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Class 12 Physics Formula Notes

The document covers key concepts in physics, including electric charges, fields, electrostatic potential, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, alternating current, optics, and atomic structure. It presents fundamental equations and laws such as Coulomb's Law, Ohm's Law, Faraday's Law, and the photoelectric equation. Additionally, it discusses semiconductor electronics, including diodes and transistors.

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kritianu331
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8 views3 pages

Class 12 Physics Formula Notes

The document covers key concepts in physics, including electric charges, fields, electrostatic potential, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, alternating current, optics, and atomic structure. It presents fundamental equations and laws such as Coulomb's Law, Ohm's Law, Faraday's Law, and the photoelectric equation. Additionally, it discusses semiconductor electronics, including diodes and transistors.

Uploaded by

kritianu331
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Electric Charges & Fields

Coulomb’s Law: F = (1 / 4π■■) (q■q■ / r²)


Electric Field: E = F/q
Field due to point charge: E = (1 / 4π■■) (q / r²)
Electric Dipole Moment: p = q × 2a
Torque on dipole: τ = pE sinθ
Electric Flux: Φ = EA cosθ
Gauss Law: Φ = q/■■

2. Electrostatic Potential & Capacitance

Potential: V = W/q
Potential due to point charge: V = (1 / 4π■■) (q / r)
Capacitance: C = Q/V
Parallel Plate Capacitor: C = ■■A/d
Energy stored: U = ½ CV²
Series: 1/C = 1/C■ + 1/C■
Parallel: C = C■ + C■

3. Current Electricity

Ohm’s Law: V = IR
Current: I = Q/t
Drift Velocity: v_d = I / nqA
Resistance: R = ρL/A
Electric Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R
Kirchhoff Laws: Junction & Loop rules

4. Moving Charges & Magnetism

Magnetic Force: F = qvB sinθ


Force on wire: F = BIL sinθ
Biot–Savart Law
Ampere Law: B = µ■I / 2πr
Cyclotron frequency: f = qB / 2πm

5. Magnetism & Matter

Bar magnet field similar to dipole


Magnetic Moment: M = m × 2l
Torque: τ = MB sinθ

6. Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday Law: ε = − dΦ/dt


Lenz Law: Direction opposes cause
Self Inductance: L = Φ/I
Energy: U = ½ LI²
7. Alternating Current

RMS Current: I_rms = I■/√2


Reactance:
X_L = ωL
X_C = 1/ωC
Impedance: Z = √(R² + (X_L − X_C)²)
Resonance: X_L = X_C

8. Ray Optics

Mirror Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u


Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v − 1/u
Magnification: m = v/u
Power: P = 1/f (dioptre)

9. Wave Optics

YDSE Fringe Width: β = λD/d


Path Difference: ∆ = nλ
Diffraction condition: a sinθ = nλ

10. Dual Nature of Radiation

Photoelectric Equation:
hν = Φ + ½ mv²
Stopping Potential: eV■ = K_max
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p

11. Atoms

Bohr Radius: r_n = n²a■


Energy: E_n = −13.6 / n² eV
Wavelength: 1/λ = R (1/n■² − 1/n■²)

12. Nuclei

Mass Defect: ∆m = Zm_p + Nm_n − M


Binding Energy: BE = ∆mc²
Radioactive Decay: N = N■e^−λt
Half Life: T½ = 0.693/λ

13. Semiconductor Electronics

Diode: Allows current in one direction


Rectifier: AC → DC
Transistor relations:
I_E = I_C + I_B

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