2 Lines and Angles

Base line test

In this chapter, you will learn to

• define and identify a point, a line segment, a line, and a ray
• define an angle, identify angle components, name angles
• understand angle size (rotation) and compare angles
• classify angles by measure
• understand degree measure
• use a protractor to draw angles and bisect an angle

Real-Life Connect

Welcome to the world of lines and angles—the fundamental building blocks of everything you see, from
the straight edge of your notebook to the sharp corner of a building. These simple ideas form the entire
foundation of plane geometry.
Look closely at the image of the spiderweb. It may look delicate, but it is a structural masterpiece built
entirely from these simple concepts. The spider, an instinctive engineer, begins with a point—the precise
location at the centre—and then sends out straight rays and curved line segments to build its home.
Every strand, every turn in that web is an application of pure maths. In this chapter, you’ll learn to see the
world like an engineer, an architect, or even a spider. We shall explore and master these building blocks.
 2.1 Point
In geometry, a point is the most basic building block. Think of a point as an exact location in space. It’s like the
single spot you would mark on a map to show where a treasure is buried, or the tip of a pin. A point has no size
at all—it has no length, no width, and no height. We only represent it on paper by drawing a small dot with a
sharp pencil. The dot you see is just a model for the point; the real point is the idea of that precise location.

What it is: A point determines a precise position.

Its properties: It has no dimensions (no length, breadth,

or height).

How we show it: We draw a small dot to represent it. The

sharper the pencil tip, the better the representation.

How we name it: We always name a point using a single P

capital letter, such as ‘P’. We would read this as ‘Point P’.
Point P sharpened tip corner of
A point is an exact location in space. It has zero of a pencil a page
dimensions (no length, width, or height). We represent it with
a dot and name it with a capital letter (e.g., A, B, C).

Example 1: If you mark three distinct locations on a sheet of paper, how would you name them to avoid confusion?
Solution: T o distinguish the three locations, each must be assigned L M
a unique capital letter. For instance, we can denote them
as Point L, Point M, and Point N. These points are read as
N
‘Point L’, ‘Point M’, and ‘Point N’.
Example 2: Look at a clock face. The very centre, where the hour and minute
hands are joined, represents what geometric idea? 11 12 1
10 2
Solution: T he centre where the hands meet is a single, 9 3
exact location. It represents a point.
8 4
7 5
6

Try It Yourself

Take a blank sheet of paper and a pencil. Mark a single dot near the top and label it ‘A’. Mark another dot near
the bottom and label it ‘B’. Now, imagine a tiny ant walking from point A to point B. You have just defined the
start and end of its journey using two points.

Maths Talk

Does making a dot larger change what it represents?

If a point theoretically has zero dimensions, which drawing is more accurate: a giant marker blob or
a tiny pinprick?
 an you actually measure a point?
C
If you zoomed in on a point forever, would it ever get wider?

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2.2 Line Segment
A line segment is the shortest possible path between two
points. Imagine the two points, A and B, that you marked on
your paper. You could draw a wiggly, curved path from A to
B, or a zig-zag path. But the shortest and most direct path is A B
a perfectly straight line. This direct path, including the two
starting and ending points, is called a line segment. The two
points (A and B) are called the endpoints of the line segment.

What it is: The shortest, straight path between two points.

Its properties: It has two fixed endpoints. Because it has endpoints,

it has a fixed length that we can measure.

Real-world model: A tightly stretched string, the crease you make

when you fold a piece of paper, or the edge of a ruler.

How we name it: We name a line segment by its two endpoints. We

can write it as AB or BA. The bar on top signifies it is a line segment. a tightly crease on a edge of
stretched string folded paper a ruler

A line segment is the straight, shortest path between two points. It has two endpoints and a fixed, measurable
length. It is named by its endpoints, e.g., AB or PQ.

Example 1: Identify the line segments that form the letter ‘H’.
Solution: T he letter ‘H’ is made of three line segments: two vertical
segments and one horizontal segment connecting their middles.

Example 2: You have four points, P, Q, R, and S, marked on a paper, forming a

P Q
square. How many line segments can you draw by connecting these
points to form the square?
Solution:  ou can draw four line segments to form the square:
Y
PQ, QR, RS, and SP.
S R

Example 3: Is the path of a cricket ball after being hit for a six a line segment?
Solution: No. The ball travels in a curve, not a straight path. A line segment must be the shortest, straightest path.

Try It Yourself Maths Talk

Take a piece of thread. Hold the two ends, Imagine a rectangular park near your house. If you
one in each hand. Let it hang loosely. This want to get from one corner to the opposite corner
curved shape is not a line segment. Now, pull as fast as possible to catch a cricket match, do you
your hands apart so the thread is tight. The walk along the curved path on the side, or do you cut
tight, straight thread is a perfect model of a straight across the grass? Why do in Maths we say
line segment. The two ends you are holding the ‘straight path’ is the only true line segment?
are the endpoints.

29
 2.3 Line
Now, imagine your line segment AB. What if you could extend it forever in
both directions? Past point A, and past point B, without ever stopping. This
A B l
new, infinitely long straight path is called a line. A line has no endpoints.
Because it goes on forever, it does not have a fixed length. You can never
draw a complete picture of a line; you can only draw a part of a line and use
arrows on the ends to show that it continues indefinitely.
What it is: A line segment that is extended endlessly in both directions.

Its properties: It has no endpoints. It has no fixed length. It is perfectly straight.

Key concept: Any two distinct points in a plane determine one and only one line. You can’t draw two different
straight lines that both pass through point A and point B.

How we name it: I. Using two points on the line (e.g., A and B): AB or BA . The arrows on top show it’s a line.
II. Using a single, lowercase letter (e.g., l, m, or n).

A line is a straight path that extends infinitely in both directions. It has no endpoints and no fixed length. It
can be named by two points on it ( AB ) or a single lowercase letter (l). Two points determine a unique line.

Example 1: Is the edge of your notebook a line or a line segment?

Solution: It is a line segment. It has two endpoints (the top and bottom corners)
and a fixed length. A line goes on forever.

Example 2: How many lines can you draw through a single point P?
Solution:  ou can draw an infinite number of lines. Imagine
Y
point P is the centre of a wheel; you can draw a line for
every spoke.
Example 3: You have two points, X and Y. How many different lines can you draw that pass through both X and Y?
Solution: You can draw only one unique line. This is a fundamental rule of geometry.

Try It Yourself

Mark two points, ‘P’ and ‘Q’, on a sheet of paper, far apart. Take a ruler (which is a model of a line segment)
and align it with both points. Draw the path connecting them. Now, draw arrows at both ends, right at the edge
of your ruler, to signify that the path continues even off the paper. You have drawn a representation of a line.

Maths Talk

 e draw lines on paper, but the paper has edges. If a true line goes on forever, is what we draw in
W
our notebooks actually a line, or is it just a symbol representing a line? How do the arrows help us
imagine the parts we cannot see?
If you try to measure a line using a ruler, where would you place the ‘zero’ mark?

30
2.4 Ray
A ray shares properties of both a line and a line segment. It is
a portion of a line that has one fixed starting point (called the
initial point or starting point) and then extends forever in one
direction. Think of a ray of light from a torch or the sun. The
ray starts at the bulb (the initial point) and travels outwards in
a straight path infinitely.

What it is: A portion of a line that starts at one point and

goes on endlessly in one direction.

Its properties: It has one initial point (or starting point). It has
no endpoint in the other direction. It has no fixed length.
beam of light from a ray of light
Real-world model: A beam of light from a lighthouse , a ray a lighthouse from a torch
from a torch.

How we name it: We name a ray by its initial point first, and
A B
then any other point on the ray. We write it as AB , where ‘A’
is the initial point. The arrow on top shows the direction it
goes forever.

A ray is a straight path that starts at one initial point and extends infinitely in one direction. It has no fixed
length. When naming a ray, the initial point must come first (e.g., AB ).

Example 1: Look at the ray AB from the definition. Can we also call it BA ?
Solution: T he notation BA would mean a different ray that starts at point B and goes on forever through point
A. The starting point must always be written first.

Example 2: A line segment XY is part of a ray XY . (True/False)

Solution: T he ray XY starts at X, passes through Y, and continues forever. The line segment XY is the part of
that ray just from X to Y.
Example 3: How many rays can you draw from a single starting point P?
Solution:  n infinite number. Just like the spokes of a wheel, you can have infinitely many rays all starting from
A
the centre point and going in different directions.

Try It Yourself Maths Talk

On a sunny day, go into a room and open the T hink of a flight taking off from Delhi (point D) and
curtains just a tiny bit. If the sun is shining, flying towards Mumbai (point M) without stopping.
you will see a ‘sunbeam’ coming from the If I name this flight path, why must I say ‘ray DM’
window and lighting up dust particles. This and never ‘ray MD’? Why is the first letter we write
beam is a perfect real-world model of a ray. so important in the name of a ray?
The window opening is the initial point, and
the beam travels in one, straight direction.

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 Exercise 2.1

1. Observe the figure. It shows a constellation pattern formed by stars.

a. List all the distinct line segments shown in the figure.

b. Which point is common to both line segment AB and line segment BC?

c. Which points mark the beginning and the end of this entire pattern?

2. Draw a rough figure and label it suitably for each of the following descriptions.
a. Line AB and line CD cross each other at point P.

b. Line m contains points X, Y, and Z, but point W does not lie on line m.

c. Two rays, OA and OB , meet at a common starting point O.

3. Look at the given figure. It shows the sun rising over the horizon.
a. Identify and name three rays starting from the Sun (Point S).

b. Is ‘P’ the starting point of ray SP ? Explain your answer.

c. If we draw a straight line representing the horizon passing

through the Sun, how would you denote that line?

4. Consider two locations, D (Delhi) and J (Jaipur), marked as precise points on a map.
a. N
 ame the geometric figure that represents the shortest straight route connecting Delhi to Jaipur. Write its
symbolic notation.
b. If a straight highway starts at Delhi (D), passes through Jaipur (J), and is imagined to extend endlessly in

that direction without stopping, what geometric figure is formed? Write its symbol.
c. State the number of end points for the figure identified in part (b).

5. Look at the given figure. Identify and write the names of:
a. Four distinct points

b. A Line

c. T hree distinct line segments (Hint: Parts of the line

XY are also segments)
d. Two Rays

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2.5 Angle
An angle is formed when two rays start from the same initial point. This common initial point is called the vertex
of the angle. The two rays that form the angle are called its arms.
Think about a pair of scissors. When closed, the two blades are together. As you open them,
the blades (which are like rays) rotate around the pin (which is the vertex). The amount of
rotation between the blades forms an angle. The size of the angle is not about the length of
the blades, but about the amount of turn or rotation between them.

What it is: A figure formed by two rays that share a common starting point.

Key parts: I. Vertex: The common initial point where the rays meet.
II. Arms: The two rays that form the angle.
Arms
What it measures: An angle measures the amount of rotation needed to move Vertex
one arm to the position of the other arm.

How we name it: I. B y the vertex: If there is only one angle at a vertex, you can
simply name it by the vertex letter (e.g., ‘Angle B’). D
II. By three points: This is the clearest way. Use one point on one
arm, the vertex in the middle, and one point on the other arm.
(e.g., ∠DBE or ∠EBD). The vertex letter must always be in the
B E
middle when using three letters.

An angle is made of two rays (the arms) sharing a common starting point (the vertex). The size of an angle
is the amount of turn between its arms. When naming an angle with three letters (e.g., ∠PQR), the vertex is
always the middle letter.

11 12 1
Example 1: Identify the vertex and arms of the angle formed by the hands of a clock at 2 o’clock. 10 Arms 2
Solution: Vertex: The pin in the centre of the clock where the hands join. 9 3

Arms: The minute hand and the hour hand. Vertex 8 4

7 5
6

Example 2: An angle is named ∠PQR. What is its vertex?

Solution: The middle letter is always the vertex. The vertex is Q. The arms are ray QP and ray QR.

Try It Yourself

Open a door. The hinges act as the vertex. The door itself is one arm, and the wall/doorframe is the other
arm. When the door is closed, the angle is very small (or zero). As you open the door wider and wider, you are
increasing the amount of rotation, and therefore, increasing the angle.

Maths Talk

If you take a small angle drawn on paper and extend its arms until they reach the other side of the
room, does the size of the turn change, or does the angle measure stay the same?

33
 2.6 and 2.7 Comparing Angles
How can we tell if one angle is bigger than another? We compare their ‘openness’ or the amount of rotation. An
angle that is more ‘open’ has a greater amount of turn and is the larger angle.
There are two main ways to compare angles:
By Observation: Sometimes, you can just look at two angles and see which
one is wider or more open, like comparing the open mouths of two animals.

By Superimposition: This is a more precise method. ‘Superimposition’ means placing one angle on top of the
other. To do this, you trace one angle (let’s say ∠ABC) onto a thin or transparent piece of paper. Then, you place
your tracing on top of the other angle (∠PQR) so that their vertices overlap (B is on top of Q) and one arm overlaps
(ray BC is on top of ray QR). You can then see where the other arm (BA) falls.
If BA falls inside ∠PQR, then ∠ABC is smaller.
If BA falls outside ∠PQR, then ∠ABC is larger.
If BA falls exactly on QP, the angles are equal.

A P P
A

B Q Q (B)
C R RC

Here, BA falls inside ∠PQR. Hence, ∠ABC is smaller.

To compare angles, we compare their amount of rotation. Superimposition is the method of placing one
angle on top of another. When superimposing, align the vertices and one pair of arms. The length of the arms
does not affect the size of the angle.

Example 1: Compare the angle at the corner of a square tile and the angle
at the tip of a triangular road sign.
Solution: T he corner of a square is a perfect ‘L’ shape. The tip of the
triangle is ‘sharper’ or less open. By observation, the angle of
the square is larger than the angle of the triangle’s tip.

Example 2: You have two angles, ∠MON and ∠XYZ. You place ∠MON over ∠XYZ using superimposition. Vertex O
is on vertex Y. Arm ON is on arm YZ. Arm OM falls outside the ∠XYZ. Which angle is larger?
Solution: Since OM falls outside ∠XYZ, it means ∠MON is ‘more open’. Therefore, ∠MON is the larger angle.

34
Example 3: Do the lengths of the arms matter when comparing angles?
Solution:  o. An angle ∠ABC where arms BA and BC are drawn 5 cm long is the same size as an angle ∠PQR
N
with the same rotation, but where arms QP and QR are drawn 50 cm long. The comparison only
depends on the amount of turn at the vertex.

Try It Yourself

Take two paper clips. Open both of them up slightly to form angles. Open one (Angle 1) just a little bit. Open the
other (Angle 2) much wider. You can clearly see by observation that Angle 2 is greater than Angle 1. Now, try to
superimpose Angle 1 inside Angle 2 by placing their ‘U’ bends (the vertices) together.

Maths Talk

Is it always easy to compare two angles?’. If two angles look almost the same size but are facing
different directions, why might your eyes trick you? How does placing one angle on top of the other
(superimposition) prove which is truly larger?

Exercise 2.2

1. Draw and label an angle with arms ST and SR.

2. Explain why ∠XOZ cannot be labelled as ∠O.

O Y

3. Draw two angles so that they have:

a. one point in common

b. one ray in common

c. one angle is a part of the other angle.

4. In each case, determine which angle is greater and why.

A X
a. ∠AOB or ∠XOY

b. ∠AOB or ∠XOB Y
c. ∠XOB or ∠XOC

O B C

35
 2.8 and 2.11 Special Types of Angles, and Types of Angles and their Measures
There are the following major types of angles.

Zero Angle
The angle whose measure is 0° is called a zero angle. In the following figure, ∠OAO is a zero angle.

O A
Acute Angle
An angle measuring greater than 0° but less than 90° is called an acute angle. In the following figure, ∠AOB,
∠PQR and ∠MNO is an acute angle.
M
A P

60° 75°
45°
O Q N
B R O

Right Angle
An angle of magnitude exactly 90° is known as the right angle.
In the following figure ∠ABC = 90°.

Maths Talk

Why are parallel and perpendicular lines important to builders and designers?

90°
B C
When the clock shows 3 o’clock, the angle between its two hands is equal to 90°.

Obtuse Angle
An angle of magnitude more than 90° and less than 180° is called an obtuse angle. In the following figure, ∠PQR
is an obtuse angle.

A
P
M
135°
120° 145°
Q R B C N O
36
Straight Angle
When the arms of an angle form a straight line (pointing in opposite directions), it is a straight angle (180°) In other
words, the angle formed by two opposite rays is called a straight angle.
∠AOB is a straight angle and its measure is equal to two right angles i.e., 180°. Thus, the measure of
∠AOB = 2 × 90° = 180°
180°

A O B

Reflex Angle
An angle of magnitude more than 180° and less than 360° is called a reflex angle. The angles in the following
figures are reflex angles.

290° 270°
180° 180°
210°
180°
30°

Complete Angle
An angle whose measure is 360° is called a complete angle.
When OQ makes a complete revolution, it covers 360° and
again coincides with OP . The angle formed by OP and OQ 360° Q
is one complete circle, that is 360° in the given figure. Such O P
an angle measuring 360° is called a complete angle.
We can summarise the different types of angles in the
following table:
Different Types of Angles
Type of Angle Measure Figure
Zero Angle 0°
P
Acute Angle Between 0° to 90°
45°
Q R
A

Right Angle 90°

90°
B C
C

Obtuse Angle Greater than 90° and less than180° 115°

A B
Straight Angle 180° A 180° B

37
 244°
Reflex Angle Greater than 180° and less than 360° B A
C
360°
Complete Angle 360°
A B

Example 1: Which types of angles are the following?

a. 74° b. 256° c. 130° d. 56° e. 90°
Solution: a. Acute angle b. Reflex angle c. Obtuse angle d. Acute angle e. Right Angle
Example 2: Find the measures of angles x and y in degrees.
6
Solution: We know that,
The complete angle around a point is 360°.
5 1
Here, the angle around the circle is divided into 6 equal parts.
360 x
As there are 6 equal parts, one part = = 60°
6 y
∠x = The angle between 1 and 2 = one part = 60° 4 2
∠y = The angle between 3 and 5 = 2 parts = 120°
∴ ∠x = 60° and ∠y = 120°. 3

2.9 Measuring Angles

Measurement with a Protractor
A protractor is a semi-circular (or full-circular) instrument marked Inner scale
with degrees. It looks like the letter D. We use it to measure Outer scale
and draw angles. Its shape is semi-circular which is divided into
180 equal parts. Each division represents a degree denoted
by ‘°’. The protractor has two scales – outer and inner. The outer
scale is marked from 0° to 180° in clockwise direction. Inner
scale also has 0° to 180° which are in anticlockwise direction.
The midpoint of its horizontal edge is called the centre point
180

which is located on a straight line called the baseline.

To measure an angle, place the protractor’s centre point directly
on the vertex of the angle. Align the 0° mark with one arm of the Centre scale Baseline
angle. Read the degree value where the other arm shows on
A
the protractor’s scale. In the image given alongside ∠ABC =
60°. (The angle with a higher degree measure is larger than
the one with a lower degree measure.)

Maths Talk

Angle Bisector - In geometry, the process M (B) C

of dividing an angle into two exactly equal
parts is known as bisecting the angle.

38
2.10 Drawing Angles
Suppose we wish to construct an angle of a specific measure. For instance, let us imagine Kunal wants to draw an
angle of 30° and label it as ∠TIN.
To do this, we must identify the components of the angle:
Vertex: The point I will serve as the vertex.
Arms: The rays IT and IN will form the arms of the angle.
We will use the ray IN as our reference (or base) arm, and the other arm, IT, will be drawn after making a turn
of 30o.
Follow these steps to construct the angle:
Step 1: Draw the Base
Use a ruler to draw a straight ray. We will label the starting point I and another point on the ray N. This ray, IN, acts
as the base of our angle.

I N
Step 2: Position the Protractor
Take your protractor and place it carefully on the paper. You must align it so that the centre point of the protractor
sits exactly on the vertex I.
Ensure that the baseline (the straight line connecting 0o to 180o on the protractor) lies perfectly on top of the
ray IN.

N
I
Step 3: Mark the Angle
Look at the scale on the protractor that begins at 0o along the arm IN. Count the degrees upwards from 0o
(10o, 20o, 30o).
Once you locate the 30o mark on the scale, use your pencil to make a small dot at that position. Label this point T.

N
I

Step 4: Complete the Angle

Remove the protractor. Using a ruler, draw a straight line connecting the vertex I to the point T.

39
 30°

I N

You have now successfully constructed ∠TIN with a measure of 30°.

T

30°
I N

Exercise 2.3

1. Look at the following pairs of angles carefully and compare them.

P
a. A b. M
X

50° 80° 90°

B C Q R N 40°
O Y Z
c. R 200° d. L X

150° Y
X
T
S W
90° 90°
M N Y Z

e. 225° 270° f. 0° 360°

T R Q
S Q N M (N) P (R)

R
P

40
2. Name the angles whose magnitude are given below.
a. 90° b. 0° c. 88° d. 355°
e. 120° f. 179° g. 360° h. 100°
i. 92° j. 205°
3. Name the type of the following angles.
a. b. E c. d. J
A D G

H I
K L
B F
C

e. M f. g. h. X
P R S V

N
Q T
U
O
W
4. Use a protractor to measure the following angles. Record them in the given table. Also classify them as acute,
right, obtuse, straight or reflex.
a. b. c. d.

S. No. Measure Classification

5. Measure the ∠WTZ, ∠WZY, ∠TWZ, ∠XYZ and ∠WXY using a protractor and write them in the following table.

W X

T Z Y

S. No. Angle Measure Type

1.
2.

41
 3.
4.
5.
6. Match the names of the angles with their figures.
Types of Angles Figure

a. Acute angle 180°

i.

360°
b. Reflex angle ii.
A B C

c. Straight angle iii.

70°
O
B
200°
B
d. Complete angle O
iv.
A

7. Observe the hands of the clocks carefully and match them with the angles they form.
Figure Angles
a.

i. 150°

b.

ii. 30°

c.

iii. 0°

d.

iv. 180°

42
 Famous Mathematician

Euclid
Who was he? Euclid was a Greek mathematician who lived around 300 BCE. He is often called the ‘Father of
Geometry.’
His Great Work Euclid wrote a very famous series of books called The Elements. In these books, he organised
all the geometrical knowledge of his time into a logical system. It became one of the most influential textbooks
in history.
Many of the definitions you learned in this chapter come directly from Euclid’s work.
Point: Euclid defined a point as ‘that which has no part’ (meaning it has no width, length, or height).
Line: He defined a line as ‘breadthless length.’
Straight Line: He described a straight line as a line which ‘lies evenly with the points on itself.’
Euclid believed that we could understand the entire universe by understanding points, lines, and shapes!

Maths Lab Activity

Objective: To measure and draw a Protractor with the help of a bangle.

Materials needed: Bangle or circular lid, Pencil, Ruler, Marker, Paper and compass
Steps:
1. Cut out a circular shape using a bangle or take a circular sheet of about the same size.
2. Fold it twice to get a shape as shown. This is called a quadrant.

3. Open it out. You will find a semi-circle with a fold in the middle. Mark 90° on the fold.
90°

4. Fold the semicircle to reach the quadrant. Now fold the quadrant once more as shown. The angle is half
of 90° i.e. 45°.

base line
5. Open it out now. Two folds appear on each side. What is the angle up to the first new line? Write 45° on
the first fold to the left of the baseline.
90°
45°

43
 6. The fold on the other side would be 90° + 45° = 135°

90°
135° 45°

7. Fold the paper again up to 45° (half of the quadrant). Now make half of this. The first fold to the left of
1° 1°
the baseline now is half of 45° i.e. 22 . The angle on the left of 135° would be 157 .
2 2

90°
135° 45°
1° 1°
157 22
2 2

You have a ready device to measure angles. This is an approximate protractor.

Maths Words

• Point: A precise location in space. It has no length, breadth, or height. It is usually represented by a tiny
dot and named with a capital letter.
• Line Segment: The shortest path connecting two points. It has a fixed length and two end points.
• Line: A straight path that extends endlessly in both directions. It has no end points.
• 
Ray: A portion of a line that starts at one point (called the starting or initial point) and goes on endlessly in
one direction.
• Angle: A figure formed by two rays having a common starting point.
• Vertex: The common starting point where the two rays of an angle meet.
• Arms: The two rays that form an angle.
• Degree (o): The unit used to measure the size of an angle. One full turn is equal to 360 degrees (360o).
• Acute Angle: An angle that measures more than 0o but less than 90 o.
• Right Angle: An angle that measures exactly 90 o. It looks like the letter ‘L’’.
• Obtuse Angle: An angle that measures more than 90 o but less than 180 o.
• Straight Angle: An angle that measures exactly 180 o. Its arms lie in a straight line.
• Reflex Angle: An angle that measures more than 180 o but less than 360 o.
• Perpendicular Lines: Two lines that meet or intersect to form right angles.
• Angle Bisector: A line that divides a given angle into two equal halves.
• Protractor: A semi-circular tool divided into 180 equal parts, used to measure angles in degrees.

44
 Quick Recap

• Flat surfaces are known as plane surfaces

FPO
• If A and B are any two points in a plane, then the straight path from A to B is called the
line segment AB, denoted by AB .
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• A ray has no definite length.
• A line has no endpoint.
• An infinite number of lines can be drawn, passing through a given point.
• One and only one line can be drawn to pass through two given points.
• If no point is common to two given lines, then they are said to be parallel.
• Three or more lines in a plane are said to be concurrent if all of them pass through the same point.
• The figure formed by two rays with the same initial point is called an angle. The common initial point is
called the vertex, and the two rays are called the arms of the angle.
• The amount of rotation through which one of the arms of a given angle must be rotated about its vertex
to bring it to the position of the other is called the magnitude of the angle.
• The standard unit of measuring an angle is degree.
• A complete turn of a ray OA about O describes a complete angle whose measure is 360°.
• A half turn of a ray OA about O describes a straight angle whose measure is 180°.
• A quarter turn of a ray OA about O describes a right angle whose measure is 90°.
• A right angle = 90°, a straight angle = 180°, a complete angle = 360°.

Challenger Section

A. Angles Recognition and Logic

1. If there are 36 spokes in a bicycle wheel, the angle between a pair of adjacent spokes is:
a. 12° b. 22° c. 10° d. 18°
2. What is the angle between the hands of a clock at 1 o’clock?
 (Hint: Each hour mark on the clock represents 30°)
3. At what time an angle of 120° and 240° are formed between the hands of a clock?

B. Visual lines and angles

4. In the figure given below, name the following angles. A B
i. An acute angle
ii. A right angle
iii. A straight angle

C E D
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 5. How many line segments are present in given figure? A M B
a. 10 line segments b. 14 line segments
c. 16 line segments d. 18 line segments G H
6. Number of angles less than 180° in the given figure is ___________ and
their names are ___________.
A B C D
N

C D

C. Analytical lines and angles

7. If two angles are complementary, and one is twice the other, find both angles.
a. 30° and 45° b. 60° and 75° c. 30° and 60° d. 45° and 90°
8. In a clock, the time is 4 o’clock. What type of angle do the hands form?
a. 105° b. 122° c. 110° d. 120°
9. The sum of two adjacent angles is 180°. If one angle is 5 times the other, find both angles.
a. 30° and 105° b. 120° and 60° c. 75° and 105° d. 30° and 150°
10. What is the measure of the angle the minute hand has turned through in moving from 12 to one minute
past 12?
a. 30° b. 24° c. 12° d. 6°

D. Logical Reasoning
11. There are 24 spokes in the Ashok Chakra. What is the angle between any two adjacent spokes of the
Ashoka chakra?
a. 28° b. 15° c. 22° d. 36°
12. Two adjacent angles are in the ratio 3:2. They form a linear pair. The smaller angle is:
a. 72° b. 30° c. 40° d. 30°
13. Where does the vertex of an angle lie?
a. In its Interior b. In its exterior c. on the angle d. None of these
14. The minute hand, when it move 330° from 11 o’clock, is now at
a. 11 o’clock b. 9 o’clock c. 12 o’clock d. 10 o’clock
15. The angle between two opposite ray is:
a. Acute b. Right c. Straight d. Obtuse

Career Connect

Understanding lines and angles is important in many careers. Architects and civil engineers use them to design
safe buildings, roads and bridges. Interior designers plan furniture layouts using right and parallel lines.

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 Exam Prep

A. Tick () the correct option.

1. Which one of the following has no dimension?
a. Line b. Plane c. Point d. None of these
2. Which one of the following has one endpoint?
a. Line b. Ray c. Line segment d. None of these
3. How many lines can be drawn through a given point?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. Infinite
4. The minimum number of points on which three lines in a plane can intersect.
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
2
5. right angle =
5
a. 27° b. 36° c. 45° d. 18°
6. At 3 o’clock, the two hands of a clock are inclined at an angle of .
a. 90° b. 150° c. 150° d. 120°
7. The number of degrees in 3 right angle is .
a. 270° b. 360° c. 135° d. 180°
8. The angle between the two hands of a clock at 11 AM is right angles.
a. 1 b. 1 c. 2 d. 1
2 6 3 3
9. The angle 210° is angle.
a. Reflex b. Obtuse c. Acute d. Straight
10. If there are 24 spokes in a bicycle wheel, then the angle between a pair of adjacent spokes is:
a. 24° b. 30° c. 15° d. 21°

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. A complete angle is measures °.
2. Two angles that sum up to 90° are called angles.
3. A ray has a fixed and goes endlessly in one direction.
4. An obtuse angle is than 90° but than 180°.
5. A point has no .
6. Lines that never meet are called .
7. A figure formed by two rays having a common endpoint is called an .

C. State True/False.
1. A line has one endpoint.
2. Reflex angle is less than 180°.
3. Two lines can intersect at only one point.
4. Perpendicular lines make an angle of 90°.
5. The measure of an obtuse angle is always more than 180°.

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 6. A ray has one fixed end.

D. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

In the school playground, students were asked to observe shapes around them. Maya noticed the corner
of a bench where two wooden articles formed a perfect L-shape. She used a protractor and found the
angle. Near the flowerbed, Abhishek saw two garden paths crossing each other, forming an X-like shape
and creating angles at the intersection point. In another corner, two sticks formed an angle less than 90°.
1. What tool did Maya use to measure angles?
a. Ruler b. Compasses c. Set square d. Protractor
2. The X-shape in the garden paths forms how many angles?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
3. Two wooden articles form which type of angle?
a. Acute b. Right c. Obtuse d. Complete

E. Assertion Reason Type Questions.

The two statements below are marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false, but R is true.
1. Assertion (A): The length of a line segment can be measured.
Reason (R): A line segment has two end points.
2. Assertion (A): A reflex angle is always greater than an obtuse angle.
Reason (R): An obtuse angle never exceeds 180°.

F. Subjective Questions.
1. How many lines can be drawn through a point?
2. How many degrees are there in:
a. One right angle b. Three right angles
1
c. of a right-angle d. Half of the straight angle
3
3. Classify the angles as acute, obtuse, reflex, right or straight angle
a. 127° b. 276° c. 78° d. 180°
4. Using a protractor, draw each of the following angles.
a. 65° b. 75° c. 135° d. 230°

G. Think critically.
1. Find the angle formed at 10 o’clock on a clock face.
2. Find the angle formed between the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock when the time is 8 o’clock
3. A road crosses another road forming an ‘X’ shape. What kinds of angles are formed at the intersection
point? Name them and classify each.

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