GE 55

GE Week 1 - 3
Science, Technology,
Science, Technology, and
and Society
Society
Ronald Idan Callanta
GE 55
GE

Introduction to
Introduction to Science,
Science, Technology,
Technology, and
and
Society
Society
Week 1
Introduction to
Introduction to Science,
Science, Technology
Technology and
and Society
Society

What is
What is Science?
Science?
Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge."

A system or method of finding answers to questions about the nature

of the universe.
As a discipline, it is empirical and evidence-based, meaning it’s based
on observations, and experience that are systematically collected
then analyzed.
”Modern science is discovery as well as invention." (Heilbron, 2003)
Introduction to
Introduction to Science,
Science, Technology
Technology and
and Society
Society

What is
What is Technology?
Technology?
Technology came from the Greek root techne, meaning “art, skill, or
cunning practice of hand“

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and

principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines at
solving real-world problems
According to Mark Zuckerberg, “A technological tool is something that
takes a human’s sense or ability, augments it, and makes it more
powerful.”
Interconnection of
Interconnection of Science,
Science, and
and Technology
Technology

Technology is
Technology is much
much older
older than
than Science
Science
Early technological progress was often achieved through trial-and-
error methods rather than formal scientific study.
One example is the so-called “five-minute theorem” which was once
used to test the stability of buildings.
However, this method is now regarded as unscientific, risky, and
dangerous by modern standards.
The Birth
The Birth of
of STS
STS as
as aa Field
Field of
of Study
Study

The roots of
The roots of STS
STS can
can be
be traced
traced back
back to
to two
two important
important periods
periods of
of 20th-
20th-
century history:
century history:
Interwar Period
Interwar Period –
– between
between the
the end
end of
of WWI
WWI and
and the
the beginning
beginning of
of WWII.
WWII.
Cold War
Cold War –– commencing
commencing inin 1945
1945 until
until roughly
roughly 1991.
1991.

STS is aa relatively
STS is relatively young
young academic
academic field
field that
that brings
brings together
together older,
older, previously
previously
independent disciplines such
independent disciplines such as:
as:
History of
History of Science
Science
Philosophy of
Philosophy of Science
Science
Sociology of
Sociology of Science
Science
 The Birth
The Birth of
of STS
STS as
as aa Field
Field of
of Study
Study
Main Goals
Main Goals of
of STS:
STS:
To empower students
To empower students andand citizens
citizens to
to take
take aa more
more active
active role
role in
in social
social
change and nation-building.
change and nation-building.
To provide
To provide aa renewed
renewed understanding
understanding of of the
the role
role of
of science
science and
and technology
technology
in everyday
in everyday life.
life.
To bridge
To bridge the
the gap
gap between
between two
two traditionally
traditionally exclusive
exclusive cultures:
cultures:
Humanities (interpretive)
Humanities (interpretive)
Natural Sciences
Natural Sciences (rational)
(rational)
To better
To better confront
confront thethe moral,
moral, ethical,
ethical, and
and existential
existential dilemmas
dilemmas brought
brought
about by
about by the
the continued
continued rise
rise of
of science
science and
and technology.
technology.
IS SCIENCE
IS SCIENCE DANGEROUS?
DANGEROUS?
Is Science
Is Science Dangerous?
Dangerous?
According to
According to Wolpert
Wolpert (2005):
(2005):
“In contrast to
“In contrast to technology,
technology, reliable
reliable scientific
scientific knowledge
knowledge is
is value-free
value-free and
and has
has
no moral or
no moral or ethical
ethical value.”
value.”

This has led

This has led to
to the
the “conflation
“conflation of
of science
science and
and technology”,
technology”, where
where the
the two
two
are often
are blurred or
often blurred or treated
treated as
as the
the same.
same.
The danger
The danger arises
arises when
when this
this knowledge
knowledge isis applied
applied through
through technology.
technology.
Conflicts of
Conflicts of interest
interest remain
remain aa major
major concern
concern in
in many
many scientific
scientific disciplines
disciplines
today, raising
today, raising questions
questions about
about how
how knowledge
knowledge isis used
used and
and for
for whose
whose benef
benef
Socially Responsible
Socially Responsible Science
Science
Many of today’s
Many of today’s problems
problems are
are made
made even
even more
more complicated
complicated by
by the
the same
same
science and technology
science and technology that
that are
are intended
intended to
to solve
solve them.
them.
This situation
This situation is
is often
often described
described as
as the
the “irony
“irony of
of complexity.”
complexity.”
Carl Sagan once
Carl Sagan once warned:
warned:
“We live in
“We live in aa society
society absolutely
absolutely dependent
dependent on
on science
science and
and technology
technology and
and
yet have
yet have cleverly
cleverly arranged
arranged things
things so
so that
that almost
almost no
no one
one understands
understands
science and
science and technology.
technology. That’s
That’s a
a clear
clear prescription
prescription for
for disaster.”
disaster.”
Socially Responsible
Socially Responsible Science
Science
Ways to Promote
Ways to Promote Socially
Socially Responsible
Responsible Science
Science
(Stephanie J.
(Stephanie Bird, 2014)
J. Bird, 2014)
Scientists can
Scientists can help
help ensure socially responsible
ensure socially responsible science
science by:
by:
1.. Ensuring
11. accurate and
Ensuring accurate and reliable
reliable research.
research.
2.. Opposing
22. misuse or
Opposing misuse or abuse
abuse in
in the application of
the application of research
research findings.
findings.
3.. Acknowledging
33. limitations of
Acknowledging limitations of their
their work
work and
and considering
considering its
its foreseeable
foreseeable impacts.
impacts.
4.. Participating
44. in discussions
Participating in discussions and
and decisions
decisions on
on the
the appropriate
appropriate use
use of
of science
science inin
addressing societal
addressing societal issues
issues and
and concerns.
concerns.
5.. Sharing
55. their expertise
Sharing their expertise toto promote
promote thethe education
education of
of students
students and
and fellow
fellow citizens.
citizens.
6.. Enhancing
66. informed decision-making
Enhancing informed decision-making andand democracy
democracy through public engagement.
through public engagement.
Public Understanding
Public Understanding of
of Science
Science
Public apprehension toward
Public apprehension toward science
science often
often stems
stems from
from aa fear
fear of
of lacking
lacking
sufficient technical or
sufficient technical or sophisticated
sophisticated understanding
understanding of of scientific
scientific
disciplines.
disciplines.

According
According toto Marincola
Marincola (2006),
(2006), itit is
is crucial
crucial in
in today’s
today’s world
world that
that the
the
public actively
public participates in
actively participates in science-related
science-related issues
issues that
that affect
affect their
their
lives and
lives and self-interest.
self-interest.

AA stronger
stronger public
public understanding
understanding ofof science
science not
not only
only empowers
empowers citizens
citizens
but also benefits
but also benefits the
the scientific
scientific enterprise
enterprise itself.
itself.
Emerging Ethical
Emerging Ethical Dilemmas
Dilemmas
An ethical dilemma
An ethical dilemma arises
arises when
when aa person
person must
must respond
respond to
to aa situation
situation that
that does
does not
not
align with:
align with:
established ethical
established ethical codes,
codes,
societal norms,
societal norms, or
or
their own moral
their own moral judgment
judgment ofof what
what is
is right
right and
and wrong.
wrong.
Ethical dilemmas challenge
Ethical dilemmas challenge us
us to choose the
to choose the most
most plausible
plausible course
course of
of action—one
action—one in
in
which the potential
which the potential benefits
benefits to
to human
human health,
health, safety,
safety, and
and security
security outweigh
outweigh the
the
possible risks.
possible risks.
Quiz (Esssay)
Quiz (Esssay)

In ¼
In ¼ sheet
sheet of
of paper
paper answer
answer this
this question:
question:

Why
Why dodo you
you think
think itit is
is important
important to
to question
question the
the moral
moral
and ethical issues
and ethical issues surrounding
surrounding Artificial
Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence
(AI)?
(AI)?

(minimum of
(minimum of 55 sentence,
sentence, maximum
maximum of
of 7)
7)
GE 55
GE

Historical Antecedents and

Historical Antecedents and Inventions
Inventions
Across TIme
Across TIme and
and Context
Context
Week 2
Place of
Place of the
the History
History of
of Science
Science in
in STS
STS

History of Science (a subdiscipline of STS) studies how

science developed and evolved over time.

According to Lawrence Principe (Johns Hopkins University),

historians of science study:
[Link]
. How scientific ideas developed (evolution)
b . Where they came from (genesis)
[Link]
c . Why they emerged (context)
[Link]
What is
What is Historical
Historical Antecedent
Antecedent
An antecedent a precursor or previous state of something
before something more advanced is created.

Tangible – older tools, devices, or technologies replaced by

more advanced ones.
Non-tangible – societal conditions or challenges that push
people to invent or improve technologies.

Example:

The rise of Bitcoin (2009) shows both antecedents:

Tangible - earlier forms of money (coins, paper money).

Non-tangible - the 2008 financial crisis, which caused mistrust in
centralized financial systems.
Ancient Age (3500 BC – 500 AD)

In the Ancient Age, people lived in the time of protoscience — when the
scientific method had not yet fully developed. Knowledge was passed down
mainly through oral tradition and daily survival.

Because life was centered on survival, early humans began building the first
ancient civilizations, which laid the groundwork for science and technology.

These civilizations provided the foundations of modern science and

technology, even though their knowledge was still mixed with mythology and
superstition.
Outstanding Ancient Age Inventions

Mesopotamia (3500–500 BC) – developed writing (cuneiform), mathematics,

irrigation, and early astronomy.
Indus Valley (3300–1900 BC) – built advanced cities with drainage systems, wells,
and standardized weights.
Ancient Egypt (3150–31 BC) – known for engineering (pyramids), medicine, and
calendar systems.
Ancient Greece (2700–479 BC) – birthplace of philosophy and rational thinking;
thinkers like Aristotle sought natural explanations.
Ancient China (2100–221 BC) – produced early inventions such as paper, the
compass, and silk-making.
Ancient Rome (550 BC–465 AD) – advanced in engineering, architecture (aqueducts,
roads), and law.
Outstanding Ancient Age Inventions

The Wheel (c. 3500 BC, Sumerians)

First appeared as a potter’s wheel, used for shaping clay.
Later adapted for transportation (on carts) about 1000–1500
years later.
Revolutionized movement, trade, and technology.

Paper (c. 3000 BC, Egypt)

Ancient Egyptians used papyrus to record information.
Allowed knowledge to be written, stored, and passed on more
accurately than oral tradition.
Outstanding Ancient Age Inventions
Shadoof (c. 2000 BC, Egypt)
A hand-operated irrigation tool used by Egyptians along the
Nile.
Worked using a counterweight system to lift water from the
river onto farmland.
Made irrigation more efficient and inspired later water-lifting
technologies.y.

Antikythera Mechanism (c. 100 BC, Greece)

An ancient analog computer, discovered in 1902 in a shipwreck

near Antikythera, Greece.
Used gears and dials to predict astronomical events like eclipses
and planetary movements.
Considered one of the most sophisticated ancient technologies.
Outstanding Ancient Age Inventions

Aeolipile (c. 1st Century AD, Alexandria)

Also called Hero’s Engine, it is considered the ancient
precursor of the steam engine.
Invented/demonstrated by Hero of Alexandria, a Greek
engineer and mathematician.
The device worked by heating water inside a container; steam
escaped through nozzles, causing the sphere to spin the first
example of a steam-powered turbine.
Though it had no major practical use at the time, it was
regarded as one of the “temple wonders” of the ancient world.
Roman author Vitruvius described it as a scientific invention to
demonstrate the laws of nature, winds, and motion.
The Middle Ages (476–1500 AD)

The Middle Ages (often called the “Medieval Period” or mistakenly the “Dark
Ages”) was not stagnant; it saw steady growth in inventions, innovations, and
scientific thinking.

This period is usually divided into three subperiods:

Early Middle Ages (476–1000 AD) – preservation of ancient knowledge by
monks and scholars.
High Middle Ages (1000–1300 AD) – rise of universities, scholastic learning,
and translations of Greek/Arabic works into Latin.
Late Middle Ages (1300–1500 AD) – foundations of modern science, leading
toward the Renaissance.
Early Middle Ages (476-1000)

When the Roman Empire collapsed, Europe turned away from centers of learning
and focused mainly on survival, rebuilding, and defending lands.

This is why the period was often called the “true Dark Ages,” marked by wars,
shrinking cities, and a decline in formal knowledge.
Yet, science and technology did not vanish completely: monks preserved
knowledge through illuminated manuscripts, and Saint Bede recorded history
and astronomy.
The Vikings and Saxons excelled in craftsmanship and metalwork, while Norse
sailors navigated using the stars.
Outside Europe, Bi Sheng of China invented movable type printing, which would
later revolutionize how knowledge was shared.
In 725 AD, a Buddhist monk named Yi Xing invented the world’s first mechanical
clock.
Early Middle Ages (476-1000)

Moving Print

Mechanical Clock
High Middle Ages (1000-1250)

As stability returned, Europe experienced a revival: towns grew, trade expanded,

and universities like Paris and Oxford were founded.

Scholars rediscovered Greek and Arabic works (such as Aristotle), sparking

intellectual renewal.
Agriculture advanced with inventions like the heavy plow, horse collar, and
watermills, supporting population growth.
Thinkers like Thomas Aquinas tried to reconcile faith and reason, showing that
learning and belief could coexist.
High Middle Ages (1000-1250)

In 1092, Chinese polymath Su Song

built a more advanced version of the
mechanical clock, often called the
“Cosmic Empire”
Late Middle Ages (1250-1500)
The Late Middle Ages marked the transition from medieval to modern society. It was
a period of crisis and progress happening side by side.

Great Famine (1315–1317): widespread hunger weakened Europe’s population.

Black Death (1346–1353): killed almost half of Europe’s people, leaving social and
economic devastation.
Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) between England and France.
Peasants’ Revolt (1381) showed deep social tensions.
Execution of Joan of Arc (1431) highlighted conflict between faith, politics, and
justice.
Fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Turks marked the end of the Byzantine Empire
and shifted power in Europe.
Late Middle Ages (1250-1500)

Despite turmoil, philosophy and science advanced during this period:

William of Ockham (England): proposed the principle of parsimony (later called
Ockham’s Razor) — the idea that the simplest explanation is usually the best.
This principle still guides scientific reasoning today.
Jean Buridan (France): challenged Aristotle and developed the theory of
impetus, a forerunner of Newton’s law of inertia. He even expressed it
mathematically: impetus = weight × velocity.
Thomas Bradwardine (England): worked on mathematics and motion,
contributing to early physics.
Outstanding Middle Age Inventions
Heavy Plough
One of the most important inventions of the Middle Ages.
Allowed the cultivation of clay soil, which was more fertile but
previously too heavy to farm.
This innovation increased agricultural productivity, supported
population growth, and helped the expansion of settlements in
Northern Europe.

Gunpowder (850 AD, China)

Accidentally invented by Chinese alchemists
searching for the “elixir of life.”
Spread to Europe by the late 13th century.
Transformed warfare: from fiery arrows to cannons
and grenades, it became the basis for nearly all
modern weapons.
Outstanding Middle Age Inventions
Paper Money (7th Century AD, China)
First introduced in China as an extension of block printing.
Early attempts (like the Mongols in the Middle East) failed,
but eventually it spread due to its convenience compared
to heavy gold and silver.
Made trade and commerce more efficient.

Mechanical Clock
These mechanical clocks could accurately track hours,
revolutionizing the measurement of time.
Timekeeping became essential for daily life, religious
practice, trade, and later scientific experiments.
Outstanding Middle Age Inventions

Spinning Wheel (6th–11th Century AD)

The spinning wheel was invented in India,
sometime between the 6th and 11th
centuries AD.
The spinning wheel increased the rate of
spinning by a factor of 10 to 100
compared to hand methods.
When it spread into Europe in the 13th
century, it revolutionized cloth and linen
production.
Modern Age (1500s–Present)

The Modern Age is the era after the Middle Ages, beginning around the 1500s
and extending to the present day.

It is called the post-medieval era, marked by:

Steady population increase across the world.
Urbanization, as people moved from rural areas to towns and cities.
Scientific discoveries that challenged old beliefs and opened new ways of
thinking.
Technological innovations that reshaped daily life.
Globalization, as nations became more connected through trade, travel, and
communication.
Early Modern Period (1500s–1750s)

The Great Divergence

Western Europe began to rise above pre-modern limits, achieving
unprecedented levels of wealth and power.
Printing Press (Johannes Gutenberg, 15th century)
Revolutionized the spread of knowledge as books and pamphlets became
widely available.
Literacy increased and education expanded, fueling intellectual growth.
Protestant Reformation (16th century)
Religious debates challenged the Catholic Church, creating a culture of
questioning authority.
This spirit of inquiry laid foundations for the development of modern science.
Early Modern Period (1500s–1750s)

Scientific Revolution
Thinkers like Roger Bacon emphasized experimentation and hypothesis-testing.
The scientific method began to replace older traditions, moving toward
empiricism and rationalism.
Rise of Rationalism and Secularism
Society increasingly relied on reason rather than faith alone.
Education, politics, and culture grew more secular, reducing the church’s
dominance.
Late Modern Period (1750s–1900s)

Industrial Revolution
Factories, steam power, and mechanization transformed production.
People migrated to cities, forming an urban workforce.
Goods were mass-produced, fueling trade and global commerce.
Rise of Mass Education
Schools expanded access to literacy and numeracy.
Knowledge became more widespread, enabling broader participation in
society.
Scientific and Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in medicine, chemistry, physics, and engineering improved daily life.
Inventions such as the Jacquard loom, steam engines, and agricultural tools
spurred innovation.
Contemporary Period

As societies entered the modern and contemporary era, urban living became the
norm.

More people moved into cities, where they had access to education, books, and
newspapers.
Citizens became more engaged in politics and began spending more on
consumer goods.
The idea of citizenship in an industrialized nation grew stronger, shaping
identity and belonging.
Urbanization and mass media connected people through a shared mass
culture, bringing together individuals across different regions, classes, and
traditions.
Outstanding Modern Age Inventions
The Compound Microscope (1590s)
Invented by Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Janssen
(with his father).
This became the compound microscope, capable of
magnifying objects up to 10 times when closed, and even
more when extended.

The Telescope (1609)

Built by Galileo Galilei, though the idea came from Dutch
spectacle makers.
Galileo’s telescope could magnify objects 20 times larger
than the human eye.
This invention revolutionized astronomy, proving the
universe was larger than imagined and that Earth was not
its center.
Outstanding Modern Age Inventions
The Jacquard Loom (1801)
Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard of France.
Before this, weaving complex textile patterns required two
people.
It became an antecedent of computer technology, since
punched cards later inspired programming machines.

The Airplane (1903)

Invented and flown by the Wright brothers, Orville and
Wilbur Wright.
On December 17, 1903, they achieved the first successful
powered flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Their design proved that heavier-than-air machines could
fly, marking the dawn of modern aeronautics.
This invention reshaped transportation, commerce, and
warfare.
Outstanding Modern Age Inventions

Television (1920s)

Credited to John Logie Baird, a Scottish engineer.

In 1924, he successfully televised moving objects; by

1926, he demonstrated human faces; by 1928, color
images.

The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) used his

system for the first public television broadcasts in
1929.

Though Baird’s mechanical TV was later replaced by

electronic versions, it laid the foundation of modern
mass media.
GE 55
GE

Intellectual Revolutions and

Intellectual Revolutions and
Society
Society
Week 3
Place of
Place of the
the History
History of
of Science
Science in
in STS
STS

Scientific Revolution - A period of history when when

drastic changes in scientific thought, belief, and
scientific method took place.

French astronomer, mathematician, and freemason

Jean Sylvain Bailly described scientific revolutions as
a two-stage process: first, sweeping away the old, and
then establishing the new.
 th
Copernican Revolution
Copernican Revolution (16
(16 Century)
Century) th

Paradigm shift named after Polish mathematician

and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus

Challenged Ptolemy’s geocentric model by

introducing the concept of heliocentrism.
heliocentrism.

Outlined the heliocentric model in a 40-page

manuscript titled Commentariolus.
Commentariolus.

Formalized his theory in 1543 through his treatise

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres).
 th
Copernican Revolution
Copernican Revolution (16
(16 Century)
th
Century)

At first, the idea was rejected by the

public, since religion taught that
Earth was created first among all.

Over time, astronomers realized that

the Copernican model simplified
planetary orbits.

Eventually, it was accepted during

the modern astronomy period.
 th
Darwinian Revolution
Darwinian Revolution (19
(19 Century)
Century) th

Paradigm shift named after English naturalist,

geologist, and biologist Charles Darwin.

Published On the Origin of Species in 1859.

Introduced the theory of evolution,

evolution, which explains
that populations undergo natural selection — the
process often summarized as “survival of the
fittest.”

Emphasized that, to survive and reproduce,

organisms must inherit traits, develop, and adapt.
 th
Darwinian Revolution
Darwinian Revolution (19
(19 Century)
th
Century)

One of his most important observations applying the

theory of evolution was the study of Darwin’s finches.
This group included about 14 closely related species of
finches.
They underwent rapid adaptation to unstable and
challenging environments.
Diversification and speciation occurred in their
phenotypes, including:
Beak size and shape
Body size
Plumage
Feeding behavior
 th th
Freudian Revolution
Freudian Revolution (19
(19 -- 20
20 Century)
Century)
th th

Paradigm shift named after Austrian neurologist

Sigmund Freud.

Freud developed psychoanalysis as a scientific

method of understanding inner and unconscious
conflicts embedded within one’s personality

Humans are inherently pleasure-seeking. Human

mind keeps evil or threatening thoughts in the
unconscious, while safe ones remain in the
conscious.
 th th
Freudian Revolution
Freudian Revolution (19
(19 -- 20
20 Century)
Century)
th th

Freud’s Concepts of Personality

Id – primitive and instinctual part of the mind; contains sexual and aggressive drives,
hidden memories.

Superego – moral/ethical component; acts as the conscience of the individual.

Ego – realistic mediator between the id and superego.

 th th
Freudian Revolution
Freudian Revolution (19
(19 -- 20
20 Century)
Century)
th th

Freud’s Idea of the Dual Personality

Freud argued that the human mind

represses undesirable or “evil” thoughts and
desires by banishing them into the
unconscious mind.

In contrast, thoughts that do not threaten an

individual’s self-esteem remain within the
mind..
conscious mind

This division results in the formation of a

two-sided or dual personality.
 th th
Freudian Revolution
Freudian Revolution (19
(19 -- 20
20 Century)
th
Century)
th

Psychosexual Stages of Development

GE 55
GE

Science, Technology, Nation-

Science, Technology, Nation-
building in
building in the
the Philippines
Philippines
Week 3
 Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

Precolonial Period
Writing and counting systems already in place.
Science and technology fueled by natural resources
(medicinal, therapeutic, survival methods).
Keen awareness of flora and fauna; ability to transform
resources for survival.
Engineering knowledge: Banaue Rice Terraces (hallmark
of early Filipino science and engineering).
 Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

Spanish Period
Introduction of formal education and scientific
institutions.
Focus on agriculture and biology due to the
Philippines' rich flora and fauna.
Growth of botany, but agriculture was
underemphasized due to Galleon trade.
 Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

American Period
Establishment of Bureau of Government Laboratories
(1901) for tropical disease research and laboratory
work.
Later renamed as Bureau of Science (1905).
Foundation for Philippine science bureaucracy,
emphasizing medicine, pharmacy, and agriculture.
 Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

Post-War and Republic Era

Republic Act 1606 (1958): Established the Science
Development Board to integrate science policies.
Philippine Science Act of 1958: Strengthened science
and technology development.
National Science Development Board (NSDB): Main
agency for science and research progress.
 Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

Post-War and Republic Era

Republic Act 1606 (1958): Established the Science
Development Board to integrate science policies.
Philippine Science Act of 1958: Strengthened science
and technology development.
National Science Development Board (NSDB): Main
agency for science and research progress.
Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines
Marcos Administration (1970s – 1980s)
Science and technology tied to national development goals.
Key agencies created:
National Grains Authority
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA)
National Grains Authority
National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
(1976)
Focus on agriculture, fisheries, rice research, and applied
sciences.
Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines
Post-Marcos Administrations
Cory Aquino: Reorganized science and technology under
new national policies.
Ramos Administration:
Passed the Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP).
Boosted research & development, modernization, and
international cooperation.
Estrada Administration:
Enacted laws like Clean Air Act (RA 8749) and
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMech).
Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Administration

Considered the “golden age of science and
technology”.
Strengthened programs for agriculture, fisheries,
biotechnology, and environmental science.
Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

Aquino Administration (2010 – 2016)

Republic Act 10601: Agricultural and Fisheries
Mechanization Law.
Republic Act 10692: PAGASA Modernization Act.
Strengthened role of information and communication
technology (ICT).
Unfolding of Science
Unfolding of Science and
and Technology
Technology in
in the
the
Philippines
Philippines

Duterte Administration
Pushed for Build, Build, Build Program with technology
support.
Republic Act 11035: Balik Scientist Act (encouraged
Filipino scientists abroad to return).
Boosted ICT with the Department of Information and
Communication Technology (DICT).
Inventions by
Inventions by Filipino
Filipino Scientists
Scientists

Electric Jeepney

A vehicle designed to be environmentally

friendly that runs on pure electricity, supplied
by rechargeable automotive batteries, and
does not consume either gasoline or diesel to
operate.
Inventions by
Inventions by Filipino
Filipino Scientists
Scientists

Abelardo Aguilar

An Ilonggo scientist.
Discovered and developed the antibiotic erythromycin,
derived from the bacterium Streptomyces erythreus.
Erythromycin is widely used as a treatment for various
bacterial infections
Inventions by
Inventions by Filipino
Filipino Scientists
Scientists

FE DEL MUNDO
World-recognized Filipino and National
Scientist, credited for her pioneering work
that led to the invention of the incubator
and a jaundice-relieving device.

First female pediatrician admitted to

Harvard University in 1936.

Founder of the first pediatric hospital in the

Philippines.
Inventions by
Inventions by Filipino
Filipino Scientists
Scientists

FE DEL MUNDO
World-recognized Filipino and National
Scientist, credited for her pioneering work
that led to the invention of the incubator
and a jaundice-relieving device.

First female pediatrician admitted to

Harvard University in 1936.

Founder of the first pediatric hospital in the

Philippines.
Inventions by
Inventions by Filipino
Filipino Scientists
Scientists

ROLANDO DELA CRUZ

Invented a mole remover that
that eliminated
the need for surgical procedures.
The product was made using cashew nut
(Anacardium occidentale) extract, a
resource abundant in the Philippines.
His invention won a Gold Medal at the
International Invention, Innovation,
Industrial Design, and Technology
Exhibition in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in
2000.
Inventions by
Inventions by Filipino
Filipino Scientists
Scientists

MARIA OROSA

A pioneer in food technology, she

created the recipe for banana catsup, a
popular substitute for tomato catsup.

The banana catsup became widely

popular, especially through its use by
Max’s, one of the biggest fried chicken
restaurant chains in the Philippines.