloading, hoisting and installation
of steelwork are available on site as required.

B. Particular care shall be taken in unloading, handling and installation of

steelwork to prevent damage and distortion.

C. Steelwork which has been bent, twisted, overstressed or otherwise

damaged may be rejected. Rejected steelwork shall be removed from the
site and new steelwork of satisfactory standard supplied and installed at
the Contractor’s expense.

3.10 FIXINGS

A. Bolts, nuts, washers, tapered washers, rivets, gussets or similar items,

shall be delivered to the site in clearly labelled containers, stored in clean,
dry and secure conditions and carefully sorted in accordance with
installation requirements.

B. Holding-down bolts shall be delivered in time for setting, checking by the

Surveyor, and bonding into concrete and shall be supplied with location
templates and sufficient dimensional information for accurate installation
into correct positions. The bolts shall be supplied, complete with nuts and
washers and set into position with sufficient projection to allow two (2)
threads to extend beyond the nut after tightening.

C. The delivery dates and sequence for holding-down bolts will be advised by
the Contractor and as shown on the ‘Construction Program”.

3.11 SITE PAINTING

A. Before any painting is carried out on Site, the surfaces to be coated shall
be thoroughly washed with clean water of potable quality to remove all
traces of salt and other impurities.

B. In the case of structural steelwork and fitting, any rends or splashes of

cement, grout or concrete which occur during erection and building works
shall be immediately removed by pressure hosing with fresh water or other
approved method. Site welds shall be blast cleaned or needle gunned to
remove all traces of alkaline flux residues prior to painting.

C. All damage to existing protected surfaces shall be cut back and suitably
prepared before any application of further coats of paint.

3.12 GROUTING

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A. Base plates and bearing surfaces shall be packed to correct levels, on

steel wedges. After the steelwork has been correctly aligned and plumbed,
the full areas of the spaces below base plates and bearing surfaces shall
be thoroughly cleaned to remove all loose materials and filled with well-
compacted non-shrinkage grout. No grouting works shall be undertaken
until level and alignment has been approved by the Engineer.

B. The grout shall be a relatively dry mix, composed of: -

1. One (1) volume Portland Cement.
2. Two (2) volumes hard quartz sand.
3. Clean water in strictly controlled small quantity which is sufficient
only for activation of the cement.

C. The grout shall be placed and thoroughly compacted by ramming in

sequence with placement to fill spaces with evenly compacted solid
packing, free from cavities. All edges of the packing shall be finished to
neat splays along the edges of the base plates and bearing surfaces.

PART 4 - QUALITY CONTROL

4.1 GENERAL

A. Quality Control: The items that comprise the structural steelwork frame
including materials, fabrication, connections, and corrosion protection and
holding down bolts and all processes that are used to form and erect the
steel frame are to comply with the latest relevant British Standards.
1. Method of Testing: Methods and frequency of testing shall be in
accordance with the National Structural Steelwork Specification – 5th
Edition.
2. Where testing or work fails to comply with the specification, re-testing
or re-work shall be the responsibility of the Steel Sub Contractor.
3. It is the duty of the Contractor to ensure that all relevant statutory
legislation is complied with.
4. The Contractor shall also take all other precautions required to avoid
risk to health and safety where there are additional hazards due to
the location where the work is carried out.
5.
END OF SECTION 051200

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SECTION 071326 - SELF-ADHERING SHEET WATERPROOFING

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 SUMMARY

A. Section Includes:

1. Modified bituminous sheet waterproofing.

2. Modified bituminous sheet waterproofing, fabric reinforced.
3. Modified bituminous deck-paving sheet waterproofing.
4. Blindside sheet waterproofing.

1.2 PREINSTALLATION MEETINGS

A. Preinstallation Conference: Conduct conference at Project site.

1. Review waterproofing requirements including surface preparation, substrate condition

and pretreatment, minimum curing period, forecasted weather conditions, special
details and sheet flashings, installation procedures, testing and inspection
procedures, and protection and repairs.

1.3 ACTION SUBMITTALS

A. Product Data: For each type of product.

1. Include construction details, material descriptions, and tested physical and

performance properties of waterproofing.
2. Include manufacturer's written instructions for evaluating, preparing, and treating
substrate.

B. Shop Drawings: Show locations and extent of waterproofing and details of substrate joints
and cracks, sheet flashings, penetrations, inside and outside corners, tie-ins with adjoining
waterproofing, and other termination conditions.

1. Include setting drawings showing layout, sizes, sections, profiles, and joint details of
pedestal-supported concrete pavers.

C. Samples: For each exposed product and for each color and texture specified, including the
following products:

1. 200-by-200-mm square of waterproofing and flashing sheet.

2. 200-by-200-mm square of insulation.
3. 100-by-100-mm square of drainage panel.
4. Plaza-deck paver, 100-by-100-mm square full sized, in each color and texture
required.
5. Paver pedestal assembly.

1.4 INFORMATIONAL SUBMITTALS

A. Qualification Data: For Installer.

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B. Field quality-control reports.

C. Sample Warranties: For special warranties.

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Installer Qualifications: An entity that employs installers and supervisors who are trained
and approved by waterproofing manufacturer.

B. Mockups: Build mockups to verify selections made under Sample submittals and to set
quality standards for installation.

1. Build for each typical waterproofing installation including pavers and accessories to
demonstrate surface preparation, crack and joint treatment, corner treatment, and
protection.

a. Size: 100 sq. ft. (9.3 sq. m) in area As shown on Drawings.

b. Description: Each type of wall deck and plaza installation.

2. Approval of mockups does not constitute approval of deviations from the Contract
Documents contained in mockups unless Architect specifically approves such
deviations in writing.
3. Subject to compliance with requirements, approved mockups may become part of the
completed Work if undisturbed at time of Substantial Completion.

1.6 FIELD CONDITIONS

A. Environmental Limitations: Apply waterproofing within the range of ambient and substrate
temperatures recommended by waterproofing manufacturer. Do not apply waterproofing to
a damp or wet substrate.

1. Do not apply waterproofing in snow, rain, fog, or mist.

B. Maintain adequate ventilation during preparation and application of waterproofing materials.

1.7 WARRANTY

A. Manufacturer's Warranty: Manufacturer's standard materials-only warranty in which

manufacturer agrees to furnish replacement waterproofing material for waterproofing that
does not comply with requirements or that fails to remain watertight within specified
warranty period.

1. Warranty Period: Ten years from date of Substantial Completion.

B. Installer's Special Warranty: Specified form, signed by Installer, covering Work of this
Section, for warranty period of two years.

1. Warranty includes removing and reinstalling protection board, drainage panels,

insulation, pedestals, and pavers on plaza decks.

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PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS, GENERAL

A. Source Limitations for Waterproofing System: Obtain waterproofing materials, protection

course, and molded-sheet drainage panels from single source from single manufacturer.

2.2 MODIFIED BITUMINOUS SHEET WATERPROOFING

A. Modified Bituminous Sheet: Minimum 1.5-mm nominal thickness, self-adhering sheet

consisting of 1.4 mm of rubberized asphalt laminated on one side to a 0.10-mm thick,
polyethylene-film reinforcement, and with release liner on adhesive side; formulated for
application with primer or surface conditioner that complies with VOC limits of authorities
having jurisdiction.

1. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, available products that may be

incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited to, the following:

a. American Hydrotech, Inc; VM75.

b. Carlisle Coatings & Waterproofing Inc; CCW MiraDRI 860/861.
c. CETCO Building Materials Group, a subsidiary of AMCOL International Corp;
Envirosheet.
d. Grace Construction Products; W.R. Grace & Co. -- Conn; Bituthene 3000/Low
Temperature or Bituthene 4000.
e. Henry Company; Blueskin WP 100/200.
f. Meadows, W.R.,Inc; SealTight Mel-Rol.
g. Nervastral, Inc; BITU-MEM.
h. Polyguard Products, Inc; Polyguard 650.
i. Protecto Wrap Company; PW 100/60.
j. Tamko Building Products, Inc; TW-60.
k. York Manufacturing, Inc; HydroGard.

2. Physical Properties:

a. Tensile Strength, Membrane: 1.7 MPa minimum; ASTM D 412, Die C,

modified.
b. Ultimate Elongation: 300 percent minimum; ASTM D 412, Die C, modified.
c. Low-Temperature Flexibility: Pass at minus 29 deg C; ASTM D 1970.
d. Crack Cycling: Unaffected after 100 cycles of 3-mm movement; ASTM C 836.
e. Puncture Resistance: 180 N minimum; ASTM E 154.
f. Water Absorption: 0.2 percent weight-gain maximum after 48-hour immersion
at 21 deg C; ASTM D 570.
g. Water Vapor Permeance: 2.9 ng/Pa x s x sq. m maximum; ASTM E 96/E 96M,
Water Method.
h. Hydrostatic-Head Resistance: 60 m minimum; ASTM D 5385.

3. Sheet Strips: Self-adhering, rubberized-asphalt strips of same material and thickness

as sheet waterproofing.

B. Modified Bituminous Sheet, Fabric Reinforced: Minimum 1.5-mm nominal thickness, self-
adhering sheet consisting of rubberized-asphalt membrane with embedded fabric
reinforcement, and with release liner on adhesive side.

1. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, available products that may be

incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited to, the following:

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a. Protecto Wrap Company; Jiffy Seal 140/60.

b. Royston; 104AHT Membrane Royal-Gard Plus Membrane 104ARHT.

2. Physical Properties:

a. Pliability: No cracks when bent 180 degrees over a 25-mm mandrel at minus
32 deg C; ASTM D 146.
b. Puncture Resistance: 445 N minimum; ASTM E 154.
c. Water Vapor Permeance: 2.9 ng/Pa x s x sq. m maximum; ASTM E 96/E 96M,
Water Method.

3. Sheet Strips: Self-adhering, reinforced, rubberized-asphalt strips of same material

and thickness as sheet waterproofing.

2.3 BLINDSIDE SHEET WATERPROOFING

A. Bonded HDPE Sheet for Blindside Vertical Applications: Uniform, flexible, multilayered-
composite sheet membrane consisting of either a HDPE film coated with a pressure-
sensitive adhesive and protective release liner, total 0.8-mm thickness, or an HDPE film
coated with a modified asphalt layer and a nonwoven geotextile-fabric final layer, total 1.9-
mm thickness; with the following physical properties:

1. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, available products that may be

incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited to, the following:

a. Grace Construction Products; W.R. Grace & Co. -- Conn; Preprufe 160Rwith
Preprufe Tie-Back Covers.
b. Polyguard Products, Inc; Underseal Blindside Membrane.

2. Tensile Strength, Film: 27.6 MPa minimum; ASTM D 412.

3. Low-Temperature Flexibility: Pass at minus 23 deg C; ASTM D 1970.
4. Peel Adhesion to Concrete: 875 N/m minimum; ASTM D 903, modified.
5. Lap Adhesion: 440 N/m minimum; ASTM D 1876, modified.
6. Hydrostatic-Head Resistance: 70 m; ASTM D 5385, modified.
7. Puncture Resistance: 445 N minimum; ASTM E 154.
8. Water Vapor Permeance: 0.6 ng/Pa x s x sq. m maximum; ASTM E 96/E 96M, Water
Method.
9. Water Absorption: 0.5 percent maximum; ASTM D 570.

B. TPO Sheet for Blindside Vertical Applications: Flexible membrane consisting of a TPO
sheet coated with a pressure-sensitive butyl-alloy adhesive and protective release liner, total
thickness 1.2-mm thickness with the following physical properties:

1. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, available products that may be

incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited to, the following:

a. Carlisle Coatings & Waterproofing Inc; MiraPLY-V.

2. Tensile Strength, Film: 13.8 MPa minimum; ASTM D 412.

3. Low-Temperature Flexibility: Pass at minus 23 deg C; ASTM D 1970.
4. Peel Adhesion to Concrete: 1035 N/m minimum; ASTM D 903, modified.
5. Lap Adhesion: 983 N/m minimum; ASTM D 1876, modified.
6. Puncture Resistance: 480 N minimum; ASTM E 154.
7. Water Vapor Permeance: 1.1 ng/Pa x s x sq. m maximum; ASTM E 96/E 96M, Water
Method.
8. Water Absorption: 0.7 percent maximum; ASTM D 570.

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C. Bonded HDPE or Polyethylene Sheet for Blindside Horizontal Applications: Uniform,

flexible, multilayered-composite sheet membrane consisting of either an HDPE film coated
with pressure-sensitive adhesive and protective release liner, total 1.2-mm thickness, or a
cross-laminated film of low- and medium-density polyethylene, coated with a modified
asphalt layer and a nonwoven geotextile-fabric final layer, total 2.4-mm thickness; with the
following physical properties:

1. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, available products that may be

incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited to, the following:

a. Grace Construction Products; W.R. Grace & Co. -- Conn; Preprufe 300R.
b. Polyguard Products, Inc; Underseal Underslab Membrane.

2. Tensile Strength, Film: 13.8 MPa minimum; ASTM D 412.

3. Low-Temperature Flexibility: Pass at minus 23 deg C; ASTM D 1970.
4. Peel Adhesion to Concrete: 875 N/m minimum; ASTM D 903, modified.
5. Lap Adhesion: 440 N/m minimum; ASTM D 1876, modified.
6. Hydrostatic-Head Resistance: 70 m; ASTM D 5385, modified.
7. Puncture Resistance: 890 N minimum; ASTM E 154.
8. Water Vapor Permeance: 0.6 ng/Pa x s x sq. m maximum; ASTM E 96/E 96M, Water
Method.
9. Water Absorption: 0.5 percent maximum; ASTM D 570.

D. TPO Sheet for Blindside Horizontal Applications: Flexible membrane consisting of a TPO
sheet coated with a pressure-sensitive butyl-alloy adhesive and protective release liner, total
thickness 1.2-mm thickness with the following physical properties:

1. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, available products that may be

incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited to, the following:

a. Carlisle Coatings & Waterproofing Inc.; MiraPLY-H.

2. Tensile Strength, Film: 11.7 MPa minimum; ASTM D 412.

3. Low-Temperature Flexibility: Pass at minus 23 deg C; ASTM D 1970.
4. Peel Adhesion to Concrete: 1035 N/m minimum; ASTM D 903, modified.
5. Lap Adhesion: 983 N/m minimum; ASTM D 1876, modified.
6. Puncture Resistance: 618 N minimum; ASTM E 154.
7. Water Vapor Permeance: 4.6 ng/Pa x s x sq. m maximum; ASTM E 96/E 96M, Water
Method.
8. Water Absorption: 0.7 percent maximum; ASTM D 570.

E. Mastic, Adhesives, and Detail Tape: Liquid mastic and adhesives, and adhesive tapes
recommended by waterproofing manufacturer.

2.4 AUXILIARY MATERIALS

A. General: Furnish auxiliary materials recommended by waterproofing manufacturer for

intended use and compatible with sheet waterproofing.

1. Furnish liquid-type auxiliary materials that comply with VOC limits of authorities
having jurisdiction.

B. Primer: Liquid waterborne solvent-borne primer recommended for substrate by sheet-

waterproofing material manufacturer.

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C. Surface Conditioner: Liquid, waterborne surface conditioner recommended for substrate by

sheet-waterproofing material manufacturer.

D. Liquid Membrane: Elastomeric, two-component liquid, cold fluid applied, of trowel grade or
low viscosity.

E. Substrate Patching Membrane: Low-viscosity, two-component, modified asphalt coating.

F. Metal Termination Bars: Aluminum bars, approximately 25 by 3 mm thick, predrilled at 229-

mm centers.

G. Protection course:
1. ASTM D 6506, semirigid sheets of fiberglass or mineral-reinforced-asphaltic core,
pressure laminated between two asphalt-saturated fibrous liners and as follows:
a. Thickness: 6 mm, nominal.
b. Thickness: 3 mm, nominal, for vertical applications; 6 mm, nominal,
elsewhere.
c. Adhesive: Rubber-based solvent type recommended by waterproofing
manufacturer for protection course type.
2. Fan folded, with a core of extruded-polystyrene board insulation faced on one side or
both sides with plastic film, nominal thickness 6 mm, with compressive strength of not
less than 55 kPa per ASTM D 1621, and maximum water absorption by volume of 0.6
percent per ASTM C 272.
3. Extruded-polystyrene board insulation, unfaced, ASTM C 578, Type X, 13 mm thick.
4. Molded-polystyrene board insulation, ASTM C 578, Type I, 15-kg/cu. m minimum
density, 25-mm minimum thickness.

2.5 INSULATION

A. Insulation, General: Comply with Section 072100 "Thermal Insulation."

B. Board Insulation: Extruded-polystyrene board insulation complying with ASTM C 578,

square or shiplap edged.

1. Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, available manufacturers

offering products that may be incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited
to, the following:

a. DiversiFoam Products.
b. Dow Chemical Company (The); STYROFOAM Brand CAVITYMATE Plus
Insulation STYROFOAM Brand Scoreboard Insulation STYROFOAM Brand
Square Edge Insulation STYROFOAM Brand Tongue and Groove Insulation
STYROFOAM CAVITYMATE Ultra Insulation.
c. Owens Corning Insulating Systems LLC.
d. Pactiv Corporation.
e. T. Clear Corporation, a subsidiary of Fin Pan Inc.

2. Type IV, 173-kPa minimum compressive strength.

3. Type VI, 276-kPa minimum compressive strength.
4. Type VII, 414-kPa minimum compressive strength.
5. Type V, 690-kPa minimum compressive strength.

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2.6 INSULATION DRAINAGE PANELS

A. Unfaced Wall-Insulation Drainage Panels: Extruded-polystyrene board insulation complying

with ASTM C 578, Type IV, 173-kPa or Type VI, 276-kPa minimum compressive strength;
unfaced; fabricated with shiplap or channel edges and with one side having grooved
drainage channels.

1. Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide one of the following

available products that may be incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited
to, the following:

a. DiversiFoam Products; CertiFoam 25 SL or CertiFoam 40 (with channel edges)

Drainage Board.
b. Dow Chemical Company (The); STYROFOAM Brand PERIMATE Insulation.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 EXAMINATION

A. Examine substrates, areas, and conditions, with Installer present, for compliance with
requirements and other conditions affecting performance of the waterproofing.

1. Verify that concrete has cured and aged for minimum time period recommended in
writing by waterproofing manufacturer.
2. Verify that substrate is visibly dry and within the moisture limits recommended in
writing by manufacturer. Test for capillary moisture by plastic sheet method
according to ASTM D 4263.
3. Verify that compacted subgrade is dry, smooth, sound, and ready to receive
waterproofing sheet.

B. Proceed with installation only after unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected.

3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION

A. Clean, prepare, and treat substrates according to manufacturer's written instructions.

Provide clean, dust-free, and dry substrates for waterproofing application.

B. Mask off adjoining surfaces not receiving waterproofing to prevent spillage and overspray
affecting other construction.

C. Remove grease, oil, bitumen, form-release agents, paints, curing compounds, and other
penetrating contaminants or film-forming coatings from concrete.

D. Remove fins, ridges, mortar, and other projections and fill honeycomb, aggregate pockets,
holes, and other voids.

E. Prepare, fill, prime, and treat joints and cracks in substrates. Remove dust and dirt from
joints and cracks according to ASTM D 4258.

1. Install sheet strips of width according to manufacturer's written instructions and center
over treated construction and contraction joints and cracks exceeding a width of 1.6
mm.

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F. Bridge and cover isolation joints expansion joints and discontinuous deck-to-wall and deck-
to-deck joints with overlapping sheet strips of widths according to manufacturer's written
instructions.

1. Invert and loosely lay first sheet strip over center of joint. Firmly adhere second sheet
strip to first and overlap to substrate.

G. Corners: Prepare, prime, and treat inside and outside corners according to ASTM D 6135.

1. Install membrane strips centered over vertical inside corners. Install 19-mm fillets of
liquid membrane on horizontal inside corners and as follows:

a. At footing-to-wall intersections, extend liquid membrane in each direction from

corner or install membrane strip centered over corner.
b. At plaza-deck-to-wall intersections, extend liquid membrane or sheet strips
onto deck waterproofing and to finished height of sheet flashing.

H. Prepare, treat, and seal vertical and horizontal surfaces at terminations and penetrations
through waterproofing and at drains and protrusions according to ASTM D 6135.

3.3 MODIFIED BITUMINOUS SHEET-WATERPROOFING APPLICATION

A. Install modified bituminous sheets according to waterproofing manufacturer's written

instructions and recommendations in ASTM D 6135.

B. Apply primer to substrates at required rate and allow it to dry. Limit priming to areas that will
be covered by sheet waterproofing in same day. Reprime areas exposed for more than 24
hours.

C. Apply and firmly adhere sheets over area to receive waterproofing. Accurately align sheets
and maintain uniform 100-mm- minimum lap widths and end laps. Overlap and seal seams,
and stagger end laps to ensure watertight installation.

1. When ambient and substrate temperatures range between minus 4 and plus 5 deg C,
install self-adhering, modified bituminous sheets produced for low-temperature
application. Do not use low-temperature sheets if ambient or substrate temperature
is higher than 16 deg C.

D. Two-Ply Application: Install sheets to form a membrane with lap widths not less than 50
percent of sheet widths, to provide a minimum of two thicknesses of sheet membrane over
areas to receive waterproofing.

E. Horizontal Application: Apply sheets from low to high points of decks to ensure that laps
shed water.

F. Apply continuous sheets over already-installed sheet strips, bridging substrate cracks,
construction, and contraction joints.

G. Seal edges of sheet-waterproofing terminations with mastic.

H. Install sheet-waterproofing and auxiliary materials to tie into adjacent waterproofing.

I. Repair tears, voids, and lapped seams in waterproofing not complying with requirements.
Slit and flatten fishmouths and blisters. Patch with sheet waterproofing extending 150 mm
beyond repaired areas in all directions.

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J. Immediately install protection course with butted joints over waterproofing membrane.

1. Board insulation may be used in place of a separate protection course to vertical

applications when approved by waterproofing manufacturer and installed
immediately.

3.4 BLINDSIDE SHEET-WATERPROOFING APPLICATION

A. Install bonded blindside sheet waterproofing according to manufacturer's written

instructions.

B. Place and secure molded-sheet drainage panels over substrate. Lap edges and ends of
geotextile to maintain continuity.

C. Vertical Applications: Install sheet with face against substrate. Accurately align sheets and
maintain uniform side and end laps of minimum dimensions required by membrane
manufacturer. Overlap and seal seams, and stagger and tape end laps to ensure watertight
installation. Mechanically fasten to substrate.

1. Securely fasten top termination of membrane with continuous metal termination bar
anchored into substrate and cover with detailing tape.

D. Horizontal Applications: Install sheet with face against substrate. Accurately align sheets
and maintain uniform side and end laps of minimum dimensions required by membrane
manufacturer. Overlap and seal seams, and stagger and tape end laps to ensure watertight
installation.

E. Corners: Seal lapped terminations and cut edges of sheet waterproofing at inside and
outside corners with detail tape.

F. Seal penetrations through sheet waterproofing to provide watertight seal with detail tape
patches or wraps and a liquid-membrane troweling.

G. Install sheet-waterproofing and auxiliary materials to produce a continuous watertight tie into
adjacent waterproofing.

H. Repair tears, voids, and lapped seams in waterproofing not complying with requirements.
Tape perimeter of damaged or nonconforming area extending 150 mm beyond repaired
areas in all directions. Apply a patch of sheet waterproofing and firmly secure with detail
tape.

3.5 INSULATION INSTALLATION

A. Install one or more layers of board insulation to achieve required thickness over
waterproofed surfaces. Cut and fit to within 19 mm of projections and penetrations.

B. On vertical surfaces, set insulation units in adhesive or tape applied according to

manufacturer's written instructions.

C. On horizontal surfaces, loosely lay insulation units according to manufacturer's written

instructions. Stagger end joints and tightly abut insulation units.

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3.6 INSULATION DRAINAGE-PANEL INSTALLATION

A. Install insulation drainage panels over waterproofed surfaces; cut and fit to within 19 mm of
projections and penetrations.

B. Ensure that drainage channels are aligned and free of obstructions.

C. On vertical surfaces, set insulation drainage panels in adhesive or tape applied according to
manufacturer's written instructions.

D. On horizontal surfaces, loosely lay insulation drainage panels according to manufacturer's

written instructions. Stagger end joints and tightly abut insulation units.

3.7 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A. Engage a site representative qualified by waterproofing membrane manufacturer to inspect

substrate conditions, surface preparation, membrane application, flashings, protection, and
drainage components, and to furnish daily reports to Architect.

B. Flood Testing: Flood test each deck area for leaks, according to recommendations in
ASTM D 5957, after completing waterproofing but before overlying construction is placed.
Install temporary containment assemblies, plug or dam drains, and flood with potable water.

1. Flood to an average depth of 100 mm with a minimum depth of 50 mm and not

exceeding a depth of 100 mm. Maintain 50 mm of clearance from top of sheet
flashings.
2. Flood each area for 72 hours.
3. After flood testing, repair leaks, repeat flood tests, and make further repairs until
waterproofing installation is watertight.

C. Engage an independent testing agency to observe flood testing and examine underside of
decks and terminations for evidence of leaks during flood testing.

D. Prepare test and inspection reports.

3.8 PROTECTION, REPAIR, AND CLEANING

A. Do not permit foot or vehicular traffic on unprotected membrane.

B. Protect waterproofing from damage and wear during remainder of construction period.

C. Protect installed board insulation and insulation drainage panels from damage due to UV
light, harmful weather exposures, physical abuse, and other causes. Provide temporary
coverings where insulation is subject to abuse and cannot be concealed and protected by
permanent construction immediately after installation.

D. Correct deficiencies in or remove waterproofing that does not comply with requirements;
repair substrates, reapply waterproofing, and repair sheet flashings.

E. Clean spillage and soiling from adjacent construction using cleaning agents and procedures
recommended by manufacturer of affected construction.

END OF SECTION 071326

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SECTION 312000 - EARTH MOVING

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 SUMMARY

A. Section Includes:

1. Preparing subgrades for slabs-on-grade, walks, pavements, turf and grasses, and
plants.
2. Excavating and backfilling for buildings and structures.
3. Drainage course for concrete slabs-on-grade.
4. Subbase course for concrete walks and pavements.
5. Subbase course and base course for asphalt paving.
6. Excavating and backfilling trenches for utilities and pits for buried utility structures.

1.2 DEFINITIONS

A. Backfill: Soil material or controlled low-strength material used to fill an excavation.

1. Initial Backfill: Backfill placed beside and over pipe in a trench, including haunches to
support sides of pipe.
2. Final Backfill: Backfill placed over initial backfill to fill a trench.

B. Base Course: Aggregate layer placed between the subbase course and hot-mix asphalt
paving.

C. Bedding Course: Aggregate layer placed over the excavated subgrade in a trench before
laying pipe.

D. Borrow Soil: Satisfactory soil imported from off-site for use as fill or backfill.

E. Drainage Course: Aggregate layer supporting the slab-on-grade that also minimizes upward
capillary flow of pore water.

F. Excavation: Removal of material encountered above subgrade elevations and to lines and
dimensions indicated.

1. Authorized Additional Excavation: Excavation below subgrade elevations or beyond

indicated lines and dimensions as directed by Engineer. Authorized additional
excavation and replacement material will be paid for according to Contract provisions
[changes in the Work].
2. Unauthorized Excavation: Excavation below subgrade elevations or beyond indicated
lines and dimensions without direction by Engineer. Unauthorized excavation, as well
as remedial work directed by Engineer, shall be without additional compensation.

G. Fill: Soil materials used to raise existing grades.

H. Structures: Buildings, footings, foundations, retaining walls, slabs, tanks, curbs, mechanical
and electrical appurtenances, or other man-made stationary features constructed above or
below the ground surface.

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I. Subbase Course: Aggregate layer placed between the subgrade and base course for hot-
mix asphalt pavement, or aggregate layer placed between the subgrade and a cement
concrete pavement or a cement concrete or hot-mix asphalt walk.

J. Subgrade: Uppermost surface of an excavation or the top surface of a fill or backfill

immediately below subbase, drainage fill, drainage course, or topsoil materials.

K. Utilities: On-site underground pipes, conduits, ducts, and cables as well as underground
services within buildings.

1.3 FIELD CONDITIONS

A. Traffic: Minimize interference with adjoining roads, streets, walks, and other adjacent
occupied or used facilities during earth-moving operations.

1. Do not close or obstruct streets, walks, or other adjacent occupied or used facilities
without permission from Owner and authorities having jurisdiction.
2. Provide alternate routes around closed or obstructed traffic ways if required by Owner
or authorities having jurisdiction.

B. The following practices are prohibited within protection zones:

1. Storage of construction materials, debris, or excavated material.

2. Parking vehicles or equipment.
3. Foot traffic.
4. Erection of sheds or structures.
5. Impoundment of water.
6. Excavation or other digging unless otherwise indicated.
7. Attachment of signs to or wrapping materials around trees or plants unless otherwise
indicated.

C. Do not direct vehicle or equipment exhaust towards protection zones.

D. Prohibit heat sources, flames, ignition sources, and smoking within or near protection zones.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 SOIL MATERIALS

A. General: Provide borrow soil materials when sufficient satisfactory soil materials are not
available from excavations.

B. Satisfactory Soils: Soil Classification BS EN ISO 14688-1:2002, free of rock or gravel larger
than 25 mm in any dimension, debris, waste, frozen materials, vegetation, and other
deleterious matter.

C. Unsatisfactory Soils: Soil Classification BS EN ISO 14688-1:2002.

1. Unsatisfactory soils also include satisfactory soils not maintained within 2 percent of
optimum moisture content at time of compaction.

D. Subbase Material: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel,

crushed stone, and natural or crushed sand; BS 812; with at least 80 percent passing a
20mm sieve and not more than 20 percent passing a 0.075 mm sieve.

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E. Base Course: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed
stone, and natural or crushed sand; BS 812; with at least 100 percent passing a 37.5-mm
sieve and not more than 20 percent passing a 0.075-mm sieve.

F. Engineered Fill: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed
stone, and natural or crushed sand; BS 812; with at least 80 percent passing a 25-mm sieve
and not more than 20 percent passing a 0.075-mm sieve.

G. Bedding Course: Naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed
stone, and natural or crushed sand; BS 812; except with 100 percent passing a 37.5-mm
sieve and not more than 20 percent passing a 0.075-mm sieve.

H. Drainage Course: Narrowly graded mixture of crushed stone, or crushed or uncrushed

gravel; BS 812; coarse-aggregate; with 100 percent passing a 37.5-mm sieve and zero to
15 percent passing a 2.36-mm sieve.

2.2 ACCESSORIES

A. Warning Tape: Acid- and alkali-resistant, polyethylene film warning tape manufactured for
marking and identifying underground utilities, 150 mm wide and 0.1 mm thick, continuously
inscribed with a description of the utility; colored as follows:

1. Red: Electric.
2. Yellow: Gas, oil, steam, and dangerous materials.
3. Orange: Telephone and other communications.
4. Blue: Water systems.
5. Green: Sewer systems.

B. Detectable Warning Tape: Acid- and alkali-resistant, polyethylene film warning tape
manufactured for marking and identifying underground utilities, a minimum of (150 mm)
wide and 0.1 mm thick, continuously inscribed with a description of the utility, with metallic
core encased in a protective jacket for corrosion protection, detectable by metal detector
when tape is buried up to 750 mm deep; colored as follows:

1. Red: Electric.
2. Yellow: Gas, oil, steam, and dangerous materials.
3. Orange: Telephone and other communications.
4. Blue: Water systems.
5. Green: Sewer systems.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PREPARATION

A. Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from damage caused
by settlement, lateral movement, undermining, washout, and other hazards created by
earth-moving operations.

B. Protect and maintain erosion and sedimentation controls during earth-moving operations.

C. Protect subgrades and foundation soils from freezing temperatures and frost. Remove
temporary protection before placing subsequent materials.

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3.2 DEWATERING

A. Prevent surface water and ground water from entering excavations, from ponding on
prepared subgrades, and from flooding Project site and surrounding area.

B. Protect subgrades from softening, undermining, washout, and damage by rain or water
accumulation.

1. Reroute surface water runoff away from excavated areas. Do not allow water to
accumulate in excavations. Do not use excavated trenches as temporary drainage
ditches.

3.3 EXCAVATION, GENERAL

A. Unclassified Excavation: Excavate to subgrade elevations regardless of the character of

surface and subsurface conditions encountered. Unclassified excavated materials may
include rock, soil materials, and obstructions. No changes in the Contract Sum or the
Contract Time will be authorized for rock excavation or removal of obstructions.

1. If excavated materials intended for fill and backfill include unsatisfactory soil materials
and rock, replace with satisfactory soil materials.

3.4 EXCAVATION FOR STRUCTURES

A. Excavate to indicated elevations and dimensions within a tolerance of plus or minus 25 mm.
If applicable, extend excavations a sufficient distance from structures for placing and
removing concrete formwork, for installing services and other construction, and for
inspections.

1. Excavations for Footings and Foundations: Do not disturb bottom of excavation.

Excavate by hand to final grade just before placing concrete reinforcement. Trim
bottoms to required lines and grades to leave solid base to receive other work.
2. Excavation for Underground Tanks, Basins, and Mechanical or Electrical Utility
Structures: Excavate to elevations and dimensions indicated within a tolerance of
plus or minus 25 mm. Do not disturb bottom of excavations intended as bearing
surfaces.

3.5 EXCAVATION FOR WALKS AND PAVEMENTS

A. Excavate surfaces under walks and pavements to indicated lines, cross sections,
elevations, and subgrades.

3.6 EXCAVATION FOR UTILITY TRENCHES

A. Excavate trenches to indicated gradients, lines, depths, and elevations.

B. Excavate trenches to uniform widths to provide the following clearance on each side of pipe
or conduit. Excavate trench walls vertically from trench bottom to 300 mm higher than top of
pipe or conduit unless otherwise indicated.

1. Clearance: 300 mm each side of pipe or conduit.

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C. Excavate and shape trench bottoms to provide uniform bearing and support of pipes and
conduit. Shape subgrade to provide continuous support for bells, joints, and barrels of pipes
and for joints, fittings, and bodies of conduits. Remove projecting stones and sharp objects
along trench subgrade.

1. For pipes and conduit less than 150 mm in nominal diameter, hand-excavate trench
bottoms and support pipe and conduit on an undisturbed subgrade.
2. For pipes and conduit 150 mm or larger in nominal diameter, shape bottom of trench
to support bottom 90 degrees of pipe or conduit circumference. Fill depressions with
tamped sand backfill.
3. For flat-bottomed, multiple-duct conduit units, hand-excavate trench bottoms and
support conduit on an undisturbed subgrade.
4. Excavate trenches 150 mm deeper than elevation required in rock or other unyielding
bearing material to allow for bedding course.

D. Excavate trenches 100 mm deeper than bottom of pipe and conduit elevations to allow for
bedding course. Hand-excavate deeper for bells of pipe.

1. Excavate trenches 150 mm deeper than elevation required in rock or other unyielding
bearing material to allow for bedding course.

3.7 SUBGRADE INSPECTION

A. Notify Engineer when excavations have reached required subgrade.

B. If Engineer determines that unsatisfactory soil is present, continue excavation and replace
with compacted backfill or fill material as directed.

C. Proof-roll subgrade below the building slabs and pavements with a pneumatic-tired
equipment to identify soft pockets and areas of excess yielding. Do not proof-roll wet or
saturated subgrades.

D. Reconstruct subgrades damaged by freezing temperatures, frost, rain, accumulated water,

or construction activities, as directed by Engineer, without additional compensation.

3.8 UNAUTHORIZED EXCAVATION

A. Fill unauthorized excavation under foundations or wall footings by extending bottom

elevation of concrete foundation or footing to excavation bottom, without altering top
elevation. Lean concrete fill, with 28-day compressive strength of (20 MPa), may be used
when approved by Engineer.

1. Fill unauthorized excavations under other construction, pipe, or conduit as directed by

Engineer.

3.9 STORAGE OF SOIL MATERIALS

A. Stockpile borrow soil materials and excavated satisfactory soil materials without intermixing.
Place, grade, and shape stockpiles to drain surface water. Cover to prevent windblown dust.

1. Stockpile soil materials away from edge of excavations. Do not store within drip line
of remaining trees.

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3.10 BACKFILL

A. Place and compact backfill in excavations promptly, but not before completing the following:

1. Construction below finish grade including, where applicable, sub-drainage, damp-

proofing, waterproofing, and perimeter insulation.
2. Surveying locations of underground utilities for Record Documents.
3. Testing and inspecting underground utilities.
4. Removing concrete formwork.
5. Removing trash and debris.
6. Removing temporary shoring, bracing, and sheeting.
7. Installing permanent or temporary horizontal bracing on horizontally supported walls.

B. Place backfill on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.

3.11 UTILITY TRENCH BACKFILL

A. Place backfill on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.

B. Place and compact bedding course on trench bottoms and where indicated. Shape bedding
course to provide continuous support for bells, joints, and barrels of pipes and for joints,
fittings, and bodies of conduits.

C. Backfill trenches excavated under footings and within 450 mm of bottom of footings with
satisfactory soil; fill with concrete to elevation of bottom of footings. Concrete is specified in
Section 033000 "Cast-in-Place Concrete."

D. Provide 100 mm thick, concrete-base slab support for piping or conduit less than 750 mm
below surface of roadways or according to Local Authority requirements. After installing and
testing, completely encase piping or conduit in a minimum of 100 mm of concrete before
backfilling or placing roadway subbase course. Concrete is specified in Section 033000
"Cast-in-Place Concrete."

E. Backfill voids with satisfactory soil while removing shoring and bracing.

F. Initial Backfill:

1. Place and compact initial backfill of subbase material / satisfactory soil, free of
particles larger than 25 mm in any dimension, to a height of 300 mm over the pipe or
conduit.

a. Carefully compact initial backfill under pipe haunches and compact evenly up
on both sides and along the full length of piping or conduit to avoid damage or
displacement of piping or conduit. Coordinate backfilling with utilities testing.

G. Final Backfill:

1. Place and compact final backfill of satisfactory soil to final subgrade elevation.

H. Install warning tape directly above utilities, 300 mm below finished grade, except 150 mm
below subgrade under pavements and slabs.

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3.12 SOIL FILL

A. Plow, scarify, bench, or break up sloped surfaces steeper than 1 vertical to 4 horizontal so
fill material will bond with existing material.

B. Place and compact fill material in layers to required elevations as follows:

1. Under grass and planted areas, use satisfactory soil material.

2. Under walks and pavements, use satisfactory soil material.
3. Under steps and ramps, use engineered fill.
4. Under building slabs, use engineered fill.
5. Under footings and foundations, use engineered fill.

C. Place soil fill on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.

3.13 SOIL MOISTURE CONTROL

A. Uniformly moisten or aerate subgrade and each subsequent fill or backfill soil layer before
compaction to within 2 percent of optimum moisture content.

1. Do not place backfill or fill soil material on surfaces that are muddy, frozen, or contain
frost or ice.
2. Remove and replace, or scarify and air dry, otherwise satisfactory soil material that
exceeds optimum moisture content by 2 percent and is too wet to compact to
specified dry unit weight.

3.14 COMPACTION OF SOIL BACKFILLS AND FILLS

A. Place backfill and fill soil materials in layers not more than 200 mm in loose depth for
material compacted by heavy compaction equipment and not more than 100 mm in loose
depth for material compacted by hand-operated tampers.

B. Place backfill and fill soil materials evenly on all sides of structures to required elevations
and uniformly along the full length of each structure.

C. Compact soil materials to not less than the following percentages of maximum dry unit
weight according to BS 1377-4:1990

1. Under structures, building slabs, steps, and pavements, scarify and re-compact top
300 mm of existing subgrade and each layer of backfill or fill soil material at [98]
percent.
2. Under walkways, scarify and re-compact top 150 mm below subgrade and compact
each layer of backfill or fill soil material at 95 percent.
3. Under turf or unpaved areas, scarify and re-compact top 150 mm below subgrade
and compact each layer of backfill or fill soil material at 85 percent.
4. For utility trenches, compact each layer of initial and final backfill soil material at 95
percent.

3.15 GRADING

A. General: Uniformly grade areas to a smooth surface, free of irregular surface changes.
Comply with compaction requirements and grade to cross sections, lines, and elevations
indicated.

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1. Provide a smooth transition between adjacent existing grades and new grades.
2. Cut out soft spots, fill low spots, and trim high spots to comply with required surface
tolerances.

B. Site Rough Grading: Slope grades to direct water away from buildings and to prevent
ponding. Finish subgrades to elevations required to achieve indicated finish elevations,
within the following subgrade tolerances:

1. Turf or Unpaved Areas: Plus or minus 25 mm.

2. Walks: Plus or minus 25 mm.
3. Pavements: Plus or minus 13 mm.

C. Grading inside Building Lines: Finish subgrade to a tolerance of 13 mm when tested with a
3m straightedge.

3.16 SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES UNDER PAVEMENTS AND WALKS

A. Place subbase course and base course on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.

B. On prepared subgrade, place subbase course and base course under pavements and walks
as follows:

1. Install separation geotextile on prepared subgrade according to manufacturer's

written instructions, overlapping sides and ends.
2. Place base course material over subbase course under hot-mix asphalt pavement.
3. Shape subbase course and base course to required crown elevations and cross-
slope grades.
4. Place subbase course and base course 150 mm or less in compacted thickness in a
single layer.
5. Place subbase course and base course that exceeds 150 mm in compacted
thickness in layers of equal thickness, with no compacted layer more than 150 mm
thick or less than 75 mm thick.
6. Compact subbase course and base course at optimum moisture content to required
grades, lines, cross sections, and thickness to not less than 95 percent of maximum
dry unit weight according to BS 1377 : 1990.

3.17 DRAINAGE COURSE UNDER CONCRETE SLABS-ON-GRADE

A. Place drainage course on subgrades free of mud, frost, snow, or ice.

B. On prepared subgrade, place and compact drainage course under cast-in-place concrete
slabs-on-grade as follows:

1. Install sub-drainage geotextile on prepared subgrade according to manufacturer's

written instructions, overlapping sides and ends.
2. Place drainage course 150 mm or less in compacted thickness in a single layer.
3. Place drainage course that exceeds 150 mm in compacted thickness in layers of
equal thickness, with no compacted layer more than 150 mm thick or less than 75
mm thick.
4. Compact each layer of drainage course to required cross sections and thicknesses to
not less than 98 percent of maximum dry unit weight according to BS 1377 : 1990.

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3.18 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A. Testing Agency: Contractor to engage a qualified geotechnical engineering testing agency

to perform tests and inspections.

B. Allow testing agency to inspect and test subgrades and each fill or backfill layer. Proceed
with subsequent earth moving only after test results for previously completed work comply
with requirements.

C. Footing Subgrade: At footing subgrades, at least one test of each soil stratum will be
performed to verify design bearing capacities. Subsequent verification and approval of other
footing subgrades may be based on a visual comparison of subgrade with tested subgrade
when approved by Engineer.

D. Testing agency will test compaction of soils in place according to BS 1377, as applicable.
Tests will be performed at the following locations and frequencies:

1. Paved and Building Slab Areas: At subgrade and at each compacted fill and backfill
layer, at least one test for every 186 sq. m or less of paved area or building slab but
in no case fewer than three tests.
2. Foundation Wall Backfill: At each compacted backfill layer, at least one test for every
30 m or less of wall length but no fewer than two tests
3. Trench Backfill: At each compacted initial and final backfill layer, at least one test for
every 46 m or less of trench length but no fewer than two tests

E. When testing agency reports that subgrades, fills, or backfills have not achieved degree of
compaction specified, scarify and moisten or aerate, or remove and replace soil materials to
depth required; re-compact and retest until specified compaction is obtained.

3.19 PROTECTION

A. Protecting Graded Areas: Protect newly graded areas from traffic, freezing, and erosion.
Keep free of trash and debris.

B. Repair and reestablish grades to specified tolerances where completed or partially

completed surfaces become eroded, rutted, settled, or where they lose compaction due to
subsequent construction operations or weather conditions.

1. Scarify or remove and replace soil material to depth as directed by Engineer; reshape
and re-compact.

C. Where settling occurs before Project correction period elapses, remove finished surfacing,
backfill with additional soil material, compact, and reconstruct surfacing.

1. Restore appearance, quality, and condition of finished surfacing to match adjacent

work, and eliminate evidence of restoration to greatest extent possible.

3.20 DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND WASTE MATERIALS

A. Remove surplus satisfactory soil and waste materials, including unsatisfactory soil, trash,
and debris, and legally dispose of them off Owner's property.

END OF SECTION 312000

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SECTION 313116 - TERMITE CONTROL

SECTION 313116 - TERMITE CONTROL

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS

A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and

Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this
Section.

1.2 SUMMARY

A. Section Includes:

1. Soil treatment with termiticide.

B. Related Requirements:
1. Section 076200 "Sheet Metal Flashing and Trim" for custom-fabricated, metal
termite shields.

1.3 PREINSTALLATION MEETINGS

A. Preinstallation Conference: Conduct conference at Project site office.

1.4 ACTION SUBMITTALS

A. Product Data: For each type of product.

1. Include construction details, material descriptions, dimensions of individual

components, and profiles for termite control products.

1.5 INFORMATIONAL SUBMITTALS

A. Qualification Data: For qualified Installer.

B. Product Certificates: For each type of termite control product.

C. Soil Treatment Application Report: After application of termiticide is completed,

submit report for Owner's records and include the following:

1. Date and time of application.

2. Moisture content of soil before application.
3. Termiticide brand name and manufacturer.
4. Quantity of undiluted termiticide used.
5. Dilutions, methods, volumes used, and rates of application.
6. Areas of application.
7. Water source for application.

D. Sample Warranties: For special warranties.

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1.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Installer Qualifications: A specialist who is licensed according to regulations of

authorities having jurisdiction to apply termite control treatment and products in
jurisdiction where Project is located and who employs workers trained and
approved by manufacturer to install manufacturer's products and who is approved
by manufacturer to install manufacturer’s products.

1.7 FIELD CONDITIONS

A. Soil Treatment:

1. Environmental Limitations: To ensure penetration, do not treat soil that is

water saturated or frozen. Do not treat soil while precipitation is occurring.
Comply with requirements of the authorities having jurisdiction.
2. Related Work: Coordinate soil treatment application with excavating, filling,
grading, and concreting operations. Treat soil under footings, grade beams,
and ground-supported slabs before construction.

1.8 WARRANTY

A. Soil Treatment Special Warranty: Manufacturer's standard form, signed by

Applicator and Contractor, certifying that termite control work consisting of applied
soil termiticide treatment will prevent infestation of subterranean termites. If
subterranean termite activity or damage is discovered during warranty period, re-
treat soil and repair or replace damage caused by termite infestation.

1. Warranty Period: Five years from date of Substantial Completion.

1.9 MAINTENANCE SERVICE

A. Continuing Service: Beginning at Substantial Completion, provide 12 months'

continuing service including monitoring, inspection, and re-treatment for
occurrences of termite activity. Provide a standard continuing service agreement.
State services, obligations, conditions, terms for agreement period, and terms for
future renewal options.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MANUFACTURERS

A. Source Limitations: Obtain termite control products from single source from single
manufacturer.

2.2 SOIL TREATMENT

A. Termiticide: Provide termiticide, complying with requirements of authorities having

jurisdiction, in an aqueous solution formulated to prevent termite infestation.
Provide quantity required for application at the label volume and rate for the
maximum termiticide concentration allowed for each specific use.
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1. Active Ingredient: Chlorpyrifos.

2. Basis of Design: Provide “Contra Insect 480 TEC, as manufactured by Frunol

Delicia, or approved equal products of the same material, quality and
performance standards from one of the following:

a. BASF Corporation
b. Bayer Environmental Science.
c. FMC Corporation, Agricultural Products Group.
d. Syngenta.
e. Terminex

3. Service Life of Treatment: Soil treatment termiticide that is effective for not
less than five years against infestation of subterranean termites.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 EXAMINATION

A. Examine substrates, areas, and conditions, with Applicator present, for compliance
with requirements for moisture content of soil per termiticide label requirements,
interfaces with earthwork, slab and foundation work, landscaping, utility installation,
and other conditions affecting performance of termite control.

3.2 PREPARATION

A. General: Prepare work areas according to the requirements of authorities having

jurisdiction and according to manufacturer's written instructions before beginning
application and installation of termite control treatment(s). Remove extraneous
sources of wood cellulose and other edible materials, such as wood debris, tree
stumps and roots, stakes, formwork, and construction waste wood from soil within
and around foundations.

B. Soil Treatment Preparation: Remove foreign matter and impermeable soil materials
that could decrease treatment effectiveness on areas to be treated. Loosen, rake,
and level soil to be treated, except previously compacted areas under slabs and
footings. Termiticides may be applied before placing compacted fill under slabs if
recommended in writing by termiticide manufacturer.

1. Fit filling hose connected to water source at the site with a backflow
preventer, according to requirements of authorities having jurisdiction.

3.3 APPLYING SOIL TREATMENT

A. Application: Mix soil treatment termiticide solution to a uniform consistency.

Distribute treatment uniformly. Apply treatment at the product's volume and rate for
maximum specified concentration of termiticide to the following so that a continuous
horizontal and vertical termiticidal barrier or treated zone is established around and
under building construction.

1. Slabs-on-Grade and Basement Slabs: Underground-supported slab

construction, including footings, building slabs, and attached slabs as an

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overall treatment. Treat soil materials before concrete footings and slabs are
placed.
2. Foundations: Soil adjacent to and along the entire inside perimeter of
foundation walls; along both sides of interior partition walls; around plumbing
pipes and electric conduit penetrating the slab; around interior column footers,
piers, and chimney bases; and along the entire outside perimeter, from grade
to bottom of footing.
3. Crawlspaces: Soil under and adjacent to foundations. Treat adjacent areas,
including around entrance platform, porches, and equipment bases. Apply
overall treatment only where attached concrete platform and porches are on
fill or ground.
4. Masonry: Treat voids.
5. Penetrations: At expansion joints, control joints, and areas where slabs and
below-grade walls will be penetrated.

B. Post warning signs in areas of application.

C. Reapply soil treatment solution to areas disturbed by subsequent excavation,

grading, landscaping, or other construction activities following application.

3.4 PROTECTION

A. Avoid disturbance of treated soil after application. Keep off treated areas until
completely dry.

B. Protect termiticide solution dispersed in treated soils and fills from being diluted by
exposure to water spillage or weather until ground-supported slabs are installed.
Use waterproof barrier if required.

END OF SECTION 313116

DWC TERMITE CONTROL

EXECUTIVE JET TERMINAL, AMIA 313116 - 4/4
REV B 07 JAN 2015