4 Data Handling and FPO

Representation Base line test

In this chapter, you will learn to

• understand data and frequency.
• Organise data using tables and tally marks.
• Prepare and interpret frequency tables.
• Represent data through pictographs and bar graphs.
• Compare and interpret data from graphs.
• Apply data handling skills in real-life situations.

Real-Life Connect

Welcome to the age of information. We constantly see large amounts of data presented to us in new and
interesting ways. From the games we play to the items we buy, every observation forms part of a bigger picture.
Look closely at the image of the library. It is more than just a quiet room filled with shelves; it is a perfect
example of why we need to organise information. If you were to list the title of every book or count the number
of books borrowed by students each week, you would have a collection of facts and numbers. This collection
of facts, numbers, or measurements is called data.
To make sense of these facts, we must arrange them systematically. In this chapter, you will learn to collect,
display, and interpret this information correctly. We shall explore how to master these skills using frequency
tables with tally marks, expressive pictographs, and precise bar graphs.
4.1 Collecting and Organising Data
Data handling is an essential part of mathematics. It enables us to use information in a meaningful way and to
interpret it accurately. By learning how to collect, organise, and present facts and figures, we can understand them
more easily and draw sensible conclusions. Good data handling skills help us answer questions, identify patterns,
and make informed decisions in everyday situations.
To find the correct answers to questions such as the ones given Maths Talk
below, we must handle data carefully and systematically:
Which sport is the most popular in your class? The word 'Statistics' comes from the
How many students prefer apples to bananas? Latin word Status, the Italian word
Statista, the German word Statistik, or
What is the temperature like throughout the week?
the French word Statistique. All of these
Data words essentially mean a ‘political state’.

An NGO collected money from several people to support the education of needy children, helping them purchase
books and pay their school fees. The table below presents detailed information about the amounts contributed by
different individuals. This organised display of numbers helps us understand who donated how much and allows
us to compare the contributions easily.

Money collected (in `)

Name of Person Total (in `)
Sunday Monday Tuesday
Pravin 550 3025 1240 4815
Harshita 150 2505 3400 6055
Ananya 1000 1200 1560 3760
Kamal 1500 2400 1200 5100
Amar 1250 2500 1510 5260
Anand 2000 6500 5450 13950
Aryan 400 110 3500 4010

Apart from the table shown above, you must have seen many other tables in your daily life. For example, your class
teacher marks attendance every morning and records it in a tabular format. When you watch a cricket match,
the scorecard you see on the screen presents a large amount of information—runs, wickets, overs, and player
statistics—all arranged neatly in a table. All these organised pieces of information are referred to as data.
The information we collect in its original, unorganised form is called raw data. Raw data is usually scattered and not
arranged in any order, which makes it difficult to interpret quickly. When we arrange this data in either ascending
or descending order, the organised list is known as an array. If we place the data into a table with proper headings
and columns, the process is called the tabulation of data.
Each numerical value or entry in the data is known as an observation.
In simple terms, the word data refers to information collected about certain things for our understanding or use.
Data may be gathered and represented in different forms such as text, images (figures), symbols, graphs, or
tables—depending on what makes it easiest to read and interpret.

Frequency and Frequency Distribution

A school is planning to organise an educational trip for its students. To decide the final destination, three options
were provided: a historical monument, a zoo, and a hilly region. Each student was asked to select one place
according to their preference.
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 Ananya, a student from the class, was given the responsibility of collecting and recording all the choices. She
carefully noted down each student’s response and wrote the choices in a tabular form so that the information
could be easily understood and compared.
This list of choices will help the teachers identify how many students prefer each option. Frequency is the number
of times a specific data value occurs, and arranging these frequencies in a table is called a frequency distribution.
Such a distribution helps in making decisions based on clear, organised information.

Nihal – Hilly Region Shabista – Zoo

Mohsin – Zoo Meghna – Hilly Region
Rohan – Hilly Region Niharika – Hilly Region Maths Talk
Neha – Historical monument Saloni – Zoo
What is the main
Madhu – Historical monument Aryan – Hilly Region purpose of collecting
Mohan – Zoo Abhishek – Zoo data in mathematics?

Raghav – Hilly Region Vandna – Historical monument

Samar – Hilly Region Mitali – Hilly Region

From the above table, it is quite time-consuming to work out which option most students prefer. Reading through
each entry one by one does not give us a clear picture straightaway. What really matters here is the number of
students choosing each type of trip.
To simplify the process, we can use a very handy method: each time a student selects a particular trip, we place a
tick mark () beside that option. This allows us to keep a quick running count without repeatedly writing the names
of the trips.
Using this approach, we can reorganise the information into a clearer and more structured table.
The new table, with tick marks showing every preference, is easier to read and helps us immediately identify which
trip is the most popular among the students.
Trip Interested Students Total Students (Frequency)
Hilly Region  8
Zoo  5
Historical Monument  3

The local government of a city is in the process of constructing a new playground where children will be able to
enjoy a variety of sports and outdoor activities. Before planning the layout and deciding which sports facilities to
include, the authorities decided to conduct a survey. The purpose of this survey was to find out the favourite sports
of the children living in the locality, so that the playground could be designed according to their interests and needs.
By gathering this information, the local government can make informed decisions and ensure that the new
playground is both useful and enjoyable for the children who will use it.

Number of Children
Sport Tally Marks
(Frequency)
Badminton 32
Kho-kho 17
Tennis 24

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In the above table, the symbol ‘|’ is known as a tally mark. Tally marks are a quick way of keeping count, especially
when information is being collected continuously. However, when the data becomes lengthy, counting each tally
mark one by one can be slow and confusing.
To make the process more efficient, tally marks are recorded in groups of five. The first four marks are written as
vertical lines (||||), and the fifth mark is drawn as a slanting line ( / ) across the previous four. This group of five
is easy to spot at a glance and helps us count large quantities quickly and accurately.
By arranging the tally marks in this way, it becomes much easier to determine the total number of occurrences for
each category without recounting repeatedly.

Number of Children
Sport Tally Marks
(Frequency)
Badminton 32
Kho-kho 17
Tennis 24

The total number of tally marks recorded for a particular category or situation is known as its frequency. In other
words, the frequency tells us how many times a particular observation or choice appears in the data.
The table that includes the items being observed, their corresponding tally marks, and their frequencies is called
a frequency table. Such a table presents information in a neat and organised manner, making it much easier to
interpret the data at a glance.
This way of arranging and displaying data is referred to as a frequency distribution. It shows the distribution of
observations according to how often each one occurs. Thus, the frequency of an observation simply means the
number of times that observation appears in the entire set of collected data.
Let us consider an example to understand the procedure more clearly.
Maths Talk
The marks obtained by 28 students in a mathematics test are given below:
35, 40, 31, 19, 35, 42, 42, 28, 22, 35, 35, 40, 28, 42, How does frequency
15, 22, 31, 31, 45, 31, 35, 22, 28, 19, 31, 19, 40, 35 distribution help
To prepare a frequency distribution table, we follow a systematic method. The summarise large data?
steps are as follows:
List all the marks in the first column, but make sure they are written in ascending order. Arranging the data from
the smallest value to the largest helps us avoid missing any number and makes counting the frequencies much
easier. When the marks are ordered, repeated values appear together, which simplifies tallying and grouping.

Marks Obtained Tally Marks Frequency

15 1
19 3
22 3
28 3
31 5
35 6
40 3
42 3
45 1
Total 28

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 Use one tally mark for each occurrence of a mark. For example, the score 19 has been obtained by three students.
Therefore, three tally marks are recorded against the number 19. Tally marks help us keep track of repeated values
quickly without repeatedly rewriting the number.
Continue in the same way for all the other marks. As you go down the list, add a tally mark every time a particular
score appears. Remember that tally marks are grouped in sets of five for easier counting: four vertical lines (||||)
followed by a diagonal line across them (/) to show the group is complete. After recording a group of five, you begin
a new set again from a single vertical line.
Count the tally marks and record the frequency of each score in the Frequency column. The frequency simply tells
us how many times a particular mark appears in the given data. This step helps convert the tally symbols into
actual numerical values.
Finally, add all the frequencies and write the total in the last row. This total should match the number of observations—
in this case, 28 students. This serves as a quick check that no data has been missed or counted twice.
The completed table is known as a frequency distribution table, which presents raw data in an organised and easy-
to-read form.
Example 1: Ram wants to know the residences in his locality that have pets and also the type of pets that they
have. He found that 26 families had different types of pets. Prepare a frequency table with the data
given below.
macaw, macaw, macaw, dog, cat, macaw, macaw, macaw, cat, tortoise, macaw, macaw, dog, cat, fish,
macaw, macaw, cat, macaw, fish, macaw, fish, dog, macaw, macaw, fish
Solution: 
Frequency distribution table for the pet animals is as follows.
Type of pets Tally Marks Frequency
Macaw 14
Dog 3
Cat 4
Fish 4
Tortoise 1
Total 26
Example 2: In a class of 42 students, various students like various games such as hockey (A), badminton (B),
cricket (C), table tennis (D) and football (E). The data of their choices is given below indicated by letters
A, B, C, D and E for the names of games.
C, B, B, D, B, C, C, E, A, C, E, E, C, B, E, C, D, A, B, C, E, D, D, A, A, C, E, D, D, D, B, C, C, C, A, C, B, E, A,
D, C and B
a. Arrange the data in a frequency distribution table.
b. How many students like football?
c. How many students like cricket?
d. Which game is liked by maximum number of students?
e. Which game is liked by minimum number of students?
Solution: a. Frequency distribution table for the given data is as follows.
Grade Tally Marks Frequency
Hockey (A) 6
Badminton (B) 8
Cricket (C) 13
Table Tennis (D) 8
Football (E) 7
Total 42
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 b. As per the table above, 7 students like football.
c. As per the table above, 13 students like cricket.
d. Cricket is liked by maximum number of students i.e., 13 students.
e. Hockey is liked by minimum number of students i.e., 6 students.

4.2 Pictographs
Many a time, we need to present data using pictures, icons, or symbols so that the information becomes easier to
understand at a glance. Such visual representation not only simplifies interpretation but also makes the data more
appealing. However, for large datasets, drawing individual pictures is impractical. To overcome this, we choose a
convenient scale and represent several items with a single picture.
Each picture in a pictograph stands for a certain number of objects. This representation is known as the key. The
key is extremely important because it helps the reader understand exactly how much each picture represents. For
example, if we have data showing 60 books, instead of drawing 60 tiny book icons, we could use a key where one
picture represents 10 books.

How to Make a Pictograph

Follow these steps to construct a clear and accurate pictograph:

Identify the information you want to present.

Decide what categories you have and what numerical Maths Talk
data you are representing. This forms the foundation of
your pictograph. Pictographs are not a modern invention!
Choose a simple and meaningful picture or symbol Ancient civilizations like the Sumerians,
related to the data. Egyptians, and Chinese used symbols and
pictures to represent objects and concepts
For example, a book icon for books, a ball for sports
long before written alphabets existed. Some
equipment, or a smiley face for number of students.
date back to 9000 BCE in Mesopotamia.
Decide and clearly state the key.
This is one of the most important parts of a pictograph. The key tells how many items each picture or symbol
represents, such as 1 picture = 5 apples or 1 picture = 10 students.

Draw your pictograph carefully:

Give your pictograph a clear and descriptive title so the reader knows what the data is about.
Make two columns—one for the categories (e.g., “Day of the Week”, “Type of Fruit”) and the other for the symbols
showing the quantity.
Draw the appropriate number of pictures for each category according to the key. If the number does not fit perfectly
with the key, you may draw half or part of a picture to represent a fraction.
A well-constructed pictograph helps readers understand data quickly, making it a useful tool for early data handling
and visual interpretation.
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 Example 1: The number of boys who visited a zoo on various days is depicted in the following pictograph.
Key: represent 10 boys

Days of the Week Number of Boys

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

a. On which day did the maximum number of boy visit the zoo?
b. On which day did the minimum number of boys visit the zoo?
c. How many boys visited the library this week?
Solution:  From the pictograph given above, we conclude the below results:
a. The maximum number of boys visited the zoo on Tuesday.
b. The minimum number of boys visited the zoo on Thursday.
c. The total number of boys visited in the library is 230.
Example 2: Draw a pictograph for the following given set of data. Below data shows number of mobile phones sold
in a particular year.

Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

No. of Mobile Phones Sold 1,000 2,500 1,500 500 3,000

Draw a pictograph for the given data.

Solution: 
Let represents 500 mobile phones, then the pictograph will be designed as follows.

Year Number of Mobile Phones Sold

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Here, = 500 Mobile Phones

So, 1000 Mobile Phones will get represented by 2 mobile phone symbols. 2500 mobile phones will
be represented by 5 mobile phone symbols.
1500 mobile phones will be represented by 3 mobile phones symbols and so on

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 Exercise 4.1

1. Define the following terms.

a. Data b. Frequency c. Frequency table d. Frequency distribution
e. Pictograph f. Observation
2. The number of members in 25 families is given below.
4, 2, 3, 5, 4, 4, 2, 2, 3, 6, 6, 8, 5, 2, 5, 3, 4, 4, 3, 7, 1, 3, 4, 4, 3

Prepare a frequency distribution table. Also, answer the following questions.

a. How many families have 4 members?

b. What is the maximum number of members, in a family?

3. Nishi, Sanjay, Anvita, Madhvi and Rehana visited a wildlife sanctuary. There they saw many animals. The
pictograph given below shows the number of deer they sighted.
Name Number of Deer
Nishi

Sanjay

Anvita

Madhvi

Rehana

Key:
= 4 deer = 2 deer
a. Who sighted the least number of deer?

b. How many deer did Sanjay and Rehana see?

c. Who saw equal number of deer?

d. How many more deer did Anvita see as compared to Nishi?

e. Who sighted exactly 18 deer?

4. In the annual function of Nidhi’s school different flavours of ice-creams were distributed to the guests. Given
below is the number of ice-creams of different flavours that were served. Make a pictograph for the given data.
Vanilla: 40 Chocolate: 20 Strawberry: 15 Butter Scotch: 35
5. A fruit seller sells different varieties of mangoes in his shop. Presently he has the following number of mangoes
of different varieties. Take an appropriate scale and make a pictograph for the given data.
Alphonso: 200 Totapuri: 400 Dashehari: 500
Safeda: 350 Chausa: 150 Himsagar: 250
6. The pictograph given below shows the number of mangoes sold by a shopkeeper in first three days of a week.
If the shopkeeper still has 110 mangoes left, calculate the number of mangoes he had initially.

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday

Key: = 10 mangoes
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 7. Saplings were planted every day during Van Mahotsav week for 6 days. The pictograph given below represents
the number of saplings.
Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Key:
= 10 sapling
a. Calculate the number of saplings planted on Wednesday.
b. On which day, the minimum number of saplings were planted? Also, how many saplings were planted?
c. Arrange the days in the ascending order of number of saplings planted.

4.3 Bar Graph

We cannot draw pictures for every situation, especially when the data set is large or contains many different items.
In such cases, creating a pictograph becomes difficult and time-consuming. Another, more practical method of
representing data visually is through a bar graph.
A bar graph (or bar chart) is a diagram that displays and compares data using rectangular bars. These bars may be
drawn vertically (standing up) or horizontally (lying flat). The height or length of each bar represents the quantity of
the item. A taller or longer bar shows a greater amount, while a shorter bar shows a smaller amount.
For example, if a particular book is liked by many students, the bar representing that book will be tall. If another
book is liked by only a few students, its bar will be much shorter. This makes bar graphs an excellent tool for
comparing information quickly and clearly.

Important Parts of a Bar Graph

Maths Talk
Title
The title explains what the bar graph is about. It helps the reader understand why tables, charts, and
the subject of the data at a glance. graphs together give a
better understanding.
Axes
The X-axis (horizontal axis) usually shows the categories—for example, types of fruit, days of the week, or names
of players.
The Y-axis (vertical axis) usually represents the numbers or quantities—for instance, the number of students,
number of apples, or amount of rainfall.

Scale
The scale shows how the numbers increase along the axis. It tells us the value of each marking or step (e.g.,
counting by 1s, 2s, 5s, or 10s). Choosing a suitable scale makes the graph easier to read.

Bars
The bars are the rectangular blocks that represent the data. Their height (for vertical bars) or length (for horizontal
bars) corresponds exactly to the number being shown.
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 All bars must
have the same width, be equally spaced, and be drawn neatly, sometimes with shading or colour for clarity and
attractiveness.
Properties of a Bar Graph
Bars may be vertical or horizontal, though vertical bars are commonly used.
The height or length of each bar shows the value of the data.
The width of bars must be uniform. Only the height (or length) varies to represent value.
Bars are placed at equal distances from each other.
Bars may be shaded or coloured to make the graph visually appealing.
Bar graphs are extremely useful for making quick visual comparisons between different categories.
Interpretation of a Bar Graph
The bar graph shown below represents the total number of runs scored by various players in a cricket tournament.
By studying the heights of the bars, we can answer questions such as:
Which player scored the highest number of runs?
Which player scored the least?
How much more did one player score compared to another?
Understanding how to interpret a bar graph is just as important as learning how to draw one, as it helps us read
information accurately and make meaningful comparisons.

Rohit
Name of the Players

Maths Talk
Manish
The modern bar graph is widely credited to
Ranjan William Playfair. He was a Scottish engineer
and political economist. He introduced it in
Abhay his book The Commercial and Political Atlas
in 1786.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 46 50
Number of Runs
Scale: 1 cm = 5 runs

By carefully observing the given bar graph, we can draw the following conclusions:
Rohit has scored the highest number of runs.
His bar is the tallest among all the players shown. From the scale on the graph, it is evident that Rohit has scored
50 runs, making him the top scorer in the group.
Manish has scored the lowest number of runs.
His bar is the shortest, clearly indicating that he has scored fewer runs than all the other players. The bar graph
helps us identify this instantly without having to check numerical values.
Ranjan has scored 45 runs.
The height of Ranjan’s bar reaches up to 45 on the scale. This shows that he is one of the higher scorers, just
slightly behind Rohit.
Abhay has scored 30 runs.
Abhay’s bar reaches the 30 mark on the Y-axis, showing that he has scored a moderate number of runs compared
with the other players.

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 4.4 Drawing a Bar Graph
Let us learn how to draw a bar graph using the following example:
Number of different types of flowers in a garden:
Maths Talk
Roses: 7
Marigolds: 9 Why is it necessary to choose
Lilies: 3 the right type of graph?
Daisies: 5
To draw a bar graph for this information, follow the steps given below carefully:
1. Draw the axes.
Draw two straight lines that meet at a right angle, forming a shape similar to the letter ‘L’.
Label the vertical line as the y-axis.
Label the horizontal line as the x-axis.
2. Label the axes clearly.
Each axis should show what kind of data it represents.
In this example, the x-axis will represent the Types of Flowers.
The y-axis will represent the Number of Flowers.
3. Choose a suitable scale.
The scale tells us how the numbers increase on the y-axis.
Here, we choose 1 cm = 1 flower, as the numbers involved are small and easy to plot.
4. Mark equal intervals on the y-axis.
Starting from zero, mark evenly spaced points and write the numbers (1, 2, 3, …) according to the chosen scale.
Make sure the spacing is consistent.
5. Write the flower names on the x-axis.
Under the horizontal axis, write the four categories: Roses, Marigolds, Lilies, Daisies.
Leave equal spacing between each name so that the bars can be drawn neatly.
6. Draw the bars.
For each flower type, draw a rectangular bar rising from the x-axis up to the correct value on the y-axis.
All bars must have the same width.
Leave equal space between each bar for clarity.
The height of each bar should accurately represent the number of flowers.
7. Add a clear and meaningful title.
Write an appropriate title at the top of the bar graph, such as “Number of Different Types of Flowers in a
Garden”, so the reader immediately knows what the graph shows.

10
9
Number of flowers

5 Maths Talk
4
3 How can graphs help in
2 comparing different groups?
1
0
Roses Lilies Marigolds Daisies
86 Types of flowers
Example 1: Look at the bar graph that shows the sale of sarees in a shop, from Monday to Saturday and answer
the following questions.

55
50
45
Number of Sarees

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Days
Scale: 1 unit = 5 Sarees
a. What is the scale of this graph?
b. On which day were the maximum number of sarees sold? How many sarees were sold on that day?
c. On which day were the minimum number of sarees sold?
d. How many sarees were sold on Friday?
Solution: a. The scale of the graph is 1 unit = 5 sarees
b. The maximum number of sarees were sold on Saturday. 50 sarees were sold on that day.
c. The minimum number of sarees were sold on Tuesday.
d. On Friday, 45 sarees were sold.
Example 2: The approximate population (in lakhs) of five major cities of India, in 2011 census was as follows.
City Population (in lakh)
Bengaluru 80
Chennai 40
Delhi 100
Hyderabad 60
Mumbai 120

Draw a bar graph for the above data.

Solution: We need to choose a suitable scale for the above data. Let 1 unit = 20 lakhs. Let us divide
the population of each city by 20.
We have,
80
Bengaluru = = 4 units
20
40
Chennai = = 2 units
20
100
Delhi = = 5 units
20
60
Hyderabad = = 3 units
3 87
 120
Mumbai = = 6 units
20
The bar graph is as shown below.

140
120
Population (in lakh)

100
80
60
40
20
0
Bengaluru Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Mumbai
City
Scale: 1 unit = 20 lakhs
4.5 Artistic and Aesthetic Considerations
When we present data using pictographs, bar graphs or any other visual form, it is important that our diagrams are
not only accurate but also clear, neat and visually appealing. A well-designed graph makes information easier to
read and understand. Good presentation helps the reader focus on the data rather than being distracted by clutter
or uneven drawings.
Here are some important artistic and aesthetic considerations to keep in mind while preparing graphs:
1. Neatness and Uniformity
All lines should be drawn neatly, using a ruler wherever necessary. Bars must be of equal width, and spaces
between them should be consistent. Uniformity makes the graph look organised and prevents confusion.
2. Choice of Colours and Shading
Graphs may be shaded or coloured lightly to make them attractive. Different colours can be used for different
categories, but they should not be too bright or distracting. The aim is to highlight the information, not to
overpower it.
3. Clear Labelling
All titles, axis labels and category names should be written clearly. Handwriting must be neat and easy to read.
Clear labels ensure that anyone looking at the graph can understand what it represents without difficulty.
4. Proper Use of Space
A graph should use the page space sensibly. Bars should not be cramped together, nor should the graph appear
too empty. Balanced spacing helps the reader interpret the information comfortably.
5. Accurate Scaling
A scale must be chosen that fits the available space and the size of the data. The markings on the axis should
be evenly spaced, and numbers should be written neatly. An appropriate scale ensures that bars are neither too
long nor too short.
6. Simplicity
Graphs should not include unnecessary decorations or drawings that may distract from the data. Simplicity
makes the graph cleaner and more professional.
By paying attention to these artistic and aesthetic considerations, we can create graphs that are both informative
and attractive. A well-presented graph communicates data clearly and leaves a positive impression on
the reader.

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 Exercise 4.2

1. The following bar graph shows the marks obtained by Aditya in various subjects, in his annual exams. Observe
the bar graph carefully and answer the questions that follow.

100
90
80
Marks obtained
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hindi English Mathematics S. St. Science
Subject
Scale: 1 unit = 10 marks

a. What is the scale of the graph?

b. How many marks did Aditya get in Mathematics?
c. In which subject did he get the lowest marks?
d. How many marks did he get in Science?
e. What is the difference between the marks he scored in Hindi and English?
2. Look at the given bar graph showing the favourite colours of students in Class 6.

50
45
40
Number of Students

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Red Green Blue Purple
Names of Colours

a. Which colour is the most popular?

b. Which colour is the least popular?

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 c. How many students like blue?
d. What is the difference between the number of students who like red and the number of students who like
green?
e. How many students were surveyed in total?
3. The bar graph shows the number of books read by 5 friends in a month.

24

Number of Books 20

16

12

0
Rosy Lata Nisha Neha Rehana
Name of the Friends
a. Who read the most books?
b. Who read the fewest books?
c. How many more books did Lata read than Neha?
d. If each book has 80 pages, how many pages did Rehana read?
4. You want to find out the favourite sports of your classmates. What information would you need to collect? How
would you organise this information before drawing a bar graph? (Hint: Focus on tally marks, frequency tables)
5. The following table shows the number of students present in the class over 5 days. Given the following data:
Number of students present in Class 6 over 5 days:
Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
No. of Students 30 28 25 29 27
Represent the above data in the form of a bar graph.
6. Draw a bar graph to represent the following data showing the number of different types of fruits sold by a fruit
vendor in a day:
Name of Fruits Apple Banana Orange Grapes Mangoes
Quantity of Fruits in Kg 40 55 30 20 45
7. The table below shows the number of students who prefer different types of movies:
Type of Movie Action Comedy Animation Adventure Sci-Fi
No. of Students 15 20 10 5 15
Draw a bar graph for this data. What insights can you get from your bar graph?
8. A school conducted a survey to find out the number of students who walk, come on bicycle, or by bus to school.
They found that 50 students come on foot, 30 students come on bicycle, and 70 students come by bus. Draw
a bar graph to represent this data.

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 Famous Mathematician

Karl Pearson (1857-1936):

Who was he? A famous mathematician who specialised in data and statistics.
Contribution: He developed the correlation coefficient (to show how two sets of data are related) and the chi-
square test (to analyse data).
Impact: His work is fundamental to how we understand patterns in numbers today.
William Playfair (1759-1823):
Who was he? A Scottish engineer and political economist.
Contribution: He is credited with inventing the modern bar graph. He introduced it in his book The Commercial
and Political Atlas in 1786.

Maths Lab Activity

Objective: To learn how to collect relevant data and present it in the form of a bar graph for deducing useful
information.
Pre-Requisite Knowledge:
• Understanding of data collection.
• Ability to calculate time differences.
• Basic knowledge of bar graphs and their interpretation.
Materials Required: Chart paper, graph paper, a pair of scissors, Ruler, Pencil and colors/markers
Procedure: 1. For one week, collect data about the time at which sun rises and sets from the newspapers or
television news channels.
2. Calculate the duration of daylight and that of the night for each weekday. For example,
Duration of daylight on Monday = The Difference between the time of sunset and the time of
sunrise on Monday.
Duration of night on Monday = Difference between the time of sunrise on Tuesday and the
time of sunset on Monday.
Observation: Draw the following table on the chart paper and record the data.
Weekdays Duration of daylight Duration of night
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Using the table, draw a bar graph on graph paper:
• Represent weekdays on the x-axis
• Represent duration (hours or minutes) on the y-axis
• Use different colors for daylight and night bars for clear comparison
Observe the patterns:
• Which day has the longest daylight?
• Which day has the shortest night?
• How does daylight increase or decrease over the week?

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 Maths Words

• Data: A collection of facts, numbers, measures, or observations gathered to give information.

• 
Raw Data: Information collected in its original, unorganised form (often scattered and difficult to
read quickly).
• Array: Data that has been arranged in ascending or descending order.
• Frequency: The number of times a particular observation or choice is repeated in a data set.
• Frequency Distribution: A way of arranging data that shows how often each item occurs, usually in a table.
• 
Tally Marks: A quick way of keeping count using vertical lines. They are usually recorded in groups of five
(four vertical lines crossed by a diagonal line) for easier counting.
• 
Pictograph: A visual representation of data using pictures, icons, or symbols. It often uses a Key to show
what each picture represents (e.g., 1 picture = 10 items).
• 
Bar Graph: A diagram that displays data using rectangular bars (vertical or horizontal) where the height or
length represents the quantity.
• 
Axes: The two lines that form the framework of a graph: the horizontal X-axis (usually for categories) and the
vertical Y-axis (usually for numbers).
• Scale: The measurement values marked on the axis of a graph (e.g., 1 unit = 5 runs) to help read the quantity.

Quick Recap

• Data means information collected for a specific purpose.

FPO
• The data obtained form are called raw data or ungrouped data.
• The number of times a particular observation occurs in a given data is called its frequency. Ask AI
• We use data to understand facts, make decisions, and find patterns.
• Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.
• Data can be primary (collected by ourselves) or secondary (taken from other sources).
• Organising data in tables or charts makes it easier to read and compare.
• Frequency tells how many times a particular item or value appears.
• Pictographs use pictures or symbols to represent data visually.
• Bar graphs use rectangular bars to compare different categories of data.
• The horizontal line (X-axis) and vertical line (Y-axis) help to plot data on a graph.
• A proper title, scale, and labels make graphs easy to understand.
• Data representation helps us turn numbers into useful information.
• We can use graphs to observe trends, compare quantities, and make predictions.
• Data handling is widely used in weather reports, sports, business, health, and school activities.
• Visual representation of data makes it easier to compare quantities and observe trends.

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 Challenger Section

A. Data Recognition
1. A double bar graph is used to:
a. Compare one data set b. Compare two related sets of data
c. Represent time only d. Draw symbols
2. Which of the following is quantitative data?
a. Types of fruits b. Number of books read
c. Favourite colours d. Shapes of leaves
3. Which of the following is a key element of a graph?
a. Title b. Labels c. Scale d. All of the above
4. Which of the following is not a type of data representation?
a. Pictograph b. Bar graph c. Pie chart d. Alphabetical
chart
5. The range of a data set tells us:
a. The difference between the highest b. The average of values
and lowest values
c. The number of students in the class d. The most frequent value
6. Which of these shows data visually using pictures or symbols?
a. Table b. Pictograph c. List d. Paragraph
B. Visual Data Handling and Representation
7. The bar graph shows the number of toys produced by a factory during a certain week:

250
225
Number of toy production

200
175
150
Thursday
Tuesday

125
Monday

Sunday
Wednesday

Saturday

100
57
Friday

50
25
0
Days
Answer the following questions:
i. On which day the maximum number of toys were produced?
ii. On which day equal number of toys were produced?
iii. In which day minimum number of toys were produced?
iv. What is the total number of toys produced during the week?
8. A die is thrown 20 times and the numbers appearing were as given below: 2,4,5,6,6,6,5,2,3,1,6,2,3,3,
4,1,6,2,3,2,2,3,6,6,6. Draw a frequency distribution table to represent the given data. Which number
appears the maximum number of times?
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 9. The student scored 49 in English,36 in computer, 32 in Hindi, 40 in Mathematics, 28 in Science
and 36 in Social Science. Prepare a table to represent the data. And then draw a bar graph taking 1 unit
10. In a bar graph, bars are made
a. horizontally b. vertically
c. sometimes horizontally, sometimes vertically d. oblique

C. Analytical Data Handling

11. What is the need of choosing a scale? If in a bar graph representing the number of students in each
class, the scale is changed so as 1 unit represents 5 students instead of the previous 10, what
difference will it have on the length of the bars?
12. What advantage do bar diagrams have over pictographs? Explain with an example.

D. Logical Reasoning
13. The shape of bar graph is ________________.
14. An observation occurring eight times in a data is represented as ____________ using tally marks.
15. A graph drawn using horizontal or vertical bars is called
a. Pictograph b. Circle graph c. Bar graph d. Line graph

Career Connect

Data handling helps us collect, organise, and represent information using tables, graphs, and charts. Many
careers, like statisticians, researchers, and environmental scientists, use these skills to make informed decisions.

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 Exam Prep

A. Tick () the correct option.

End line test
1. What is a collection of facts, numbers or words called?
a. Data b. Information c. Pictograph d. Bar graph
2. What is raw data?
a. Data in its original form b. Arranged data
c. Data in ascending order d. Data in descending order
3. In a bar graph, the bars are of:
a. Different width b. Unequal length c. Equal width d. Varying height
4. If one symbol ‘ ’ represents 15 students, then ‘ ’ will represent:
a. 30 students b. 75 students c. 45 students d. 80 students
5. Which of the following is used to organise data and count frequencies?
a. Bar Graph b. Pictograph c. Tally Marks d. Pie Chart

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. A pictograph represents data using .
2. The numerical information collected is called raw .
3. The process of organizing data in a meaningful way is called data .
4. In a bar graph, the height of each bar represents its .
5. A collection of data recorded in the form of tallies and frequencies is called a table.

C. State True/False.
1. All bars in a bar graph must be of the same height.
2. A bar graph always has a title.
3. Tally marks are used to count the number of times an observation occurs.
4. Data handling helps us to draw meaningful conclusions from raw data.
5. In a pictograph, if a symbol represents 10 units, then half a symbol represents 5 units.

D. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

The teachers at Sunshine Middle School conducted a survey to find out the favourite subjects of students
in Class 6. They asked 40 students which subject they like the most among Mathematics, Science, English,
and History. The data was recorded in a table and represented as a pictograph.

Subject Number of Students

Mathematics 12
Science 10
English 9
History 9

1 symbol █ = 2 students
1. According to the pictograph, how many symbols represent Science?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 10

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 2. Which subject is liked by the least number of students?
a. Mathematics b. Science c. English d. History
3. Total number of students who like Mathematics or Science is:
a. 20 b. 22 c. 18 d. 21

E. Assertion Reason Type Questions.

The two statements below are marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false, but R is true.
1. Assertion (A): In a bar graph showing favourite colours, the bar for Blue is taller than the bar for Red.
Reason (R): More people prefer Blue colour than Red colour.
2. 
Assertion (A): A pictograph is a good way to represent very large numbers like 10,000 or
50,000 precisely.
Reason (R): Pictographs use symbols, and representing very large numbers precisely with symbols
(e.g., partial symbols) can be difficult.

F. Subjective Questions.
1. The number of absentees in Class 6 for a week are recorded as:
Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
No. of Absentees 5 8 4 7 10
Draw a bar graph for the this data.
2. The following data shows the number of vehicles passing through a school gate in one hour:
Vehicle’s Name Car Bicycle Motorcycle Truck Scooter
No. of Vehicles 12 10 20 16 25
Draw a pictograph for this data.
3. The following pictograph shows the number of Maruti vans manufactured during a week
Days Number of cars manufactured 🚘 = 25 cars
Monday 🚘🚘🚘🚘
Tuesday 🚘🚘🚘
Wednesday 🚘🚘
Thursday 🚘🚘🚘🚘🚘🚘
Friday 🚘🚘🚘🚘🚘
Saturday 🚘🚘🚘🚘
a. On which day were the maximum number of cars manufactured?
b. Find the number of cars manufactured on Saturday
c. Find the total number of cars manufactured on Monday and Thursday

G. Think critically.
1. A bar graph shows the marks of students in a test. If the vertical axis represents marks and is scaled as
1 unit = 5 marks, and a bar reaches up to 8 units, what are the marks scored?
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