BN= a(mgmtWm) BW =(+mw

heoore, carseng ulo, ao

tus special ole im
We om take

Faß NBEM :
Since m, <<1, SO,
BNQWm
NBFM twice the
the el
bonduhd'th ef
Thus , the
which g same as
banduidth
An signal, s the
bamduuidh of an
nBAD a the same.
b Am amd
Foß HB EM; nce m >1, JD.
.
BN .Me- Wm
Bt M¹ Wm = AW.

SD
B A
bamduuidth of wBFm
cam seo that the dloiatien of
qhus, We
tho maxim foegLDm
twice
Fm sigmal.
36| C0 MPARISIon DF Fm AND A Mi
Both AM amd Fm ae ueed sn in commestial
n9n Cemmes ial. applicatien Juch ag dig
amd
and telouision boadcastng. n a paotiulag sutable
system mote
applicotien , am Am it
sytem hag
tham FM Sygtemm. Thug ench
domeit. Let ug lo9K Gv9,
0 Ymoit and

the ad vantages dnd dis adantageg

AM SyAtemg.
Of Fm SYtermg 9Weg AM
ADVATASES Oe Fm oVER
FM uawe semminy
she amplitde Dt am
oprootunitt
ntg s dene
teleived sgnal.
ngie fo9m the
reavesg by using amplitude lumitay
an Fm
 hos a bettes
us, Fm sytem ho bette oile
oee iDmni
tham AM SysHerm.
n an Fm signal g
mast of the poles,
the sidobamdg amd the caon
Caned by
n centot, n n Am
COntain legg poles.
-thiod ef the total possig
Sy$tm, nly. oe
the. side bamde amd t s -thid oe
caDied by the tsem ef caliee
the totl pouss lost i

pDluas Df the tomg micted

n FM. Sy8ttm) tre
amplitude of
on the wawe,
Signal depends caRsies amd hemce itg
nmedlotid
hamd, in AM ytemg,
Cen tamt. on the Othes medulntisnind
the poe depemds pon the optimumn in
the pDUg Bage
yae g
Mma. Hema
Fm sytms.
enl method of seduing
Am ytemy the tongmited Pouat
to ncreale the
oise the cot of n
of the sigmal. Stem, noje cam be edod
Systerm, n am
eM doyiabon
the freuny
ae epabatod by
Fm, adjacont chammely
m
n AM, ee n0
smterflemce. Hoeves
poded betueen tue adj alont
guasd bamd
 D1SADVANTAGES 0F EM OVEe AM
"Fm bo tad ngt egirey idee chmmelg of the
Tange 0f a0DK H2
uhile Am segrey channalg
mge of 10KH2 to9 bosadnting.
Of the ytm
This is a Yeieuy limitatin ef Fm
FM t mitin9 md Teoiving ase complex
and expensi ve than thoe of Am syems
PRoBLEMS
A mDdulatung signal 1o sin (an X10) s uged
to modlotoa osSies signal aosin (a 7xLD4t)
te

Deteomine the modulotien index, peÝcortage modlati

fxeQuDnces of the. side band compenons and
theio amplitude. wwhat uill be the banduidth
of the YMedulatad signal ?
Ssitieri
(i) be moduloting signal n=10 Sin (•n tID )
z l t ) = A m D S W m t
hererl expoellio mArm Sin (81hmt)
FnaLSkmt

Then, we aet Am=10 Volt, fn=lxD =IKH2.

0) he sinal e =a0Sin (an no4t)
kl)-Aesutt
oemal expoeßfion c= Ac Sin (a1ft)
- Hc -0 vo lt, fr lx10 Hz=10 KH2
(a) msculotiir2 imdax amd pelemtage mBdubatio n
Ma- Hm 10 z05 Msdulottn=0SXL00= SDy
Ac
 S8)
b) femiel 0f Sido band C0mponeng:
i) Uppes Siole band fuse = fot fm= (10+)= I KHZ
) LOLes Side bna tS8= fc-tm= l0-)=9rN3

of tas sidobandr
C) Amplitusle
The amplitue 0f Cach side band,=ma
- 0S x 0 =SV

a) Bamd idth -afm= ax)H2=aKH

) AStandasd Am bo9ad caft Statien i8 allswod
to tonmit modulating foeqenaeg upts SKH2
h me Am statin g toDrmiin9 ema foequeny
Df 980 KH 2, c9nmpute the mxim amd minimyuh
wppes amd. locuey sidebandg, and the total.
statien
bandwidth 0cyiecl by the Am

Selstiery focR fm= sKH2

fc. = 480KH2
fusb = 980+5 = fot fm
Husb= 98S KH2
fLsB = 80-s =fe-fm
=97S KH2
fSB

BJ =fuse -fse =48S-475= l0kH2

BN fmxKHE 10 KH2
3) An amttmma hos am impedan e of 402. m
B
wnmeoulated Am signal p9dycag aa cussent of
48A. The modulntien ig 90 pestont calalotz
a) The cQ0mes poeS 6) he totall pos and
c) The sideband pouas
Seutie (a) Pe= R= (u-8)" (0)
= (a3-04) (40)
P=93l-6W.
R=H0

(c) Pr = LR s:)40)=
3a-49 (40)
sB- P-P =la9S - 9a1-6

sideband)
thot in amplitude mboulaien,
Ynaximun
avenge po aes, toN3mited by
|:S imeg the cao0 e Poag,
Swti:- Jet Pe- wmmedulotod
caoneg, Pousag,
P+ = TOnnmiHed AM POlog.
m- M9dulatien mdex
 We Kms thot

The maxi mLm Valua. of m without ntbDduGn9

dis
o toten in the modulatod, uowe i m=1)
substitutng thig Valo. im egtion i) wo obtaln.

Pebma)
Pelma) =1·S Pc
 A Simusoidally msolulotoo 0oima y A m
Uefomn 28 shoun baloo.
he mmodulotionz inmdex
|(0) Delt mine
tonnsmiBion etfiany
(6) Calolnta the the aoieg,
amplrtude. of
Detemina he a modulatitn
|C) dodod
adolon t9 atta'm
which mLst be
index of 03.

-3

Solutier
a) modulation index

m= Hmay - Ayin
Amax t Amin Df
max}Mm amplitude
whee Amax is the
the envelope. of
minimun amplitude
Amin is the
the emyelope.
 (6)
the
diyam:
Anas= 9
A min =3

Ym =4 3 6
0-5
4+3

(6) Cololato the tomg mis ion ethiemy

m=0S

(05)

Expolld af a Pe scotage:

C) Let Ac be the Caa ampl tudo, The

odulotin i ndox ig

Ac

Armun Ac -Am =3

Ac fm =9.
Ac-m =3
Add both e9aloy.
 63

Subtonct secend fo st:

Am=6 Am=3.

=03,
T achieve Ym

03= Am
Acno.
:.Ac, nag= m =3 =I0
3 D-3

of the caie mgt be.

SU he amolitude
amplitude to be
frm 6 to L0. The
inCoealed

Aoood = Hc,nes Ac = 40- 6 4

torne Am sig nal is
he effiiency
of a single- total pouog
(me
peoonag of the
delinod ag he that is :M=kigx/poy.
the sjdp
bdnus,
coDojed b4 cad0id by thosidokas
iS the pD uol 0f Am Sgal
poues of tho
the total
omd P i ndox 2 - 0 .
n
medulatie
b Am
(a) ind tore Am, may g 33-37
shous that Fooa gle-t
tone Am sipnal:
(a Fo8 a siggle
CaSDies ouas: Pe
Sidabamd pouss: Pa Pema
 (6)
Effiüeny: [AJ:
Pt x \00y.

Simplifg
X 100 y.
+ma?
Substitute ma0s

- (0s)e
at/0-s)2

b Substto ma-1:

XI00Y. =/00y, -3333y.

=
mas X

ma=l) may = 33·33).

snal foom am Am modulatog io

Dahe output
(3900)
slt)= s co (1800 (Tt) + ) 0s l9000Tt) + SCo8
(a) Deloine tho YIsdlnion indox
b Detoine, the ontis of the 20u0s in tho
Sidobamde to the foulaa n the caie
Stomdad Am eguaisn

Ac cosfan (Fe-fm)
ScoB (d 00 TIH)
cAS (a00nt)= Fegismy =- l000H2
ca
Anplitude
98 (1R00 n) = Foequony - 900H2
S(LOag siole band)
mplitude
2
Foeguny =ll00 Hband)
ce3(3a0017t ) : Foeguny
tnplitude -s uppes side
(empanng offiients:
Ac=0, Am =s
modulaten indox (m)
. calulato the

caIiel and
the Pouas
n tho
B alult
Sidebamds:

amplitoe
Ac= 0.
- CosSio
amplitde =s (ea ch)
Sido band

u00-A00
 Each side bamo Poua:

Psb
Total siode band pouos

as-0-1as
Pc
Psblemmg en FM

A Fuguny medulntd vottnge

eyuation,'
given

) signal fogng
( ) meadulotien indox
cleiation
Fm u v e
(D pouas ditipatod by
10 2 0episteß
Seltiem-- la Co (6 x10t +Ssin iaso t)
.he eqatien off stndold FM Vottage
9= Ac O3 ( wet mp Sin hmt)
-6xL0 6
9s-SXLb°H2.
 =199H2

i) modulatien index, mp -S

V) Max - tequeny dovialion, Af=m, XAm

=9SH.

bo) pouo di<pipatod, p= A m_ -(13 Va)²_

lo
modulatg foeonaeg of an
he came amd nd s KH2
Fm tTAMitcg ase Lb0 mH2

maximu ) foegenoy
DLgpectively the
7S KH 2, i d he
deioten s
FM signal.
Celution

moduloting doviaten
=4f 75KH2

apPOAimalaly
maxim
Fm Sgnal is
bansuid th of an
he
tven byi a(4fthn
Bamduidth , B

aud1b fouony
Sytm, uhen the
(3) nan FM
and he AF yatago
sDOHZ
(Ae) 8KH2. the
abN
dOVia n
he treguDNy
 68
shat i tha nees foequon doi ation?fthe
Voltage y whilo the AF
shat is the daiaton
s doopped to &D0 H2,
medulaten inoex in e0ch cape.
Finad the
solutin
We m s
daviatien 4f1=KAm
FRguengy douiaten (onttan

A
m
Afa = ax7-a Jy-4 kH2
Am = )0V)
douiatm
a0KH2 shsug that
1he amler of
indepenalont of nsdulatiny foeguny
ase.
8 îndiaep in the thsee Cafp
medulation
he

fm
=10·0
fm
 (61)
ind the ingtontomogug toequsm
folouuing aunvefstne
a) Silt) Ae 6s 10017t + 0-aS n
() Salt) Ac c8s/00 t + sin (s0rrt)
s3lt) = A CDS/ 100 7t +la)).
(c) lt)lE)| phole of thesigral
fina &1 dt
ditternlisto,
foegueny, phole
mstamtamesug
(a
dilt)= l00 7t + O'&s T1. t:
witth egpect to
ditfesetiate the phae
doilt)
=|007.

ntontamoBJ foeruem i
The
fins t)=L l0 7= SOH2
nstataneog fogeny, chin s ule
(b
phose dileantatisn
PBemtity the phale:
palt)= l00 7t Sin(s0 IE)
with resPect tot
cittoentinto the phale

d oolt) =1007t t lsin20nt)

db
db
Using chain oule
d
dt
Se
 d2lt)-l00 T 07 c08 (a07t)
dt snstantnosug feneny:
calababe
finsea lt)=
(s0nt)H2,
Co3
finst,al - so+ 10
foeqemey, Phage. dife nto
9ngtomtsmeos
POes ule:

d olt) -J00 + a 1t
dt

fnst, slt) .
= SD+t He
fin, 3l)

ven by
An cm wave

odulatny tocguonia
|0)The caje and He mai mLm
modslotin inday amd
he
o i atibm (uave in a
thi! Fm
by
|0) poup. dspatod
100 2 xepisto
 Solutien

(a)
stt) = A sin [wct-m, Sinlwmt)) -’0
slt)= Sin 6 x10t - 7sin 1aS0t|

tc= Wc - 6x10

fm= Wm

7xI99= 393 H2
Mp -t, Af=Efa

patod by the Ven Fm Lave n

poues ditsi calarlatod ag wndar
1D0 bhn sepitos an be

00
amplitude lo voltO and
(6) Asinusoida l (uawe of B an Fm
1KH2 is appied
foeqlueny ef foeany sersibity
jenesat that he! a
Detolrmine the.
Corstamt of 0 H2/Vot 7nodulehin indsa
FOCDLDmy deviation and
solutien
Bmplude
 FILqUy prtinby, Kf 4OH/ v.
doviatien,4f= [Link]= 400 H2
(indicátog
modulatien imday m= sF| =04
band m)