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Basic Mathematics

This book serves as a comprehensive guide for students transitioning from 10th to 11th standard, focusing on fundamental principles of mathematics, including algebra and calculus, with solved problems and exercises for practice. It emphasizes the importance of attempting assignments independently to develop problem-solving skills. The content is designed to aid preparation for IITJEE and other engineering examinations, as well as school curricula.

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3 views36 pages

Basic Mathematics

This book serves as a comprehensive guide for students transitioning from 10th to 11th standard, focusing on fundamental principles of mathematics, including algebra and calculus, with solved problems and exercises for practice. It emphasizes the importance of attempting assignments independently to develop problem-solving skills. The content is designed to aid preparation for IITJEE and other engineering examinations, as well as school curricula.

Uploaded by

maynkraj887
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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This book is based on our experience over the past few years. This material covers extensively the fundamental principles and concepts involved, solved problems which highlight the application of these concepts, exercises and assignments for practice by the students In order to get maximum benefit from this material, ‘word of Advice’ given overleaf has to be carefully followed. The book besides IITJEE will also prove useful to students for other Engineering examinations as well as their school curriculum, Wishing you all success. © scanned wth oHEN Samer A WORD OF ADVICE Try to do the solved problems and exercises given, after completion of related topics in the chapter. Attempt the assignments. The purpose of the assignments is 10 give you a practice in solving various levels and varieties of problems. Each problem hhas some important concept which it highlights, When you do a problem from an assignment, make sure that you have completed the study material, have committed the formulae to your memory and have solved the solved problems (most of them on your own hefore seeing the solution). Do not open the study material to refer t formulae/theoretical concepts while doing the assignment problems unless itis absolutely essential to do so. Do fill justice to the exercises and assignment problems. Even if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep trying on your own and only approach your friends or teachers afier making lot of attempts. Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would defeat the purpose of doing the problem. Remember the purpose of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer {it is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop your ability to think, Try to introduce twists and turns in given problem to create similar problems. © scanned wth oHEN Samer ABOUT THE CHAPTER As you enter your 11" standard you will find a substantial change jn the course content and level of difficulty. You will find some totally new concepts of Mathematics widely used in Physics (e.g. in velocity, acceleration, rate of change of momentum ete.) and in Chemistry (e.g. in rate of reaction, rate of nuclear decay etc.). May be you are completely unfamiliar with concepts of absolute value, derivative of a function, integral of a function. This package has been prepared for you to leam the basic concepts of algebra and cakulus. This package on Basic ‘Mathematics is prepared to serve as a bridge between 10” to 11” standards. ilustrations, exercises and assignments supplement the concepts. © scanned wth oHEN Samer CONTENT BASIC CONCEPT Set Theory CALCULUS Functions Limits Differential Calculus Integral Calculus Definite Integral Answers to Exercises Solved Problems Subjective Objective Chapter Practice Problems Subjective Objective Assignments Part-A. Part-B Answers to Assignment Problems © scanned wth oHEN Samer BASIC MATHEMATICS SET THEORY Set A set is a well-defined collection of objects or elements. Each element in a set is unique. Usually but not necessarily a set is denoted by a capital letter e.g. A,B... U, V etc. and the elements are enciosed between brackets {), denoted by small letters a, b... x. yete. For example: = Set of all small English alphabets £2,0,6,..%% 2) Set of all postive integers less than or equal to 10 {1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9, 10} Set ofall real numbers, e-w 0.(<0, $0, or 20) Where My, May any Mey My, Maye. Mp aE From right to left, beginning above the number line (in case of value of f(x) is positive in step (ii), othenwise, from below the number line), a wavy curve should be drawn to pass through all the marked points so that when it passes through a simple point’, the curve intersects the number line, and, when passing through a double point’, the curve remains located on one side of the ‘number line. © scamnad wth ORE Scams CR lt The appropriate intervals are chosen in accordance with the sign of inequality (the function f(x) is, positive whenever the curve is situated above the number line it is negative if the curve is found below the number line). Their union represents the solution of inequality \ /\ {\ / \ Remark: 0 Points where denominator is zero will never be included in the answer as at these points f (x) is not defined (ii) If you are asked to find the intervals where f(x) is non-negative or non-positive then make the intervals closed corresponding to the roots of the numerator and let it remain open corresponding to the roots of denominator "The point for which f(x) vanishes (becomes zero) are called zeros of function e.g. ? if the exponents of a factor is odd then the point is called a simple point. ? if the exponent of a factor is even then the point /s called a double point. Fa (-1)(4-2)(x-9) Mustration 2: Let fe) = e 46x71 6 Find intervals, where f(x) is positive or negative Solution: Clearly # (x) (x+)(x+2)(x+3) 73 = Sf) 20 ¥ xe( and 1%) <0 vxe(C3, =3)UE2,- U1, UB 2) QUAN) Mlustration 3: Find the set of all x for which 1 («-)(8-x) Solution: On solving, we have — tg 5 IRF 9? RRs > tS 3x 62,1)UB,2)UQ. © scamnad wth ORE Scams eee Absolute Value Let x € R. Then the magnitude of x is called it's absolute value and in general, denoted by |x| and is defined as x x x20 Note that x= 0 can be included either with positive values of x or with negative values of x. As we know all real numbers can be plotted on the real number line, |x| in fact represents the distance of number ‘x’ from the origin, measured along the number-line. Thus |x| > 0. Secondly, any point %’ lying on the real number line will have i's coordinate as (x, 0). Thus it's distance from the origin is Vi? . Hence [x| = vx? .Thus we can define |x| as |x| = vx? , [Link]=-2.5, then |x|= 2.5, andifx = 38 then|x| = 3.8. Basie Proper Ix)> a>x>aorx<-aif acR'andxeRif acR” lxj-a 3. Solution: Given |x-1] >3 3x-15-30rx-123 x<-2orx24. Hence xe (- «©, -2)U[ 4, 0). Exercise 1; @ Find AUB, AB, A-B,B-A, where (2) A= {1,2,3,4,5,6 7,8, 9, 10}, B=(1, 3,5, 7, 9} () A=(x: xe N}, B= (x:xep. (i) Solve forx, if |x-1<1. (i) Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is 56 more than the total number of subsets of the second set. Find the value of mand n. (i) If A and B be two sets containing 3 and 6 elements respectively. What can be the ‘minimum number of elements in A UB? Find also, the maximum number of elements in A UB. (WY) For the sets X= (10, 11, 12, 13, .. 17, 18}, A= (11, 13, 15), B= (12, 14, 16}, show that B -A°= A-B= AB. (v) If X= fa, b,c, d, ©, f, 9}, A= {, b, c, o, B= {c, d, @, f, then verify that (AUBY =A AB (vii) Solve for x, if |x| +x = 0. (vill) Solve for x, if|x + 3x +5] +x + 3x+5=0. (ix) _ Solve for x, if x’ + 3 |x| +2=0. © scamnad wth ORE Scams CR ld Logarithmic of a Positive Number fa> 0 and + 1, then logarithm of a positive number m is defined as the index x of that power of ‘a’ which ‘equals mie. logam = x if and oniy if a"= m = a" =m a) The function defined by f(x) = log,x, a> 0, a = 1 is called logarithmic function. It is defined for all x < (0, :0) and assumes all real values. ‘When base is ‘e' then the logarithmic function is called natural logarithmic function and when base is 10 then itis called common logarithmic function. Properties of Logarithmic Function logsa log a a a ary D1 loga(xy) = log.x + logay a wa(%) =log.x ~log.y y) G7 log,x" = nlog.x om tog, b* = Mog, tog, b = 092 iog, a 1 2 jog, a OD log.b «loge x logea Mlustration 5: Solve for x, tooe( = 3(log_ x)" x) Solution: On solving, we have log, 8 —logg x* (log, x)* = 32% + 22-1 = 0, where z = loge x: x > 0 1 or 113 => x= 1/8 oF 2 If A= log, log, log, 256 + 210g. 2, then find the value of A. If logo 3 = 0.477, then find the number of digits in 3°. 1 1 1 —t_,_4 _, 4 Today (xy2) "logy, (xY2) log.x (xyz) If logy2 (27) = a, then find the value of logs (16). 17 109.8 109 _ 296 then fing the value of a*b*c*. b-c c-a a-b Evaluate © scamnad wth ORE Scams —K—) (CALCULUS Calculus is the study of the concept of functions and their behavior. These concepts are based on the theory of real numbers. Broadly, itis classified into two parts: Differential calculus and Integral Calculus. Differential Calculus deals with finding the rate of change of one physical quantity with respect to (written as wrt. from now onwards) another when the two are connected by a functional relation. For example, finding the speed (rate of change of distance with respect to time) when the distance is given as a function of time. The advantage it offers is that we can get the exact rate of change at any given time provided we know the functional dependence. Integral Calculus deals with finding one physical quantity in terms of the other (i.e, the functional dependence) given the rate of change of the first with respect to the second, i.e. itis just the reverse process of Differential Calculus. For example finding distance as a function of time given, we know the speed (as a function oft, of course) and one condition (e.g., distance at a particular time). Before we go for details let us go through the fundamentals of variable functions and their types. Variable and Constant A variable is a quantity that takes on various numerical values. A constant is a quantity whose numerical value remains fixed e.g. when a body falls towards the surface of the earth, its velocity increases but the acceleration (due to gravity) remains constant. It should be noted that when considering specific physical phenomena, it may happen that one and the same quantity in one phenomena is a constant while in another itis a variable. For example, the velocity ina uniform motion is constant, whereas the velocity in a uniformly accelerated motion is variable Quantities that have the same value under all circumstances are called absolute constants. For ‘example, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is an absolute constant 7, period of rotation of earth about its axis or around the sun, universal gravitational constant, permeability of free space, ete. In the study of natural phenomena and the solution of technical and mathematical problems, it is necessary to consider the variation of one quantity as dependent on the variation of another. For ‘example, in studies of motion, the path traversed is regarded as a variable, which varies with time, Here ‘we say that the distance traversed is a function of time. The area of a circle, in terms of its radius R, is R®. IR takes on various numerical values, the area assumes different numerical values. So the variation of one variable brings about a variation in the other. Hence area of the circle isa function of its radius R Ito each value of variable x (within a certain range) there corresponds a unique value of another variable y, then we say that y is a function of x, or, in functional notation y = f(x). The variable x is called the independent variable or argument and the variable y is called the dependent variable. The relation between the variable x and y is called a functional relation. The letter "in the functional notation y = f(x) indicates that some kind of operation must be performed on the values of x in order to obtain the values of y. © scamnad wth ORE Scams CR lm f 09 t b yeti le ano . pete " ® 7 UU r “ z Fata) Fig (0) ‘These figures show the graph of two arbitrary curves. In fig (a) any line drawn parallel to y-axis would meet the curve at only one point. That means each element of x would have one and only one image. Thus fig (a) ‘would represent the graph of a function. In fig.(b) certain line (e.g. line L) would meet the curve in more than one points (A, B and C). Thus ‘element x, of x would have three distinct images. Thus this curve will not represent a function. The set of all possible values which the independent variable (here 'x) is permitted to take for a given functional dependence to be defined is called the domain of definition or simply the domain of the function eg. The function y = sin x is defined for all values of x. Therefore its domain of definition is the infinite interval 0 1 => its domains (1,20). Vx Range of a Variable The set of all numerical values of a dependent variable quantity is called the range of the variable. The range of values of the variable y = cos x for all possible values of xis the interval [-1,1]ie.-1 0 but a 2 1. This function is defined for all x > 0. -cosx are defined for all real x, (:) —Trigonometric function: y = si, y= tanx, y = secx, defined for R — (2n + 1)x/2, y= cotx, y = cosecx, defined for R -na, where n « | | must be noted that in all these functions, the variable x is expressed in radians. (vi) Algebraic functions: (a) Polynomial funetion: y = acx" + ayx"! + a, where a, a)....a, are real constants (ap +0) and nis a non-negative integer, is called a polynomial of degree n. © scamnad wth ORE Scams —K—) egy=ax+b,ax0 (@ linear function), y=ax' + bx4c,a+0 (@ quadratic function), ‘A polynomial function is defined for all real values of x gx” #ayx™! + tay (b) Rational Funetion: y= 200 #976 = So bx” bX” +... By, 2 tet 3x45 ‘The rational function is defined for all values of x except for those where the denominator becomes zero. 2 Vk hs 5x The concept of limit of a function is best understood if one can distinguish the statements; “The value of f (%) atx = a" and “the value off (x) as x -> a (Le., x tends to a or x approaches a)’. xX a= k— al <3, where 6 can be made as small as desired. The interval (a ~ 6, a + 6) is called the neighbourhood of a Let y = f(2) be a given function defined in the neighbourhood of x = a, but not necessarily at the point x = 2. The limiting behaviour of the function in the neighbourhood of x = a when |x al is small, is called the limit of the function when x approaches ‘a’ and we write this as lim f(x). (©) Irrational funetion: e.g. y 2-9 _(x-3)0+3) <3 K-38) ‘At x = 3, the function f(x) is not defined and has no value (it reduces to 0/0 form). In this case, we say that f(x) is indeterminate at x= 3. As x takes values closer and closer to 3, (- 3) cancels, and the value 2 of (x) comes closer to 6, We say that fx) has the limiting value 6 a8 x -» 3, and write tim * 2 but (x) > 6 asx »3. Consider the function y = f(x) = 6 ‘We note that the function f (x) in this case, is not defined at x = Note: If lim f(x) =}, and im g(x) = lp where |, and lz are finite numbers, then lim (6: f (8) + ca g (9) = cil + Gala, where cy and c2 are given constants. tir () g(&) = fim f(x) tim g (x) =I lim £0) iw _ 4 Dim =H nro #58 (x) ~ lim 908) ~ tp 2 Mustration 6: Find () im (2x2 3x -x-1) Gi) ings Solution: (9 im (2x —ax? ~ 3 im x? ~ lim x — tim (1) © scanad thon seme CR ld , x x_)(vaaa+2 fim = jm 2} er +2) © Bi erase aenlte = tim *V=4*2) coy 224, Leama ‘Some Important Formulae on Limits i x=" nat a> sinx w ina na™",a>0 (ii) lim. a 7 (i) tim 12% (wim “2X _9 a7 my Limit at Infinit In case, we want to find the limit of a function f (x) as x takes larger and larger values, we write lim f(x) [Link] bx tex? 19 = 27K We wiitet= + so that prox +n x 7 2 + bt tm tx) = jig typ BLE _ RG Mp glee 6 te yee _ th Iustration 7: Find @) —— tim™ —~9 9 ME ii) tim S02 si tanbx sra_ sia Solution: §— () tim 8 (+x) . Geett daw t Oey axe? 8B G45) GSH “ a i) ty 2 gy oe Sytenbe = Shean B bx es vad aa woe xt x42 te 2te3tt 4 im 1424 St to2-P sat 2 © scamnad wth ORE Scams Meaney 2 Ox+ im 22282 = 9X44 xan x? 2x8 lim X(COSX + €08 2x) st ‘sinx ere of 'y. Suppose we start putting some values of x’ in increasing order. The respective values of 'y' that we obtain may turn out to be in increasing order, or in decreasing order, or they may remain constant, or they may even have a mixed trend, depending upon the type of function. Let us take two values of x: x; and x2 (X1 < x2), 80 that, yi = f(x) and yo = (x2). (Ye) HH) Then, the quantity will tel us the average rate of change of y [Link].x in the interval [x;, Xz Letye ys is positive = Function is increasing on an average. Wyeeys => Yo=Ys Xk Wye > is zero = Funetion is constant on an average. -¥:) ‘As you can see, ifx, and x. are sutficientl far apart, the quantity (= can not give the exact idea of 2%) the variation of y wert. x in the interval {x1.%2]. It just provides an overall information. For example, if Yo ys, it does not necessarily mean that y Is the same for all x in the interval [x,.a. Thus, to obtain a “sulficiently accurate information’, we have to choose x, and x2 " sufficiently close" to each other. This ‘sufficiently close’ is the key word here. To know the rate of change of y Wirt. x at x = x;, we take x2 very near to x; (a8 much as possible), Le, x2 tends to xy’ and then calculate ¥2—¥ in the imiting case, x = wwe say that x: nearly coincides with x, and represent it as x2 -> x. We use the notation %Y for ¥8@—Y asx, oxy. Re XM "dx’ means small change in x (near x = xs) and ‘dy’ means the corresponding change in y we cot th devine ore ret cect ty wit.» (You can understand it physically by taking x as time and y as displacement of a body. © scanad thon seme CR ll Then 2 denotes the magnitude of velocity) &F ig also represented as f(x) or 1%) ax x gy Graphical, %Y) (.e., % computed at x=x;) denotes the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at ax «x X= Xs ‘We will not here derive the formulae for f "(x) of various functions, but we give the results of the derivations here. Basic Differentiation Formulae yeconstant + %-o ax " y= ay =x = Vane y ox yee > y =logex yesix => y=secx yrcox => y = cosec x yrtm = y=colx Example of Velocity and Acceleration Let the distance covered by a particle moving with constant acceleration a in time t be given by at) =tt+ La? log coe Then velocity at any time t will be the rate of change of s w.r.t. t. +atie vi) surat Some Important Theorems The following are very important theorems which can be applied directly. Theorem I {fa function is of the form y = k f(x), where k is a constant, then x «ee Theorem 2 ‘The derivative of the sum or difference ofa finite number of differentiable functions is equal tothe sum or difference of the derivatives ofthese functions, ie ity = u (0 + v(x) + w(e), then y"= Ux) + V0) + wx). Mlustration 8: Find the derivative of y = J3x + (x)"* +t © scamnad wth ORE Scams mee Solution: Here wehave y= u+v+w, where u= J3x.v=x'® and w= 1. Hence we canuse theorem 2. x OY Bi get teat OL gt int ta 4x dx 8; 3 Theorem 3 The derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is equal to the product of the derivative of the first function with the second function plus the product of the first function with the derivative of the second function: je. fy = uv , then y'= uv + wv. This formula can be extended for the derivatives of the product of any (finite) number of functions. Mlustration 9: Find the derivative of y = (a+ x) e" wart. x. Soiton: Using theorem 3, OF anny Det et Has) (aaxjet set 1o0t(aexer). ox dx ox Theorem 4 ne) mil. we PY Ge ‘Mustration 10: Find the derivative of y = =—* w.f.1.x Solution: Here by theorem 4, gy _(A)(a+x)-1(a-x) 2a ox (a+x)? (a+x) (a+xy Derivative of a Composite Function Given a composite function y = f(x), i.e. a function represented by dy _ dF du =FW).us = Fle), p20 _ OF du Y=F) UR OO) oF y= Flo) then Y= Gr Gog This is called the chain rule. The rule can be extended to any number of composite variables: e.g. If y = oy of du ov ae” gu evox ‘A(u(v)), then y Mlustration 11: Find the derivative of the following functions wrt. x y= sim, il) y= (mx), Gi) y= sin(inx)® Solution: (i) y=sin(x)*. Letu=x? >y=sinu =. Gin yy 2) = 2x 008d He = Gylsin w) 5-08) = cosu2 x = 2x cosx?. 2 (y= nx). Letusinxsysu? > = We _ gy? 438 q x? ax du dx x x (i) y= sin(inx)®—Letu=inx,v=u" = y=sinv a 2 - dy dv du _ d (sinv) du)" 4 in x) = cosy. 3u? 30 cos[ cn x dv du ox x J © scamnad wth ORE Scams Parametric Representation of a Function and it’s Derivative We find the trajectory of a load dropped from an aeroplane moving horizontally with uniform velocity vo at an altitude yo. We take the co-ordinate system as shown and assume thet the Ioad is ‘dropped at the instant the aeroplane cuts the y-axis. Since the horizontal translation is uniform, the position of the load at any time t, is given y Ye (xy) xeviy=yo- 0, ' These two equations are called the parametric equations ofthe trajectory because the two variables x and y have been expressed in terms of the third variable '’ (parameter) i.e. two equations x = 9 (t), y= y(t) where t assumes values tha ena given interval (tt) Then OY av/dt _ (dy /at) _ vit) dx dx/dt (dg/dt) ot) Mlustration 12: The function y of x is given by, x= a cost, y= a sint. Find the derivative of y w. r..x dy _ (asind’ _ cos t dx (acosty —sin cott Solution: If we want to compute SY at a particular, say t (ay) ~cot® eu a Derivative of an Implicit Function |x and y are related by the rule F(x, y) = 0 such that y cannot be obtained entirely or exactly in terms of x then y is said to be an implicit function of x. eg x ty'=a sy= ta? —? Here we do not get a unique value of y for each x. Another example can be x’ + y* — 3xy = 0. Here also y cannot be obtained entirely in tems of x. To find Sin such cases start dferentating the diven equation as itis (using rue of composite functions) eg., forx?+y?=a% 4 we have 2x +2y Y- 9 ox 4 bay ad = HA Fort ty'—ae y=0: dx y 2 7 weave ax +ay* %3[x¢ Ly 2x] -0 = Ify can be expressed entirely in terms of x, then y is said to be an explicit function of x. Note that every explicit function can be written as implicit function y -f(x) = 0. © scamnad wth ORE Scams eee Second Derivative of a Function The second derivative of y wrt. x is the function obtained by differentiating 2 W. 1.1.x. Its represented ay as £Y ory” ort") ae “Y Stnen 2 eg. ify=x° then 9 g. ity ae fy dfdy)_ dia 3 2 sothat £¥ 4/97) _ 4 (544) 5.449 - 20 Se” deldr)” del) “840 = 20% The acceleration a! of a particle is the second derivative of the distance 's' (given as a function of time. 2 ie. ifs=t¢) thenv= 9-4) anda= 28 - d oe dt rm : asration 12:Fnd 2%. rey =n * Sotution: Y= 2sinxcosx = sindx= £Y - 2c0s2x. x ox Find the derivative of the following functions w. r. tx: (a) y = 6x"? + ax**_ x, (b) y= tan (In x), (oy Fina © if a fa)y=cos(x+y), —(b) x=at’, y=2at. Find £Y it y= o™. a Afunction F(x) is called the antiderivative of the function f (x) iff 18 fe) og a For example, the antiderivative of the function fix)= x" is “=, as ey =x The functions “-2 and 2) 41 are also antiderivatves of fx) = x’. Infact, +C, where C is an arbitrary constant, is the 3 antiderivative of x*. So if a function f(x) possesses an anti-derivative F(x), then it possesses infinitely many antiderivatives, all of them being contained in the expression F(x) + C, where C is a constant. If the function F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) then the expression F(x) + C is called the indefinite integral of the function f(x) and is denoted by the symbol | f(x) dx. Thus, by definition, | f(x) dx = F(x) + C, if F'(x)= f(x). The process of finding the antiderivative of a function f(x) is called integration. Two different integrals of a function differ by a constant ESS TEMS © scanad thon seme CR ll Standard Elementary Integrals Inthe following integrals, ¢ stands for an arbitrary constant Kg Lae frax= seine J ,9*= log x1 +0 st e'dx =e +e, Jeroor roe = CON cine Ss Jootxax = logisin | + ¢ loglcosecxi+e Jsinxae=-cosx +6 Iseoxdk = log|secx+tanx|+c Joosxax= sinx + Joosecxdx = loglcosecx— cotx| + Jsec? xax= tame ¢ = logltanx/2l+¢ Joosectxax = -cobere Jsecxtanadx = seex +e Jianx ax = togicosxl+e = logisecx! + ¢ Joosecxcotx - -coseox + 0 ‘The following points are to be noted: 1 J 4 ax =10gx +6, xis postive = log (-x) + 6, ifx is negative 1 6 because J (log (x)= (1 +4 15 f Lexetgixl+e Dy ef erealel G1 Hfaisaconstant, then [ a fix) &x DJ ffx) + 960)] a, = 60) dx + I gx) ax. J fo ex. Mustration 14: Evaluate (i) (ao + arx + ap) dx, © (cose? ed, Solution: (i) (@o + ax +ayx"}dx = ay | dx + ay Ix dx + ay |x? dx 2°%3 @ (cose? | dx foosx dx +2 [1 dx- fet de=sinx+ 2l0g [x | ~e'+. © scamnad wth ORE Scams Meaney ‘Methods of Integration Integration by substitution This method consists of expressing the integral f £(x) dx, where x is the independent variable, in terms of another integral where some other variable, say "is the independent variable; x and t being connected by the relation x= § (0. ie. ffoddx = ff Lo ()] 0 dt This method is useful only when a relation x = @(t) can be so selected that the new integrand f09 is of a form whose integral is known. Mlustration 15: Integrate sin? x cosx with respect to x. Solution: Letsinx=t > cosxdx= dt = [sin? xcosx ax = [1 at Find the integral of the following functions with respect to x: 3x? text! 1 xlogx’ @ (b) — sin*x cos x, (co) () — sinx sin 2x DEFINITE IN EN The difference in the values of an integral of a function (x) for two assigned values of the independent 2 variable x, say a, b, is called the definite integral of f(x) over the interval (a,b) and is denoted by frooa. r . Thus J 100 4x = F(b) — F(a), where F(x) is the anti derivative of f(x). Or, we write Jtvodx = |FeQle = F(b) —F(@). aii called the lower limit and b, the upper limit of integration, KF Mustration 16: Evaluate” | xcos(1+x")dx. ° Solution: Let 1 +x" = t > on differentiating both side with respect tot 3 2x4 xd = Sat 1 [xcos(t+ x?) ax 4 pleostat = Zsintec = Zsin(t+x?) <0 © scanad thon seme evauate sin? xcos xa. : tnx)? Evaluate f ON + © scanad thon seme Rey\aory) 18 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES Exercise 4: w (@ il 10}; ANB = {1, 3,5, 7, 9} A-B={2,4 68, 10} ) AvuBzI; ANB 4,8 — A= set of non positive integers. (i) xe (0,2) Gi) m=6.n=3 (iv) maximum 9; minimum 6. wi) = 1,0 wii) 6 Exercise 2: 0 5 Ww 2 wy 2 w w 4 Exercise 3: 12 23 1 0 a w= Wi) og Ww 2 4 Exercise 4: atx + 10x87 1 (b) —(1/x). sec* (nx) (©) xix? +1) =sin(x+y) ® © Tynes om | (wy Th entem Exercise 5: (2) log tee) +e (b) 7 + (© Injinxl+e © Zain xe Exercise 6: 1 wo 3 13, © scanad thon seme CR ll SOLVED PROBLEMS Problem 1: | In2. 1ogy625 = logio16. In10, then find the value of b Solution: ‘We have In2. loge 5* = logyo2*. int0. 4 In2. loggS = 4log,02. Into = In2. loge Problem 2: Show that loge'8 is an irrational number. Solution: Now logs18 = loga(3” x 2) (o3 1 iy jog, 4 log, 4 2 Let us assume the contrary, that the number log. is a rational number. = log:3 ‘Since logz3 > 0 both the numbers p and q may be regarded as natural numbers = 3 = 298 = OP = 3 But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting contradiction completes the proof. loge3 + logs2 Problem 3: Solve for x, log; (log (Vx +5 + Vx))= 0. Solution: From the given equation, log, (Vx=5 + vx) = 7° =1=10g,5 = VavB + VK = 501 SaaS =5- 4K = x+5=25+x-10VK or Vk =2>x=4, 3 Problem 4: — Find lim % +27 wx £243 2 Solution: im “+27 3) wo 8x8 2243 3X (3) x-(-3) 3. 5.3 (2x-3)(vx-4) Problem 5: — Find lim mt Be ax-3 © scanad thon seme Meaney 20 im 2*—3)(Vx-1) x1 Dx + x-3 x1 (2x +3)(x- 1) = tim —@x-3)_ tt S1Gx+ieet) 5x2 10 Solution: i tim 2X DK = 1) Problem 6: ify =vcsinxcosx., find Solution: y = ¥xsinx cos x. oy. & = (sR) sitcosx + Ve(sinx) cose + Vi sine (cosx) '?sinxcosx + Vx cos [Link] + Vx sinx (-sinx) 2 tyese 2 1 sinax + JKcos2x Avx. 1 a ¥ 3 sin 2+ si (08! xsi? x) Problem 7: ifx=Zincottandy= tant cot, fin SY Solution: We have = “ist od ax dxldt ox ,-cosec’t 2 where ae > cott— costsint Sint and = sec"t—cosect = SMV -o0s"t eos g at sinttoos*t sin®2t Vf tence 9 .(~Aons2t)(sin2t) c0s2t _ corop ox” sinter )\ (a) J~ sinat 2s cos? Problem 8: Evaluate [S°X*608°x gy sin? xcos* x sin? x +008 x Solution: — We have [52 X*008°% gy sin? xcos® x 2 2 sin? x cos? x = fs te + J Vane rcosts % * Vat ncost = tanxseex a+ feotxcesecx ox= secx-coseex « Problem 9: Evaluate /e* cose” dx. © scamnad wth ORE Scams CR ld tse %o1 Solution: olution: @ =dxse “dt & fet coset ax= forcosete* at = Joost at= sint+¢ =sinet +c. Problem 10: Find the im t=) ie Solution: tim 3-1) _ jg —_Sine—1)__ ina MlacnGeexcd 3 Problem 11: rr | 5 TOK ce + Solution: lots ae z [erie = oo], 2 = Fe si ESS SU © scamnad wth ORE Scams ees Problem 1: The value of ’' satisfying log g b = 3 % is (@) 30 31 (©) 32 (0)33 Solution: — Wehave log b-3) = logs. b~ 1 2 Ne gy b= = b=2°= 22 2 10 210g, = 12 = tog.b = loge b= = logib Hence (C) Is the correct answer. Problem 2: The integration of Segue is (8) log(sinx) +c (C) log |cosx| + ¢ (O) none 1 Solution: Let | st — cosxdx = at ‘olution. et log(sinx) winx CO = cot dx = dt j* St =logh|+e = 10g ogsine| + © Hence (A) is the correct answer. Problem 3: The value ofx saistying 18° = (54v2)"* is (Az (B)6 (C3 (D)4 Solution: Here 18°? =(54V2)"* Taking ig on both sides, we get (4x — 8) og 8 = (9x 4 log J2. > (4x 2) ag = (Bx — 4) og( 18)" 3 (6x -3)= = 4). 32 x=6, Hence (B) isthe correct answer a Problem 4: _ Differentiation of ~— w.r.t.x..is cosx. (ay 3X cosK +x! sinx (@ sian x cosx cos*x cos*x © x° cosx- 3x? sinx © x! sinx-3x? cosx cos*x ‘osx Se NES © scanad thon seme Solution: —Lety cosx 3x? cosx +x? sinx ox ‘c0s*x Hence (A) is the correct answer. sin(e? +50), Problem 5: lim mx yt 5 2 (D) none of these Solution: 6. x Problem 6: Solve the inequality (x - 1)" (2x* + 3x + 1) (3x - 1)" +5)" <0. Solution: Wavy curve draw for (x — 1)* (x + 1) (2x + 1) (3x= 1)" x +5)" SxeGa,—sU [4 -12]U(03, 1} ESS SU © scamnad wth ORE Scams ees CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS d (2) Evaluate :log,, b + logy; b? () flog, x + log, log, y +log, 2 andx + y, then find x + y 2 (a) IF@= and {(1) = 4/3 then find f(x) x tan(in(x + tx?) (b) Evaluate : ; —————“ax s Vie? 3. (a) _ Ina town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% family buy newspaper A, 20% buy newspaper B and 10% families buy newspaper o, 5% families buy A and B, 3% buy B and C and 4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all 3 news papers, then find number of families which buy A only. (b) Let I denote the set of all integers and A = {(a, b) : a + 3b° = 28, a, b b, a, b eI}, then the number of elements in An Bis (3) LetA={1,2, 3,4), B={2, 4, 6}. Then the number of sets C such that AN BCC CAUB is 4. Solve forxe R: (x1)? (2 — 7x + 10)(2x 1)? ae eo (= 1 2x3 =2x| + ped] > fx? — ax 24 (© pe -d+pe-4]>9 3x2 -7x+8 <8 eat (a) ® 1 2 3 % Sit? x fing SY =x cosx’ dx (b) Find s (independent oft) of the function defined parametrically as x=sin(In ), x y= cos (Int. (©) Find the derivative of the following [Link] : x%°*+ (tanx)*** Se NES © scanad thon seme CR lly Ea 6. The solution set of x for which the expression “3° — M+ 0° is postive, is given by (x-3)(x-2)* (A) (,-1) 0B, 2) 8) 1,203, Oa (0) none of these 7 ee 2 then xe (A) [-4.3) 14.2) (B) 10, 513} C) (1,543) (D) none of these 8 A-survey shows that 63% of the children like milk whereas 76% like apples. If x% of the children like both milk and apples, then (A) x= 39 ()x=63 (©)391,axb (0) noneof these 12. If f(x) = y1+c0s?(%?), then f (4) is (A) vRI3 (8) -yin76) (©) 80 (0) V6 13. If aMox 3) 4. 27!00 95. 34/00;° fp , then sum of digits of nis (A) even (B) divisible by 3 (C) amultiple of6 (0) prime 14, The set of solution |x* + x| = x* +x is given by A (-1) ® 04 Ol. 0) OCs -We. 2 18. f{1+2tanx(tanx +seex))""dx is (A) log sec x (sec x + tan x) +6 (B) log sec x (sec x - tan x) + 6 (©) log tan x (secx + tanx) +6 (D) log tan x (sec x tanx) + ¢ © scanad thon seme 26 PART-A Level -1 1. Solve forx, where O Bx, x2], (il) x? -3x] + 2= 0. 2 Solve the following equation for x:9°%%*) = log, x (log, x) +1 3. Evaluate the following () tim ME 4= VA 3x (i) tim +2 Bary iP exe 4. Differentiate the following w. r. tx: ny M4376 O} Gil) y = (14 4) (14 2x2) (w) y= @e-3P ” 5. _ Integrate the following functions: (xP xl? + x88 @, (iv) Scosx-3sinx + 6 Evaluate 0) foc+2)ve-Bax 2 7. Evaluate: () | (2x-+ax4) x a 2 [22 oy & Evaluate: () x 9. Solve for x, where [2x] +4 > 0. 10. Solve for x, where |2x| - 7> 0. wi) sinx Treosx w) y= cosec?*x Beosx+ 4 w Senet sin? x sin? xcosxdx 2 flo Fi * tane® sece* 14008 4 e* tane* sece* dx (iii) J DiS Se NES © scanad thon seme 1. Differentiate the following wrt x: 2 y= Qe-sinx) Ww yeh ee 1 . (+4)? i) y= logy iv) ee (ii) = Logsox? Ww) mara em 2 itxe” —y-= sin’, then find SF atx= 0 3. MCT +x) = and? += y, then find Y atx =2 4. Find 2 it @ xi 4y"®=a"?, Wy’ -3y + 2ax=00. 5 Fina SY, when x andy are given by (i) x= acos't, y= b sin’t, (i) x = (Vo cosa) t, y = (vo Sina) t~gt’/2, where vo, a and g are constants. 6. Find the integrals of the following functions: cos x ax" 1 o x Ww i) (1+ sinx)? vex % % 7. Evaluate: ¢) — f SSS¥— 8X gy cy fFERSEK x J cosx+sinx J cos? x 8 i) BE =x-4) (K-1) 2x -3)>0 wo (i) ww) [Vx - 1) (2x -3) 9. Evaluate na! it d DP 4x8 Vand ie- V2 10. Evaluate im me © scamnad wth ORE Scams Meaney Level = 1 Ifx= 1+ logybe, y= 1 + loguea, z= 1 + [Link], prove that xyz = xy + yz + 2x. 2 Integrate the following functions: x (x+1) (x +10gx)? @ fsinxcosx (ji) eae ily = om — togx » >t x Vawdeat 3. Find the value of the following 1 2 0s x a + é 208g w | reesx “i fa osx) sinxdx (i) \ am ix 4 Find the value of the following r "et 4sinax “e 3 ae 2 2 0) | apexes O) Jos ado diy fo xo0s" xox 5. Evaluate the following 8 2x? + +1) £ (x42) (x43) (ip PERE A yg RHA HH aN + x8)" xen Bx x42 son x? (x43) iy ESI 1c cos 2 (a+ 6. Htsiny=xsin(a+y), prove that 2. $7 (@=¥) x sina ay . Ts » 7 Ye Find oy Ovex Wi) xa 8. Evaluate Jot* xdx 9. Find the number of real solutions of the equation 8=* - 2+ _* a4 x42 10. _Ifxis an integer satisfying x’ — 6x + 5 < 0 and x” — 2x > 0, then find the number of possible values ofx eee TE © scamnad wth ORE Scams CR ld PART-B Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct) logx 1G) = SX, x> 0, then f (1) is equal to (je (B)-e 1 (O) none of these IG) = a then f (4) is equal to Ik 4 (a) 1/4 84 (oye. (0) none of these Number of positive integral values satisfying x° — 48 < 4x (3x — 11) are (A2 (B)3 (4 Os ©5% then ¢(# I) = 15 228% then 1 (3) is ay @2 (3 mes [5 ge is onal taal cost (xe") (0) -cot(xe") +6 tance") +e (©) tan(ex) +6 (©) none of these axis equal to (Hive @ -(0 +x) +6 © -(e+t}+0 (©) none of these Jerse” x is equal to (A) sinx te (®) -cosx +e (©) e406 (©) None of these The value of xi O8(%=3) _ 1 iow (-21) 2 (A)3 (B)4 (C)5 (6 © scamnad wth ORE Scams Meaney 9. y= (=a) —b) then the value ofxfor which SF = 0 is a b (A) z 8) 2 asb os o> 10. if a=, b=, c*=a, then the value of xyz is wo 1 (C2 3 14, The value of x, satisfying logyo(x* — 4x + 104) = 2 (A)1 (B)2 (c)3 (D)4 12. ipa? . gio * — 491%°9 | then x is equal to w2 10 9 (O) none of these inx _ Iny _ Ing 13. For BX = BY _E syzis equalto wt ) abo 0 (0) none of these 14. fa?® ax is equal to at and ig at? eae (©) log ac (©) 3a"? log ave 15. es (O) none of these 4"? cosx 16. Thevatue of 4"f/ _©°8*_4y is equalto x } costsinx at 2 -1 (0 ITJEEZ TE © scamnad wth ORE Scams CR ld ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS (0) 842% 2. .o Insee[ ia(xsVt=%?)] <6 3 (@) 33000) 6 @ 8 A) 2, U1, YL, ) (UA}-{B}—_(b) xe(0, 2) 0 4, () 2 5 @ fee se x 1 scotx+tanx| (o) #Y ==1 Tex Osx |x? 4 ae xe (a + sec? x lox) +(tanx)"™ [se0x + cos x log(tan »)] 6. c 7. A 8. c 8. A 10 4D 12 «8 13D 14. D 15, A ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENTS SECTION - I PART-A Level -1 i 4 1 1 0) Ge -u- «) Cx yuls. x (i) £4,42 2 x2 7 ¢ 8 ° 2 3 4 ase o paved (il) 4x (10x + 3x +1) (wy 8x (3) Be ae , 1 W)C x*= 8x 42) 6? 2) “) Gre08%) (vil) 2e*/ (e%+1)? ) 3 2,02 Se, 8 Sx 4258748 x0 46 (i) tanx-x+e w Ww) “Geosecx + Acotx) + ¢ 2 2 6) Ze@x+t6x-3°" +e w 2 M22 & (i) tan (log. x) + (ii) 5 Gc+ inn”? +0 © scanad thon seme 10. Level -1! () x? = cos x)/ 0 = sinx) (i) a(x) , 2 HP [ 2 3 4 ] 2 hog, ws? _ (ii) Hoa. eae w — e(t+ing 1 S: ae 128 . 2a @ ® 2 ay? 1) 0 @ — tana-Bseca Yo 1 a egal! 0 -ptote Bios. +e|+K (il) logg(t#Nx) #6 pine Ww 3va-1 0) Xe (x, - 1) U (1, 4/3) U (8/2, ©) i) Xe (1, 3)U (4,0) (i) xe (0, 1/2) U(4, ) WW xeM,2UR2)0C1,0) -1N0 10. 12 Level - It 2 312 3 213 — Zisinx? se @ S04 ve 1 3 (lo9x}* (ii) Pfx+togx)* +e Ww ote 2 gg 9p? 2yale Exe? Ze ve 0 4 ® 71 (i) 22-1) w 1 (i) 23 (iy) wt6 28 w 32 i) 4 7 Yay i) oY ¥(xlog, yy) 0 Beeman © eee) —deot? x+ cote +x+6 4 3 3 PARI-B Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct) i c 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. c 7. B 8. c 3. D 10 B "1B 2 8B 13. A 14, B 15. A 16. A © scamnad wth ORE Scams

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