2025

INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT

Civil Engineering
8th Semester
“QUANTITY ESTIMATION & SITE ACTIVITIES
EXECUTION WORK

OF

3BHK RESIDENTIAL BUILDING”

AN INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted By

CHAUDHARI SHRUTI INDRAJIT

210170106014

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Ahmedabad

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

[April 2025]
 Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Ahmedabad

(Nr. Visat Roads, Sabarmati-Koba Highway, Nigam Nagar, Chandkheda,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project
entitled “Quantity Estimation & Site Activities Execution Work of 3BHK
Residential Building” has been carried out by Chaudhari Shruti Indrajit under
my guidance in partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Civil, 8th Semester of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during
the academic year 2024-25.

Dr. Y. J. Patel Dr. N. P. Singh

(Internal Guide) (Head of Dept.)

INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
744073

Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Ahmedabad

(Nr. Visat Roads, Sabarmati-Koba Highway, Nigam Nagar, Chandkheda,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424)

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Internship Report submitted along with the Internship
entitled “Quantity Estimation & Site Activities Execution Work of 3BHK
Residential Building” submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil to Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad, is a Bonafide record of original project work carried out by me
at Emboss Construction Pvt. Ltd. under the supervision of Prof. Yamini J.
Patel and that no part of this report has been directly copied from any students’
reports or taken from any other source, without providing due reference.

Name: Chaudhari Shruti I.

Enrolment No.: 210170106014 Sign of Student

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply grateful for the invaluable internship opportunity provided by Standard

Infrastructure, which has significantly contributed to my learning and professional
development. I extend my sincere gratitude to Gujarat Technological University for
facilitating this summer internship, enabling me to gain practical experience in my field.

I am thankful to Mr. Param Shah (CEO), Mr. Yogesh Mewada (Senior Project Manager),
and Ms. Medhavi Dave (Head of Billing), partners at Emboss Construction Pvt. Ltd., for
offering me this enriching internship.

A special appreciation is due to Mr. Krupeshbhai & Mr. Subhash Goswami (Senior
Engineer) & Haresh Bhai (Jr. Engineer) for his dedicated mentorship, valuable insights,
and consistent guidance throughout my training, which were crucial to the successful
completion of my project.

I am also thankful to Dr. N. P. Singh, Head of the Department, for his continuous support
and valuable input during my internship.

My sincere thanks are also extended to my internal guide, Prof. Y. J. Patel, for his assistance
during the internship and report preparation, and for sharing his extensive site experience
and practical knowledge that greatly enhanced my learning.

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all the workers at the site, including
labourers, masons, and other technical personnel, for their cooperation and on-site
guidance, which were instrumental in my practical understanding of the construction
process.

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ABSTRACT

Internship Training is one of the requirements to be fulfilled in a civil

engineering. I required to undergo internship for 12 weeks from 20 January
2025 to 19 April 2025. I got the opportunity for an internship at Emboss
Construction Pvt Ltd. a company specializing in high-rise residential
buildings.
This report is a detailed of my internship journey & practical experience in
various aspects of construction, from excavation and foundation work to
superstructure, including drawing reading, site safety & BBS preparation for
reinforcement.
The experience emphasized teamwork & the proper execution of construction
activities within a real-world project setting. This high-rise project internship
bridged academic knowledge with practical site experience, covering IS Code
checks, construction methods & in-situ testing. This report details my learning
in residential high-rise construction, admixture theory with practice,
developing managerial skills & gaining insights into its complexities.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.6 Location of Site ............................................................................................................... 4

Figure 1.6 Elevation of Project......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.9 Logistic Plan of Site ........................................................................................................ 8
Figure 1.10 Safety Equipment Used at site .................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.1 1 Granite Vitrified Tiles ................................................................................................ 11
Figure 2.1 2 Granite Marble .......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.1 3 Spacer Bar .................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 2.1 4 Cover Block ( Concrete Spacer for Reinforcement) ................................................. 13
Figure 2.1 5 Chicken Mess ............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.1 6 Flooring Chemicals (Roff T03 & T07) ...................................................................... 14
Figure 2.1 7 Sika Latex Power ....................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2.1 8 Sika Latex Pink .......................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2.1 9 Ambuja OPC .............................................................................................................. 16
Figure 2.1 11 AAC Block (Eco-Green) .......................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.1 12 Block Joint Mortar (Eco-Green) .............................................................................. 17
Figure 2.1 13 PVC Pipes for Normal Water Supply ....................................................................... 18
Figure 2.1 14 CPVC Pipes for Hot Water Supply .......................................................................... 19
Figure 2.2 1 Bar Cutting Machine .................................................................................................. 20
Figure 2.2 2 Bar Cutting Machine .................................................................................................. 21
Figure 2.2 3 Bar Threading Machine ............................................................................................. 22
Figure 2.2 4 Pointing Trowel .......................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.2 5 Finishing Trowel ........................................................................................................ 22
Figure 2.2 6 Jointing Knife............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 2.2 7 Trimming Knife ......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.2 8 Grinding Machine ...................................................................................................... 24
Figure 2.2 9 Right Angle for Plaster Checking .............................................................................. 24
Figure 2.2 10 Hammer.................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.2 11 Wooden Mallet ......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.2 12 Chisels ...................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2.2 13 Tube Level ............................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2.2 14 Aluminium Patti ....................................................................................................... 27

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Figure 2.2 15 Crane ........................................................................................................................ 27

Figure 2.2 16 Needle Vibrator ........................................................................................................ 28
Figure 2.2 17 AAC Block Cutter Machine ..................................................................................... 28
Figure 2.2 18 Dumpy Level ........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 2.2 19 Staff for Dumpy Level ............................................................................................. 29
Figure 2.2 20 Mortar Mixing Machine ........................................................................................... 30
Figure 2.2 21 Drill Machine ........................................................................................................... 30
Figure 2.2 22 Plastering Float ........................................................................................................ 31
Figure 2.2 24 Trowel ...................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 2.2 25 Plumb Bob ............................................................................................................... 32
Figure 2.2 26 Head Pan .................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 2.2 27 Spirit Level............................................................................................................... 33
Figure 2.2 28 Cup Lock .................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 2.2 29 Couplers ................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 2.2 30 Safety Net................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 3.2.1. 2 Column & Lift Reinforcement ............................................................................... 36
Figure [Link] Shuttering of Column .............................................................................................. 37
Figure [Link] Casting of Column .................................................................................................. 37
Figure [Link] Image of Lift ........................................................................................................... 38
Figure [Link] Primary Beam & Secondary Beam ......................................................................... 39
Figure [Link] Reinforcement of Beam .......................................................................................... 40
Figure 3.2.3. 2 Image of Slab ......................................................................................................... 41
Figure [Link] Shuttering of Beam & Slab ..................................................................................... 42
Figure [Link] Reinforcement of Slab ............................................................................................ 42
Figure [Link] Casting of Slab ........................................................................................................ 43
Figure [Link] Image of Staircase ................................................................................................... 46
Figure 3.3 1 Details of Shuttering .................................................................................................. 47
Figure 3.3 3 Details of Scaffolding ................................................................................................ 49
Figure 3.4.2 AAC Block & Mixing Mortar .................................................................................... 51
Figure 3.4. 4 Laying of AAC Block ............................................................................................... 52
Figure 3.4.5 Coping Beam ............................................................................................................. 53
Figure 3.4. 6 Mullion...................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 3.5.5 Procedure of Plastering .............................................................................................. 56
Figure 3.5.7 Plastering Checking Equipment’s .............................................................................. 57

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Figure 3.8. 2 Material of Electric work .......................................................................................... 60

Figure 3.8. 3 Electric work of slab ................................................................................................. 61
Figure 3.9.3 Plumbing Work .......................................................................................................... 63
Figure 3.10 Waterproofing Work .................................................................................................... 64
Figure 3.11 Levelling by Dumpy level ........................................................................................... 66
Figure 3.12.1 Different type of Sieves ........................................................................................... 67
Figure 3.12.2 Silt Content Test ....................................................................................................... 69
Figure [Link] Image of Cube ....................................................................................................... 69
Figure [Link] Procedure of Cube Test ......................................................................................... 70
Figure 4.4 1 Drawing of Beam ....................................................................................................... 73
Figure 4.4 2 Drawing of Column ................................................................................................... 75

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.5 1 : Completed Project of Company .................................................................................. 3

Table 1.5 2 : On going Projects of Company ................................................................................... 3
Table 1.7 Amenities Provided in Flat ............................................................................................... 6
Table 1.10.2 IS Codes Used for Safety at Site.................................................................................. 9
Table 1.10.3 Safety Equipment used at site ...................................................................................... 9
Table 1.10.4 Safety Helmet used at site.......................................................................................... 10
Table [Link] Periods of Removing Centering & Shuttering .......................................................... 43
Table 3.3.4 Periods of Removing Shuttering of RCC Members .................................................... 50
Table 3.5.4 Specifications of Plaster .............................................................................................. 55
Table 3.12.1 Table for Sieve Analysis ............................................................................................ 67
Table 3.12.2 Sieve Analysis as per IS Code ................................................................................... 68
Table 4.5 Steel Quantity For Typical Floor .................................................................................... 79
Table 4.6.2 Concrete Quantity for Typical Floor ............................................................................ 80
Table 4.8.2 Masonry Quantity for Typical Floor ............................................................................ 81
Table 4.8.3 Plaster Quantity for Typical Floor ............................................................................... 82

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ABBRAVIATION

1. IS: Indian Standard

2. RCC: Reinforcement cement Concrete
3. PCC: Plain Cement Concrete
4. PPC: Portland Pozzolana Cement
5. OPC: Ordinary Portland Cement
6. PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride
7. CPVC: Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
8. UPVC: Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
9. AAC: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
10. TMT: Thermo-Mechanically Treated
11. BBS: Bar Bending Schedule
12. BOQ: Bill of Quantity
13. RMC: Ready Mix Concrete
14. SSD: Saturated Surface Dry
15. RL: Reduce Level
16. FS: Fore Sight
17. BS: Back Sight
18. HI: Height of Instrument
19. CTM: Compression Testing Machine
20. MEP: Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing

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INDEX

INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE ...................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................vii
ABBRAVIATION .......................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1
1.1 About the Company................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Purpose of Company .............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Scope of Organization ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Objectives of Internship ......................................................................................................... 2
1.5 About Company Projects........................................................................................................ 3
1.5.1 Completed Project of Company ...................................................................................... 3
1.5.2 On Going Projects of Company ...................................................................................... 3
1.6 Project Overview .................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Amenities Provided in 3BHK Flat ......................................................................................... 6
1.8 Work Breakdown Structure .................................................................................................... 7
1.9 Logistic Plan of Site ............................................................................................................... 8
1.10 Safety Measure ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.10.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.10.2 IS codes for safety at site ............................................................................................... 8
1.10.3 Safety equipment used at site ........................................................................................ 9
1.10.4 Safety Helmet Used at Site .......................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 02: CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL & TOOLS ...................................... 11
2.1 Used Materials at Site........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Granite Vitrified Tiles ....................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2 Granite Marbles ................................................................................................................. 11
2.1.3 Tiles Spacer ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.4 Cover Block....................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.5 Chicken Mess .................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.6 Flooring Chemicals (ROFF T03 & T07) ........................................................................... 14
2.1.7 Sika Latex Power............................................................................................................... 15
2.1.8 Sika Latex Pink ................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.9 Ambuja OPC ..................................................................................................................... 16

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2.1.10 Ambuja PPC .................................................................................................................... 16

2.1.11 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks (Eco-Green)......................................................... 17
2.1.12 Block Joint Mortar (Eco-Green Mortar).......................................................................... 17
2.1.13 PVC Pipes for Normal Water Supply .............................................................................. 18
2.1.14 CPVC Pipes for Hot Water Supply ................................................................................. 19
2.1.15 UPVC Pipes for Sewer & Drainage Lines ...................................................................... 19
2.1.16 Reinforcement Bar .......................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Machinery Assessment ................................................................................................ 20
2.2.1 Bar Cutting Machine ......................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2 Bar Bending Machine ........................................................................................................ 21
2.2.3 Bar Threading Machine ..................................................................................................... 21
2.2.4 Pointing Trowel ................................................................................................................. 22
2.2.5 Finishing Trowel ............................................................................................................... 22
2.2.6 Jointing Knife .................................................................................................................... 23
2.2.7 Trimming Knife................................................................................................................. 23
2.2.8 Grinding Machine.............................................................................................................. 24
2.2.9 Right Angle for Plaster Checking...................................................................................... 24
2.2.10 Hammer ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.11 Wooden Mallet ................................................................................................................ 25
2.2.12 Chisels ............................................................................................................................. 26
2.2.13 Tube Level (Water Level or Spirit Level Tube) .............................................................. 26
2.2.14 Aluminium Patti (Straight Edge or Plastering Ruler) ...................................................... 27
2.2.15 Crane ............................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.16 Needle Vibrator ............................................................................................................... 28
2.2.17 AAC Block Cutter Machine ............................................................................................ 28
2.2.18 Dumpy Level (for Levelling) .......................................................................................... 29
2.2.19 Staff for Dumpy Level..................................................................................................... 29
2.2.20 Mortar Mixing Machine .................................................................................................. 30
2.2.21 Drill Machine .................................................................................................................. 30
2.2.22 Plastering Float ................................................................................................................ 31
2.2.23 Punja: ............................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.24 Trowel ............................................................................................................................. 31
2.2.25 Plumb Bob ....................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.26 Head Pan.......................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.27 Spirit Level ...................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.28 Cup Lock ......................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.29 Couplers........................................................................................................................... 34

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2.2.30 Safety Net ........................................................................................................................ 34

CHAPTER 03: CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES & TEST ........................................ 35
3.1 Learnt Activities at Site ........................................................................................................ 35
3.2 Details of RCC Work ........................................................................................................... 35
3.2.1 RCC Of Column & Lift ................................................................................................. 35
[Link] Introduction ................................................................................................................ 35
[Link] Column and lift reinforcement ................................................................................... 35
[Link] Shuttering of Column ................................................................................................. 36
[Link] Casting of Column...................................................................................................... 37
[Link] Information of Lift...................................................................................................... 38
3.2.2 RCC Work of Beam .......................................................................................................... 38
[Link] Introduction ................................................................................................................ 38
[Link] Types of Beam............................................................................................................ 39
[Link] Reinforcement of Beam .............................................................................................. 39
3.2.3 RCC Work of Slab ............................................................................................................ 40
[Link] General ....................................................................................................................... 40
[Link] Details of Slab ............................................................................................................ 40
[Link] Steps of Constructing Beam & Slab ........................................................................... 41
[Link] Shuttering of Beam & Slab......................................................................................... 41
[Link] Reinforcement of Slab ................................................................................................ 42
[Link] Casting of Beam & Slab ............................................................................................. 42
3.2.4 RCC Work of Staircase ................................................................................................. 44
[Link] General ....................................................................................................................... 44
[Link] Types of Staircases ..................................................................................................... 44
[Link] Procedure of Staircase ................................................................................................ 45
3.3 Shuttering, Centering and Scaffolding ................................................................................. 47
3.3.1 Details of Shuttering ...................................................................................................... 47
3.3.2 Details of Centring ........................................................................................................ 48
3.3.3 Details of Scaffolding .................................................................................................... 48
3.3.4 Periods of Removing Shuttering of RCC Member ........................................................ 50
3.4 Masonry Work .................................................................................................................. 50
3.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 50
3.4.3 AAC Block .................................................................................................................... 51
3.4.4 Laying of AAC Block ................................................................................................... 52
3.4.5 Coping Beam ................................................................................................................. 53
3.4.6 Mullion .......................................................................................................................... 53
3.5 Plaster Work ......................................................................................................................... 54

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3.5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 54

3.5.2 Objective of Plaster ....................................................................................................... 54
3.5.3 Mixed Proportion & Layer Coating .............................................................................. 55
3.5.4 Plaster Specifications..................................................................................................... 55
3.5.5 Procedure of Plastering.................................................................................................. 56
3.5.6 Checking of Plastering .................................................................................................. 56
3.5.7 Using Equipment for Checking of Plastering ................................................................ 57
3.6 Flooring Work ...................................................................................................................... 57
3.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 57
3.6.2 Used Materials ............................................................................................................... 58
3.6.3 Procedure of Flooring .................................................................................................... 58
3.7 Finishing Work ..................................................................................................................... 58
3.7.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 58
3.7.2 Material Used for Finishing work ................................................................................. 59
3.7.3 Procedure of Finishing Work ........................................................................................ 59
3.8 Electric Work ....................................................................................................................... 59
3.8.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 59
3.8.2 Material Used in Electric Work ..................................................................................... 59
3.8.3 Procedure of Electric Work: .......................................................................................... 60
3.9 Plumbing Work .................................................................................................................... 61
3.9.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 61
3.9.2 Material Used in Plumbing Work.................................................................................. 61
3.9.3 Process of Plumbing Work ............................................................................................ 62
3.10 Waterproofing Work .......................................................................................................... 63
3.10.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 63
3.10.2 Material to be Used ..................................................................................................... 63
3.10.3 Process of Waterproofing ............................................................................................ 63
3.11 Levelling by Dumpy Level................................................................................................. 64
3.11.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 64
3.11.2 Equipment to be Used ................................................................................................. 64
3.11.3 Process of Levelling by Dumpy Level ........................................................................ 65
3.12 Field Test ............................................................................................................................ 66
3.12.1 Sieve Analysis Test (IS 1542: 1977) ........................................................................... 66
3.12.2 Silt Content Test .......................................................................................................... 68
3.12.3 Cube Test ..................................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER 04: QUANTITY ESTMATION.................................................................. 71
4.1 Quantity Estimation .............................................................................................................. 71

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4.2 Requirement of Quantity Estimation .................................................................................... 71

4.3 Types of Quantity Estimation............................................................................................... 71
4.3.1 Steel Quantity Estimation .............................................................................................. 72
[Link] Introduction of BBS ................................................................................................... 72
[Link] Objective of BBS............................................................................................................ 72
[Link] Component of BBS ........................................................................................................ 72
[Link] Format of BBS............................................................................................................ 73
4.4 BBS of RCC Member........................................................................................................... 73
4.4.1 BBS of Beam ................................................................................................................. 73
4.4.2 BBS of Column ............................................................................................................. 75
[Link] Cutting Length of Stirrups-1 ...................................................................................... 76
[Link] Cutting Length of Stirrups-2 ...................................................................................... 76
4.4.3 BBS of One-Way Slab................................................................................................... 76
4.4.4 BBS of Two-Way Slab .................................................................................................. 78
4.5 Steel Quantity of Typical Floor ......................................................................................... 79
4.6 Concrete Quantity Estimation .............................................................................................. 80
4.6.1 Used Formula For Concrete Quantity ........................................................................... 80
4.6.2 Concrete Quantity for Typical Floor ........................................................................ 80
4.7 Shuttering & Centring Quantity Estimation ......................................................................... 81
4.8 Material Quantity Estimation ............................................................................................... 81
4.8.1 Used Formula for Material Quantity ............................................................................. 81
4.8.2 Masonry Quantity for Typical floor ......................................................................... 81
4.8.3 Plaster Quantity for Typical floor ............................................................................. 82
CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 83
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 84

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CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

1.1 About the Company

Emboss Construction Private Limited, established in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, on June 21,

2021, is an active private limited company operating within the real estate and
construction sector, primarily engaged in specialized construction activities and
building completion and finishing, holding an MSME "Small enterprise" classification,
with an authorized and paid-up capital of ₹1.50 Cr, and displaying active open charges,
notably with major lending from the State Bank of India, and is managed by directors
Liza Shah, Jagadish Kumar Shah, and Param Shah.
❖ Key Information
▪ Company Name: Emboss Construction Private Limited
▪ Incorporation Date: June 21, 2021
▪ Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
▪ Company Status: Active
▪ Industry: Real Estate and Construction
▪ Company Type: Private Limited Company
▪ Organization Category: Contractor Company
▪ Total Strength: 100+ Employees
1.2 Purpose of Company

➢ Enhancing Operational Efficiency: Streamlining processes to reduce costs and

improve productivity.
➢ Expanding Market Presence: Growing their portfolio in Ahmedabad and other
regions.
➢ Maintaining Safety Standards: Ensuring workplace safety for workers and
compliance with regulatory norms.
➢ Building Long-Term Client Relationships: Focusing on post-construction
services and customer satisfaction.
➢ Continuous Improvement: Investing in workforce training and technological
advancements for better project execution.

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1.3 Scope of Organization

Emboss Construction Pvt. Ltd. operates in the construction and infrastructure

development sector, providing end-to-end project management solutions. Their scope
covers:
➢ Residential Projects: Construction of high-rise apartments, luxury villas, and
gated communities.
➢ Commercial Buildings: Development of office spaces, retail outlets, and business
centres.
➢ Industrial & Institutional Projects: Infrastructure for factories, pharmaceutical
plants, and educational institutions.
➢ MEP Services: Integration of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems.
Turnkey Construction Solutions: Handling projects from concept to completion,
including planning, execution, and finishing.

1.4 Objectives of Internship

➢ The primary objective of this internship at Emboss Construction Ltd. in Ahmedabad

was to bridge the gap between academic theory and practical application within the
dynamic construction industry.
➢ This experience aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the day-to-day
operations of a construction company, focusing on site management, project
planning, and execution.
➢ By actively participating in ongoing projects, I sought to gain firsthand knowledge
of the various processes involved, from initial planning to final completion, while
also observing and learning about crucial aspects such as construction safety,
quality control, and material management.
➢ This internship aimed to enhance my professional skills, including communication,
teamwork, and problem-solving, through direct interaction with experienced
professionals.
➢ Ultimately, the objective was to document and analyse these experiences to create
a detailed project report that reflects the practical insights gained and the application
of theoretical knowledge in a real-world construction setting, while also
understanding the administrative and financial aspects of the company.

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1.5 About Company Projects

1.5.1 Completed Project of Company

Sr. Project Type Location Built up Area

No. (Sq. Ft)

1. Residential Kensville 1,00,000

2. Residential Billonaires Street 3,00,000
3. Serenity Villas Kadi 5,00,000
4. Residential High Rise Central Bopal 3,90,000
5. Parijaat Adani 3,60,000
Shanti gram
6. Industrial (Infinity Factory) Changodar 30,000
7. Stallion RM Plant Kerela GIDC 50,000
Table 1.5 1 : Completed Project of Company
1.5.2 On Going Projects of Company

Sr. Project Type Location Built up Area

No. (Sq. Ft)
1. Residential High Rise Tragad 1,70,000
(Adani Augusta)
2. RE 45 Link-in Road, 4,50,000
Shantipura
3. Industrial Changodar 40,000
(Zydus Mumps Facility)
4. Healthcare (Medico House) Adani 1,60,000
Shanti Dram
5. Institutional (MNIMS School) Sanand 4,22,000
Table 1.5 2 : On going Projects of Company

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1.6 Project Overview

overview of the residential building project:

➢ Project Name: Adani Augusta
➢ Location: Tragad, Ahmedabad, specifically near Adani Pratham and behind Nirma
University.

Figure 1.6 Location of Site

➢ Developer: Adani Reality
➢ Project Details:

• It's an "under construction" residential project.

• It features 3 BHK apartments.
• The project consists of 2 buildings.
• There are a total of 80 units.
• The expected possession date is December 2026.
• Basement + Ground Floor + 10 Floor
• Project Start Date: 1st March 2024
• End Date: 17th Month From Starting Date(Expected in June)

➢ Project Plan Links:

1. Beam and [Link]
2. Column drw 1at [Link]
3. Architectural Drw of [Link]

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Figure 1.6 Elevation of Project

➢ Amenities:

1. Entry / Exit Gate

2. Security
3. Pick-up/ Drop-off Area
4. Parking
5. Tower Drop-off Area
6. Tower 1Lounge
7. Tower Foyer
8. Meter Room
9. Kids Play Area
10. Indoor Games
11. Senior Citizen Sit outs
12. Club House -Multipurpose Hall
13. Club House @FirstFloor Gym
14. Event Lawn
15. Water Feature
16. Reading Room
17. Society Office
18. Yoga Desk
19. Service Area
20. Common Toilet

➢ Key Features:

• The project emphasizes spacious living areas.

• The towers are designed to provide open views for each apartment.
• It is a RERA registered project.

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1.7 Amenities Provided in 3BHK Flat

No. Area Meter Feet

1. Vestibule 1.36×1.60 4’6” ×5’3”

2. Living Room 3.345×5.48 11’0” × 18’0”

3. Balcony 3.345×1.360 11’0” ×4’6”

4. Dining/Kitchen 3.170×6.01 10’5” ×19’9”

5. Store 1.36×1.255 4’6” ×4’1”

6. Utility Area 2.125×1.485 70’×4’10”

7. Master Bedroom-1 3.345×4.866 11’0” ×16’0”

8. Toilet-1 1.535×2.275 5’0” × 76”

9. Bedroom-2 3.170×3.95 10’5” ×13’0”

10. Toilet-2 1.535×2.275 6’0” ×7’6”

11. Bedroom-3 3.345×2.275 11’0” ×10’0”

12. Common Toilet 2.07×1.285 6’9” ×4’3”

13. Terrace-1 (3.345×2.210) + (11’0” × 7’3”)

(3.445×1.36) + (11’4” ×4’6”)

14. Terrace-2 1.12×1.485 3’8” × 4’10”

Table 1.7 Amenities Provided in Flat

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1.8 Work Breakdown Structure

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1.9 Logistic Plan of Site

Figure 1.9 Logistic Plan of Site

1.10 Safety Measure

1.10.1 General

There is the perception that a site which is concerned for the safety of workers and
engineers is a good site just as a safety is important during the transportation and
construction.

1.10.2 IS codes for safety at site

IS Code IS Code Name

Number

SP 70 : 2001 Handbook on construction practices

IS 3764 :1992 Code of safety for excavation

IS 3696 : 1991 Safety code of scaffolds and ladders

IS 4081 : 2013 Blasting and related drilling operation

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IS 7969 : 1975 Storage code for handling and storage of building materials

IS 7293 : 1974 Safety code for working with construction machinery

IS 4912 : 1978 Safety requirements floor and wall openings and toe boards

IS 3764 : 1992 Code of safety for excavation work

IS 13416 : 1992 Recommendations for Preventive Measures against Hazards at

Workplace

IS 13415: 1992 Protective Barriers in and arounds buildings

IS 4082: 1996 Stacking and storage of construction materials and components at site

Table 1.10.2 IS Codes Used for Safety at Site

1.10.3 Safety equipment used at site

Name Uses

Safety Safety of head and face from hazardous

Helmet

Safety Should be used while transporting heavy materials like reinforcement

Gloves bars

Safety Should be used while welding or working with wooden in hazardous

Goggles condition

Safety Shoes Should be used all the time on site to get protection from pointed things
lying on the site

Safety Belt Should be used above while working 1.8m height

Safety Jacket Should be used mainly during the night to know the person’s presence
on site in darkness or during any accident

Table 1.10.3 Safety Equipment used at site

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Figure 1.10 Safety Equipment Used at site

1.10.4 Safety Helmet Used at Site

Sr. No. Color Used By

1. White Managers, Engineers, Supervisor

2. Green Safety Engineer

3. Grey Visitors

4. Blue Foreman

5. Red Electrician

6. Yellow Labor

Table 1.10.4 Safety Helmet used at site

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CHAPTER 02: CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL & TOOLS

2.1 Used Materials at Site

2.1.1 Granite Vitrified Tiles

Figure 2.1 1 Granite Vitrified Tiles

➢ Uses : Long lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
➢ Available in a wide range of colours, patterns, and finishes to suit various design
preferences.
➢ Non-porous surface resists stains and moisture, making cleaning easy.
➢ Requires minimal maintenance, typically just regular sweeping and mopping.

➢ Different Size of Tiles: 600*600 mm

: 600*1200 mm
: 800*800 mm
: 200*300 mm
➢ Supplier: Shayona marble
➢ Price of Tiles: 600*600 – Rs.43/-, 800*800 – Rs.68/-. 600*1200 – Rs.70/-

2.1.2 Granite Marbles

➢ Uses: They provide a sophisticated and water-resistant surface.

➢ They provide a sophisticated and water-resistant surface.
➢ Both granite and marble are used for flooring in various areas, including entryways,
living rooms, and hallways, adding a sense of grandeur.

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➢ It is also use for stair treads and risers, creating durable and visually appealing
staircases.
➢ Supplier: Shree Shankeshwar Granite
➢ Price of PEARL Black: ₹130/-
➢ Price of P White: ₹452/-

Figure 2.1 2 Granite Marble

2.1.3 Tiles Spacer

Figure 2.1 3 Spacer Bar

➢ Purpose: Used to maintain uniform gaps between tiles for grouting.
➢ Material: Plastic (PVC/PP), sometimes rubber based.
➢ Common Sizes: 1 mm – For wall tiles (minimal gap).
: 2 mm – 3 mm – For ceramic/vitrified floor tiles
: 5 mm – 6 mm – For outdoor tiles,10 mm – For heavy-duty
industrial flooring.
➢ Advantages: Ensures consistent tile alignment.
: Prevents tile cracking due to uneven spacing.
: Improves grout adhesion & aesthetics.

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2.1.4 Cover Block (Himalaya)

Figure 2.1 4 Cover Block (Concrete Spacer for Reinforcement)

➢ Purpose: Maintains correct cover thickness between rebar & concrete to prevent
corrosion.
➢ Material: Concrete, PVC, Plastic, Fiber-reinforced plastic.
➢ Sizes & Cover Thickness as per IS 456:2000
➢ Structure Type Cover Block Thickness
Slabs 15 mm – 20 mm
Beams & Columns 25 mm – 40 mm
Footings: 40 mm – 75 mm
Retaining Walls: 20 mm – 50 mm
Raft Foundations: 50 mm – 75 mm
➢ Advantages:
Ensures durability of reinforcement.
Prevents steel corrosion.
Provides proper load distribution.

➢ Supplier: Akberali Precast Pvt. Ltd.

➢ Price of Cover Block (Rs.) : Rs.0.8/-(20), Rs.1/-(25), Rs.1.8/-(40)

2.1.5 Chicken Mess

Figure 2.1 5 Chicken Mess

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➢ Purpose: Used to prevent plaster cracks at joints between concrete & brickwork.
➢ Material: PVC-coated mesh or Galvanized Iron (GI) mesh.
➢ Sizes: Mesh ½ inch – 1 inch
Wire Thickness 0.5 mm – 1.5 mm
➢ Uses:
Plastering to avoid cracks.
Ceiling works for better bonding.
Tile fixing on walls.
Fencing purposes.

➢ Supplier: Navkar Traders

➢ Price of Chicken mess: ₹285/-

2.1.6 Flooring Chemicals (ROFF T03 & T07)

Figure 2.1 6 Flooring Chemicals (Roff T03 & T07)

ROFF T03 (Cementitious Tile Adhesive)

➢ Use: Fixing ceramic tiles, mosaic tiles, vitrified tiles on walls & floors.
➢ Composition: Cement-based polymer adhesive.
➢ Advantages: High bond strength & Water-resistant.
➢ Supplier: Future Sales Pvt. Ltd.
ROFF T07 (Heavy-Duty Tile Adhesive)

➢ Use: Fixing large-size vitrified tiles, marble, granite, and stone tiles.
➢ Composition: High polymer modified adhesive.
➢ Advantages: Extra strong adhesion for heavy stones & tiles.
➢ Supplier: Future Sales Pvt. Ltd.

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2.1.7 Sika Latex Power

➢ Purpose: Its primary functions are to improve adhesion and provide water
resistance.
It serves as a bonding agent, waterproofing additive, and mortar modifier.
➢ Advantage:
Waterproofing: It makes the mortar or concrete more water-resistant, protecting
structures from moisture damage.
➢ Supplier: Mangalam Construction

Figure 2.1 7 Sika Latex Power

2.1.8 Sika Latex Pink

➢ Purpose: Improve adhesion.

: Enhance water resistance & Increase strength and flexibility
➢ Supplier: Mangalam Construction

Figure 2.1 8 Sika Latex Pink

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2.1.9 Ambuja OPC

Figure 2.1 9 Ambuja OPC

➢ Full Form: Ordinary Portland Cement
➢ Available Grades: OPC 33 (IS 269:2015) → Rarely used now.
OPC 43 (IS 8112:2013) → Used for plastering, masonry, and non-structural works.
OPC 53 (IS 12269:2013) → Used in RCC, high-strength structures, and bridges.
➢ Properties:
High early strength, fast setting time.
Ideal for large-scale construction projects.

➢ Supplier: Ambuja Cement Pvt. Ltd.

➢ Price: 280 Rs./-

2.1.10 Ambuja PPC

➢ Full Form: Portland Pozzolana Cement

IS Code: IS 1489 (Part 1):2015
➢ Composition: 65-80% Clinker + 15-35% Pozzolanic Material (Fly Ash) + Gypsum
➢ Properties: Better durability, lower heat of hydration, more resistant to chemical
attacks.
➢ Supplier: Ambuja Cement Pvt. Ltd.
➢ Price: Rs.225/-

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2.1.11 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks (Eco-Green)

Figure 2.1 10 AAC Block (Eco-Green)

➢ IS Code: IS 2185 (Part 3):1984
➢ Composition: Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Aluminium Powder, Water
➢ Properties: Lightweight (1/3rd weight of bricks) → Reduces dead load on
structures.
Thermal insulation → Keeps buildings cool.
Fire resistance → Up to 6 hours.
Soundproofing → Good for residential & commercial buildings.
➢ Common Sizes: 600 × 200 × 100 mm
: 600 × 200 × 150 mm
: 600 × 200 × 200 mm
➢ Uses: High-rise buildings, commercial complexes, hospitals, industrial sheds.
➢ Supplier: Eco-Green

2.1.12 Block Joint Mortar (Eco-Green Mortar)

Figure 2.1 11 Block Joint Mortar (Eco-Green)

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➢ Use: Special adhesive for AAC blocks to ensure strong bonding.

➢ IS Code: IS 2250:1981 (Code for Masonry Mortars)
➢ Composition: Cement, Polymers, Sand, and Chemical Additives.
➢ Properties: Pre-mixed, ready-to-use → Just add water and apply.
Thin joint application (2-3mm thick) → Saves material.
Faster construction → Reduces labor and curing time.
High bonding strength → Prevents cracks in masonry.
➢ Advantages Over Traditional Cement Mortar:
Less material consumption (Reduces usage by 75%).
Stronger bonding than conventional cement-sand mortar.
No curing required, saving water and labour costs.
➢ Uses: AAC block wall construction, lightweight block masonry, and partition walls.
➢ Supplier: Eco-Green

2.1.13 PVC Pipes for Normal Water Supply

Figure 2.1 12 PVC Pipes for Normal Water Supply

➢ Material: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) – Lightweight, corrosion-resistant.
➢ IS Code: IS 4985:2000 (PVC pipes for potable water supply).
➢ Pressure Ratings (Class):
Class 2 (2.5 kg/cm²) → Low-pressure supply.
Class 3 (4 kg/cm²) → Medium-pressure supply.
Class 4 (6 kg/cm²) → High-pressure applications.
➢ Sizes: 20mm – 250mm diameter
➢ Uses: Drinking water supply in homes & buildings.
Irrigation & agricultural pipelines.
Underground water supply.
➢ Advantages:
Rust-proof, lightweight, and easy to install.
Low maintenance & long lifespan (up to 50 years).

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2.1.14 CPVC Pipes for Hot Water Supply

Figure 2.1 13 CPVC Pipes for Hot Water Supply

➢ Material: Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) – Heat-resistant up to 93°C.
➢ IS Code: IS 15778:2007 (CPVC pipes for hot & cold water).
➢ Pressure Ratings: SDR 11 → Higher pressure applications.
SDR 13.5 → Normal household use.
➢ Sizes: 15mm – 100mm diameter
➢ Uses: Hot & cold-water supply in residential & commercial buildings.
Solar water heater connections.
Industrial hot water lines.
➢ Advantages: Does not corrode or scale like metal pipes.
Handles high temperature & pressure well.
Less thermal expansion compared to normal PVC.

2.1.15 UPVC Pipes for Sewer & Drainage Lines

➢ Material: Unplasticized PVC (UPVC) – More rigid & durable than PVC.
➢ IS Code: IS 15328:2003 (UPVC pipes for sewerage & drainage).
➢ Types of Sewer Pipes: Solid Wall UPVC Pipes → Normal underground drainage.
Structured Wall uPVC Pipes (Ribbed/Corrugated) → Heavy-duty sewer lines.
Sizes: 110mm – 315mm diameter
➢ Uses:
Wastewater disposal from buildings.
Municipal sewage lines.
Storm water drainage.
➢ Advantages: Chemical & corrosion - resistant.

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2.1.16 Reinforcement Bar

➢ Uses: in concrete construction to improve the tensile strength of concrete
➢ Types of bars: HYSD Fe415, Fe500, Fe500D, Fe550, Fe600
➢ Size of bar: 8mm, 10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm,25mm,32mm
➢ Supplier: Anjar TMT Steel
➢ Price of Steel: 8mm- Rs.50.7/-, 10mm- Rs.49.7/-, 12mm- Rs.48.7/-, 16mm-
Rs.48.7/-

Figure 2.1.16 Reinforcement Bar

2.2 Machinery Assessment

2.2.1 Bar Cutting Machine

Figure 2.2 1 Bar Cutting Machine

➢ Use: Cuts steel reinforcement bars (rebars) to required lengths for construction.
➢ Function: Uses a strong, sharp blade to cut rebars of different diameters.
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Works with hydraulic or mechanical power for precision cutting.

Commonly used in rebar fabrication for beams, columns, and slabs.

2.2.2 Bar Bending Machine

Figure 2.2 2 Bar Cutting Machine

➢ Use: Bends reinforcement bars (rebars) into different shapes as per construction
requirements.
➢ Function:
Uses mechanical or hydraulic power to bend bars accurately.
Can bend bars to different angles, such as 45°, 90°, or 135°.

2.2.3 Bar Threading Machine

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Figure 2.2 3 Bar Threading Machine

➢ Use: Creates threads on the ends of reinforcement bars for joining with couplers.
➢ Function: Uses a rotating die to cut precise threads on steel bars.
Ensures a strong mechanical connection between rebars without welding.
Commonly used in high-rise buildings and infrastructure projects for strong
reinforcement joints.
2.2.4 Pointing Trowel

Figure 2.2 4 Pointing Trowel

➢ Use: Used for small-scale plastering and repair work.
➢ Function: A small, pointed metal tool with a handle, ideal for applying and shaping
plaster in corners, joints, and narrow spaces.

2.2.5 Finishing Trowel

Figure 2.2 5 Finishing Trowel

➢ Use: Provides a smooth and even finish to the plaster surface.

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➢ Function: A flat, rectangular metal blade with a handle, used to spread and level
the final coat of plaster.
2.2.6 Jointing Knife

Figure 2.2 6 Jointing Knife

➢ Use: Used for filling and smoothing joints in plasterboard or drywall.
➢ Function: A flexible, wide-bladed tool that applies joint compound or putty to
create seamless joints between plasterboards.

2.2.7 Trimming Knife

Figure 2.2 7 Trimming Knife

➢ Use: Cuts excess plasterboard or finishing edges in plasterwork.
➢ Function: A sharp, precision knife used for trimming and shaping plasterboard,
ensuring clean cuts.

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2.2.8 Grinding Machine

Figure 2.2 8 Grinding Machine

➢ Use: Used for smoothing rough plaster surfaces.
➢ Function: A power tool with an abrasive disc that grinds and polishes hardened
plaster to remove imperfections and create a fine finish.

2.2.9 Right Angle for Plaster Checking

Figure 2.2 9 Right Angle for Plaster Checking

➢ Use: Ensures walls and corners are at a perfect 90-degree angle.
➢ Function: A metal or plastic tool that checks and aligns plastered surfaces to
achieve straight edges and correct angular measurements.

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2.2.10 Hammer

Figure 2.2 10 Hammer

➢ Use: Used for fixing nails and minor chipping work in plaster.
➢ Function: A hand tool with a heavy head, used for driving nails into wooden
frameworks before plastering.

2.2.11 Wooden Mallet

Figure 2.2 11 Wooden Mallet

➢ Use: Used in conjunction with chisels for controlled plaster removal.
➢ Function: A wooden hammer that delivers softer impacts compared to a metal
hammer, preventing damage to delicate surfaces.

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2.2.12 Chisels

Figure 2.2 12 Chisels

➢ Use: Removes excess plaster and shapes decorative elements.
➢ Function: A sharp-edged metal tool, used manually with a hammer or mallet to cut
or remove hardened plaster in detailed work.

2.2.13 Tube Level (Water Level or Spirit Level Tube)

Figure 2.2 13 Tube Level

➢ Use: Checks the level of plastered surfaces.
➢ Function: A tool with a liquid-filled tube and bubble indicator that ensures the
surface is perfectly horizontal or vertical.

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2.2.14 Aluminium Patti (Straight Edge or Plastering Ruler)

Figure 2.2 14 Aluminium Patti

➢ Use: Used to level and smooth freshly applied plaster.
➢ Function: A long, straight aluminium strip that spreads and evens out plaster,
ensuring a uniform surface finish.

2.2.15 Crane

Figure 2.2 15 Crane

➢ Use: Lifts and moves heavy materials on construction sites.
➢ Function: Uses a pulley system to hoist steel, concrete, and equipment.

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Types include tower cranes, mobile cranes, and gantry cranes.

Essential for high-rise building construction and infrastructure projects.

2.2.16 Needle Vibrator

Figure 2.2 16 Needle Vibrator

➢ Use: Removes air bubbles and ensures proper compaction of concrete.
➢ Function: A long, flexible shaft with a vibrating needle inserted into wet concrete.
Helps achieve a dense and strong concrete structure.
Prevents honeycombing and improves durability.

2.2.17 AAC Block Cutter Machine

Figure 2.2 17 AAC Block Cutter Machine

➢ Use: Cuts AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) blocks into required sizes.

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➢ Function: Uses wire or blade technology to cut lightweight AAC blocks with
precision.
Ensures minimal material wastage.
Improves efficiency in masonry work.

2.2.18 Dumpy Level (for Levelling)

Figure 2.2 18 Dumpy Level

➢ Use: Measures and maintains levels during construction.

➢ Function:
A telescope-like instrument mounted on a tripod.
Used to check height differences and ensure even surfaces.
Essential for road construction, foundations, and landscape grading.

2.2.19 Staff for Dumpy Level

Figure 2.2 19 Staff for Dumpy Level

➢ A graduated measuring rod (leveling staff) used to read height differences.
➢ Placed at different points to measure elevation changes.

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2.2.20 Mortar Mixing Machine

Figure 2.2 20 Mortar Mixing Machine

➢ Use: Mixes cement, sand, and water to create mortar for brickwork and plastering.
➢ Function: Ensures a uniform and consistent mortar mix.
Available in manual, electric, or diesel-powered models.
Reduces labour effort and improves efficiency compared to manual mixing.
2.2.21 Drill Machine

Figure 2.2 21 Drill Machine

➢ Use: Creates holes in walls, metal, concrete, and wood for fittings and installations.
➢ Function: Comes in electric or battery-powered models.
Equipped with different drill bits for various materials.
Used for installing fixtures, anchors, and fasteners.

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2.2.22 Plastering Float

Figure 2.2 22 Plastering Float

➢ Use: Smoothens plastered surfaces.
➢ Function: A flat tool, often with a wooden or plastic base, used to spread and level
plaster, cement, or mortar.

2.2.23 Punja:

➢ Use: Helps in rough finishing before final plastering.

➢ Function: A hand tool with nails or bristles, used to create texture for better plaster
adhesion.

2.2.24 Trowel

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Figure 2.2 23 Trowel

➢ Use: Moves loose materials like sand, gravel, and cement.
➢ Function: A hand tool with a broad blade and handle, used for digging, mixing, and
loading materials.

2.2.25 Plumb Bob

Figure 2.2 24 Plumb Bob

➢ Use: Ensures vertical alignment in construction.

➢ Function: A pointed weight attached to a string, used to check if a structure is
perfectly vertical (plumb).
2.2.26 Head Pan

Figure 2.2 25 Head Pan

➢ Use: Transports construction materials like sand, cement, or concrete.
➢ Function: A round, shallow pan, usually made of metal or plastic, carried on the
head or by hand for easy material handling on-site.

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2.2.27 Spirit Level

Figure 2.2 26 Spirit Level

➢ Use: Checks horizontal and vertical alignment.
➢ Function: A tool with a liquid-filled vial and an air bubble that indicates level
positioning. Used in masonry, carpentry, and plumbing.

2.2.28 Cup Lock

Figure 2.2 27 Cup Lock

➢ Use: Fastens scaffolding components together without the need for nuts and bolts.
➢ Function: A locking system with a cup and blade mechanism that provides a quick
and strong connection between vertical and horizontal scaffold members.

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2.2.29 Couplers

Figure 2.2 28 Couplers

➢ Uses : Connect Rebar: The primary function is to mechanically join two pieces of
rebar, creating a continuous reinforcement
➢ Function: Avoids overlaps, which can be bulky and make concrete placement
tricky in tight spots.
➢ Supplier: NTEK Rebar Solution
➢ Price of Coupler: 16mm-23/-, 20mm-43/-

2.2.30 Safety Net

Figure 2.2 29 Safety Net

➢ Uses: Catch workers if they fall from heights.

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➢ Stop tools and materials from falling and causing injury.

➢ Supplier: Navkar Traders

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CHAPTER 03: CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES & TEST

3.1 Construction Activities at Site

1. RCC
2. Shuttering, centering and scaffolding
3. Masonry work
4. Plaster work
5. Flooring Work
6. Finishing Work
7. Electric Work
8. Plumbing Work
9. Waterproofing
10. Leveling
3.2 Details of RCC Work
➢ Followings are RCC Member
1. Column & Lift
2. Beam
3. Slab
4. Staircase
3.2.1 RCC Of Column & Lift

[Link] Introduction

➢ Column is a vertical structural member that carries loads.

➢ It is assumed to be the most crucial structural member of a building because the
safety of a building rest on the strength of column.
➢ This is because failure of column would cause progressive collapse in buildings
whereas such event would not occur when other members fail.
➢ Columns transfer vertical loads from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or from a beam, to
a floor or foundation. They also carry bending moments about one or both of cross-
section axes.
[Link] Column and lift reinforcement

➢ After checking and casting of starter work for columns reinforcement work starts for
column, which is lapping of the bars, installation of stirrups and links as per the details in
the drawing.
➢ The column is divided into three parts top and bottom part of L/4 which is non lapping zone
and the middle part is of L/2 which is lapping zone.

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➢ Lapping length should not be less than 50 × dia. of bar.

➢ 3 lapping bars should not come near to each other as it leads to failure at that point.
➢ For lapping, bars are wounded with binding wires and then lapped with the existing column
bars. which proves to be economical than other methods such as welding and coupling.
➢ The reinforced bars used in columns at site are of dia. 12, 16, 20, 25 and 32mm and tie bars
of 8mm dia.
➢ Binding wires should be properly tied with both bars for good binding so that it acts as
single bar.
➢ Tie bars are spaced close to each other in the lapping length for keeping lapped bar in
position.

Figure 3.2.1. 2 Column & Lift Reinforcement

[Link] Shuttering of Column

➢ Column formwork starts as soon as column reinforcement work and its checking gets
completed. It is very essential to have proper shuttering work before pouring of concrete.
➢ There should be proper support to the shuttering of column which is done with the help of
vertical supports jack, c-chain, shikanjaa, wooden piece tie - rod.
➢ The size of wooden plate for shuttering work is 600mmx2400mm
➢ It can be removed after 24hrs of casting as concrete has gained its proper strength.
➢ Formwork may be of timber, plywood, steel, aluminium, etc.
➢ Formwork for column may consists of side support, horizontal supports, inclined supports,
etc.
➢ It is necessary to check the level of shuttering with help of spirit level, plumb bob & thread
at each & every corner.
➢ The inner side of shuttering should be properly oiled with the help of brush for the easy
removal of formwork and for getting smooth surface of column concrete.

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Figure [Link] Shuttering of Column

[Link] Casting of Column

➢ After completion of formwork and its checking, column are now ready to cast.
➢ At site columns are casted with M30 grade of concrete.
➢ Casting of column should be such that there should not be any honeycombing, or
segregation of concrete.
➢ At the time of casting of column as concrete is poured with the bucket of 1.5cu.m. there
should be proper application of vibrator because as concrete falls from height it gets
deteriorated.
➢ At site the size of needle vibrator is 25mm and the role of needle vibrator is to remove voids
and proper concrete compaction.
➢ for the placing of concrete pumping system is used.

Figure [Link] Casting of Column

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[Link] Information of Lift

➢ The reinforcements used in the lift wall are of the diameter used in the columns.
➢ Shuttering of the lift wall carried out. To erect the formwork the bars are passes through the
wall and the get tied up so the formwork get immovable.
➢ Cover of 40 mm is provided in the lift wall.
➢ The RMC of grade M30 get poured in the lift wall which is same grade used in the columns.
➢ The curing of the lift wall done for 14 days.
➢ De-shuttering of the wall done 24 hours after the concrete get set.

Figure [Link] Image of Lift

3.2.2 RCC Work of Beam

[Link] Introduction

➢ Beams are commonly made of materials like steel, reinforced concrete, or wood.
➢ They are designed to resist bending and shear forces.
➢ Beams can be classified based on their shape, such as I-beams, T-beams, or
rectangular beams.
➢ They are essential structural elements in buildings, bridges, and other structures. ➢
Beams are often supported by columns or walls and transfer loads to the foundation.
➢ The design of beams takes into account factors like span length, load magnitude,
and material properties.

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[Link] Types of Beam

1. Primary beam:

➢ The beams that are connecting columns for transferring loads of a structure directly
to the columns are known as primary beams. Usually, primary beams are shear-
connected or simply supported and they are provided in a regular building structure.
➢ The depth of the primary beams is always greater than the secondary beams. The
primary beam acts as a medium between columns and secondary beams.

2. Secondary beam:

➢ The beams that are connecting to the primary beams for transferring loads of a
structure to the primary beams and to the column are known as secondary beams.
➢ These beams are provided for supporting and reducing the deflection of beams and
slabs.

Figure [Link] Primary Beam & Secondary Beam

[Link] Reinforcement of Beam

➢ The size of beam varying from 150mm to 900mm and width was varying from 125
mm to 600 mm. Most of the beam having size of 230x600 mm
➢ The reinforcement used in beam are of different diameter which are 8mm, 10mm,
12mm, 16mm, 20mm and 25mm.
➢ The cover used in beam is of 25mm dia.
➢ Beam was casted with M30 grade of concrete.
➢ Additional reinforcement like main ring, secondary ring, stirrups and links are of
8mm dia.

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Figure [Link] Reinforcement of Beam

3.2.3 RCC Work of Slab

[Link] General

➢ Slabs are typically made of concrete, reinforced with steel bars to improve strength
and durability.
➢ They can be categorized into different types based on their use, such as flat slabs,
waffle slabs, or ribbed slabs.
➢ Slabs serve as the primary load-bearing surface for floors, ceilings, or roofs in
buildings.
➢ They distribute loads evenly to the supporting beams or walls beneath them.
➢ Slabs can be cast on-site or precast off-site and then installed.
➢ Design considerations for slabs include span length, load distribution, support
conditions, and thickness requirements.

[Link] Details of Slab

➢ Slab was casted with M25 grade of concrete.

➢ Generally, thickness of slab was 125 mm and at certain positions slab was kept up
to 150 mm.
➢ Centring was done with 18 mm shuttering plywood.
➢ Alternate bent ups were given, and alternate extra bars were provided.
➢ Bent ups and extra bars were there near the beams.
➢ At site there is one way slab, two-way slab, Sunk slab was 20mm down & Wash
yard wash 150mm down.

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Figure 3.2.3. 2 Image of Slab

[Link] Steps of Constructing Beam & Slab

1. From the known level of 1500mm which is the reference level moving from
foundation to the top floor, level of the beam was marked.
2. After marking for beam, beam bottom placing for the beam was done.
3. As beam bottom work gets complete centring work of slab was done.
4. After completion of beam bottom and centering work there is the application of
oiling on the form work.
5. Reinforcement for beam are laid as per the details in drawing.
6. As reinforcement work gets complete for beam its checking is done by an engineer
in charge.
7. As reinforcement work for beam gets completed, reinforcement is laid for slab work
as per details in drawing.
8. Beam bottom and slab level is checked.
9. After reinforcement work for beam and slab gets completed, the structure engineer
comes for the final reinforcement checking before casting of the beam and slab.
10. Electrical lines are placed.
11. Reinforcement of slab is done.
12. Casting of slab was done with M25 grade concrete. Casting was done with line
pumping system.

[Link] Shuttering of Beam & Slab

➢ After marking levels of beam, placing of beam bottom started. Once placing of
beam bottom completed it is checked by engineer.
➢ Checking of beam bottom is most important in beam and slab construction. If there
is any error in level it affects the whole structure.
➢ We must have to ensure that there is no error in level of beam bottom, measurement
from one beam bottom to another, beam bottom should be in one alignment, at
corners beam bottom should be at right angle.

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➢ The supports should be properly fixed.

➢ On completion of beam bottom checking sides of beam are placed and centring of
slab is started. Then de shuttering chemical is applied on shuttering plywood.

Figure [Link] Shuttering of Beam & Slab

[Link] Reinforcement of Slab

➢ Main Steel Provided parallel to Shorter Span with alternate bent up

➢ Distribution Steel Provided along to Longer Span
➢ Top Distribution steel Provided for support of main steel Bent up
➢ Top Extra Provided For Equal Spacing
➢ No. of Chairs used for Spacing
➢ 1 Cover block used in 1m2.

Figure [Link] Reinforcement of Slab

[Link] Casting of Beam & Slab

➢ After beam and slab reinforcement work completion the next step is of casting.

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➢ At site there is Hindustan Concrete Solution India Pt. Ltd. RMC plant as concrete
is ordered from Adani Shantigram so there is testing of concrete before using the
concrete directly in casting.
➢ Beam and slab are casted with M25 grade of concrete.
➢ If slab is casted to the half portion than there should be application of SBR, SBR is
a bonding material which provides proper bond between the early finished slab and
the ongoing slab casting.
➢ There should be proper application of vibrator, and it should not be in excessive
amount as it deteriorates the concrete.
➢ The needle used in vibrator is of 20mm.
➢ As slab is being casting there should be checking of its level by a rod having marked
through which its level can check.
➢ As slab is being casted its finishing work goes on with the help of straight edge and
hand trowel.

Figure [Link] Casting of Slab

As per IS Code – 456: 2000

Formwork De-Shuttering Period

Beam Shuttering 16-14 Hours
Beam Centering
Span < 4.55m 7 Days
Span ≥ 4.5m 14 Days
Slab Centering
Span < 6m 14 Days
Span ≥ 6m 28 Days
Table [Link] Periods of Removing Centring & Shuttering

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3.2.4 RCC Work of Staircase

[Link] General
➢ RCC Staircase refers to a staircase constructed using reinforced cement concrete,
which combines the compressive strength of concrete and the tensile strength of
steel.
➢ It forms an integral part of the building’s structure, providing vertical circulation
between different floors.

[Link] Types of Staircases

1. Straight Staircase
2. Dog-Legged Staircase
3. Open Well Staircase
4. Quarter Turn Staircase (L-Shape)
5. Half Turn Staircase (U- Shape)
6. Circular Staircase
7. Spiral Staircase

➢ list of the main types of staircases, classified based on shape, design, and usage

1. Straight Staircase:
➢ A single, straight flight of stairs without any change in direction.
➢ Simple layout; easy to construct and navigate.

2. Dog-Legged Staircase
➢ Two straight flights run in opposite directions with a landing between them, forming
a 180° turn.
➢ Saves space compared to straight stairs.

3. Open Well Staircase

➢ Like dog-legged, but with a rectangular or square opening (well) between the
flights.
➢ Gives a more open appearance.

4. Quarter Turn Staircase (L-Shape)

➢ Changes direction 90° at an intermediate landing.
➢ Corner installations; allows turn in small spaces.

5. Half Turn Staircase (U- Shape)

➢ Two parallel flights connected by a 180° turn at a landing.
➢ Compact and practical layout.

6. Circular Staircase
➢ Changes direction 270°, usually in buildings with limited space.
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➢ More compact than half-turn; rarely used in residential setups.

7. Spiral Staircase
➢ Steps wind around a central column (pole), forming a tight helical shape.
➢ Space-saving but harder to use for heavy traffic.

[Link] Procedure of Staircase

1. Check Design & Dimensions
➢ Review architectural and structural drawings.
➢ Verify dimensions: rise, tread, width, and landing lengths.
➢ Ensure compliance with building codes and accessibility standards.
2. Set Out the Stair Layout
➢ Mark the stair footprint on-site.
➢ Set levels for landing, soffit, and treads using leveling instruments.
3. Build the Bottom Form (Soffit)
➢ Construct the base (soffit) form with plywood or steel sheets.
➢ Ensure proper support and bracing to avoid deformation.
4. Install Tread & Riser Formwork
➢ Fix formwork for each tread and riser as per the drawing.
➢ Ensure uniformity in dimensions and tight joints to prevent leakage during
concreting.
5. Edge and Side Supports
➢ Provide side shuttering and edge supports.
➢ Use adequate bracing to hold the pressure of wet concrete.
6. Provide Landing Formwork
➢ Construct formwork for landing slabs and beams (if applicable).
➢ Ensure integration with stair soffit and adequate support.
7. Oil the Formwork
➢ Apply shuttering oil or releasing agent.
➢ Prevents concrete from sticking and eases removal after curing.

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Figure [Link] Image of Staircase

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3.3 Shuttering, Centering and Scaffolding

3.3.1 Details of Shuttering

➢ Shuttering, also known as formwork, is the temporary mold into which concrete is
poured. It gives shape and support to the concrete until it hardens.
➢ It's used for vertical elements like columns, walls, and footings.
➢
➢ Materials of Shuttering

➢ Timber: Traditionally used but can be less durable.

➢ Steel: Strong, reusable, and provides a smooth finish.
➢ Plywood: Offers a good balance of cost and performance.
➢ Aluminium: Lightweight and durable, often used in modular systems.

➢ Parts of Shuttering

1. Panels/Sheathing: These are the surfaces that directly contact the concrete, shaping
it. They can be made of timber planks, plywood sheets, steel plates, or other
materials.
2. Joists/Bearers: These are horizontal supporting members that hold the sheathing
in place.
3. Studs/Vertical Supports: These are vertical members that provide support to the
joists and sheathing, especially in wall and column formwork.
4. Wedges/Cleats: These are used to secure and tighten the formwork, ensuring its
stability.
5. Ties/Bolts: These are used to hold opposing sides of the formwork together,
preventing them from spreading under the pressure of the concrete.

Figure 3.3 1 Details of Shuttering

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3.3.2 Details of Centring

➢ Centring is a specific type of formwork used to support horizontal concrete

structures, such as beams and slabs.
➢ It provides the necessary support until the concrete gain’s sufficient strength.

➢ Function:

➢ Primarily supports the weight of wet concrete and construction loads.

➢ Ensures the horizontal alignment and levelness of the concrete structure.

➢ Parts of Centring:

1. Props/Vertical Supports: These are vertical members (often adjustable) that

support the horizontal formwork for slabs and beams.
2. Stringers/Ledgers: These are horizontal beams that run parallel to the span of the
slab or beam, providing support for the joists.
3. Joists: These are horizontal members that are placed on top of the stringers, and
that directly support the sheathing.
4. Sheathing/Planking: The surface that makes direct contact with the concrete,
forming the underside of the slab or beam.
5. Sole Plates: These are placed under the props to distribute the load evenly onto the
ground.

3.3.3 Details of Scaffolding

➢ Scaffolding is a temporary structure that provides a safe working platform for

construction workers at elevated heights.
➢ It's used for various tasks, including formwork erection, reinforcement placement,
concrete pouring, and finishing.

➢ Function:

➢ Provides safe access to work areas.

➢ Supports workers, materials, and equipment.

➢ Parts of Scaffolding

1. Standards: These are vertical tubes that form the main support of the
scaffolding.
2. Ledgers/Horizontal Members: These are horizontal tubes that connect the
standards, providing lateral stability.
3. Transoms/Cross Members: These are horizontal tubes that span between the
ledgers, providing support for the working platform.
4. Platforms/Working Decks: These are the surfaces on which workers stand,
often made of timber planks or steel panels.

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5. Braces/Diagonal Members: These are diagonal tubes that provide additional

stability to the scaffolding structure.
6. Base Plates/Screw Jacks: These are used to distribute the load of the
scaffolding and to adjust its height.
7. Guardrails/Toe Boards: These are safety features that prevent workers and
materials from falling off the platform.

Figure 3.3 2 Details of Scaffolding

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3.3.4 Periods of Removing Shuttering of RCC Member

➢ As per IS Code – 456: 2000

Types of Formwork Minimum Period

Vertical formwork to column, Walls, Beams 16-24 Hours

Sofit Formwork to slabs (Props to be refixed 3 Days

immediately after removal of formwork)

Sofit Formwork to Beams (Props to be 7 Days

refixed immediately after removal of
formwork)
Props to Slabs:
a. Spanning up to 4.5m 7 Days
b. Spanning over 4.5m 14 Days
Props to Beam and arches:
a. Spanning up to 6m 14 Days
a. Spanning over 6m 21 Days
Table 3.3.4 Periods of Removing Shuttering of RCC Members

3.4 Masonry Work

3.4.1 General

Masonry is used to indicate the art of building a structure in either stones or bricks. The
masonry wall is built of individual blocks of materials such as stones, bricks, concrete,
hollow blocks, cellular concrete and laterite, usually in horizontal courses cemented
together with some form of mortar.
Masonry work plays a crucial role in construction for several reasons:
1. Structural Stability: Masonry provides strength and stability to buildings, ensuring they
can withstand various loads and environmental conditions.
2. Aesthetic Appeal: It offers a wide range of design options, contributing to the visual
appeal of a structure through different patterns, textures, and colours.
3. Durability: Well-built masonry structures are known for their longevity, often lasting for
centuries with minimal maintenance compared to other construction methods.
4. Fire Resistance: Masonry materials such as brick and stone are inherently fire-resistant,
providing added safety to occupants.
5. Sound Insulation: Masonry walls have good sound insulation properties, reducing noise
transmission between rooms and from outside sources.

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Masonry work is essential for creating durable, aesthetically pleasing, and structurally
sound buildings.

3.4.2 Material used

Various materials are used in masonry work, depending on factors such as the type of
construction, desired aesthetics, and local availability. Common materials include:
1. ACC Blocks: AAC blocks are also known as autoclaved aerated concrete blocks, AAC
blocks are a precast, foam concrete, sustainable construction material made from
aggregates of quartz sand, calcined gypsum, lime, Portland cement, water and
aluminium powder.
2. Mortar: Mortar, typically made from a mixture of cement, sand, and water, is used to
bind masonry units together and provide structural stability.
3. Reinforcement: In some cases, masonry structures may incorporate reinforcement
materials such as steel bars (rebar) or wire mesh to enhance strength and durability,
especially in areas prone to seismic activity.

Figure 3.4.2 AAC Block & Mixing Mortar

3.4.3 AAC Block

➢ AAC Block Advantages

1. Lightweight
2. Easy Workability and Design Flexibility
3. Faster construction
4. Minimum Wastages
5. Thermal insulation and energy-efficient
6. Eco friendly and sustainable
7. Fire-resistant
8. Cost-saving

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3.4.4 Laying of AAC Block

➢ The first step before AAC block masonry work start is to clear the surface before
placing the blocks, materials like iron nails, binding wire, concrete or uneven
surface.
➢ Fixing the thread lines by choosing any two outer corner columns and fixing the
thread at right angle.
➢ According to the layout plan, the thread lines are installed wherever the wall is
coming, and its marking is done.
➢ Water is applied to the surface before placing the mortar. As it gives moisture to the
below slab so that moisture is not absorbed from the mortar paste.
➢ Spread the cement and water slurry on the floor so it is easy to work on the surface.
➢ The mortar is applied on the surface and then the 1st layer of AAC blocks are placed
over it called layout marking.
➢ The mortar joint is of 3mm to 4mm it should not be in excessive amount.
➢ Excessive mortar coming out from the joints should be taken out by using the
trowel.
➢ The blocks are properly placed with reference of thread line and is properly placed
by hammering on the blocks.
➢ After installation of 1st layer of AAC block its alignment and checking is done with
the help of plumb bob.
➢ Eco Green block joint mortar is used at site.
➢ AAC block size at site:
1. 100x200x600mm
2. 150x200x600mm
3. 230x200x600mm

Figure 3.4. 4 Laying of AAC Block

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3.4.5 Coping Beam

➢ After 6layers of AAC block copping bam is provided.

➢ After reaching the height of 3200 mm, two reinforcement bars of 8mm dia. With
rings are provided.
➢ Side plates are installed for casting of copping beam
➢ The beam bond should be filled with the concrete of M30 grade, and it should be
cured for 7 days.
➢ The size of copping beam varies with slab-to-slab height.
➢ After the curing the masonry work should be continued up to the beam.

Figure 3.4.5 Coping Beam

3.4.6 Mullion

➢ A mullion is a vertical structural element that divides a window or other opening

into separate panes or sections.
➢ It provides structural support for the glazing and adds architectural detail.
➢ In masonry construction, mullions can also be used to divide large wall openings
into smaller sections.

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Figure 3.4. 6 Mullion

3.5 Plaster Work

3.5.1 General

➢ Plaster is a material that is applied to walls and ceilings to create a smooth and even
surface. It helps to cover up imperfections in the underlying structure and provides
a smooth finish. Plaster can be made from a mixture of materials such as gypsum,
lime, sand, and water.
➢ The process of plastering involves several steps. First, the surface is prepared by
cleaning it and removing any loose debris. Then, a base coat of plaster is applied to
create a solid foundation. This is followed by a finishing coat, which is applied to
achieve the desired texture and appearance.
➢ Skilled plasterers use various techniques to create different finishes, such as smooth,
textured, or decorative patterns. They may use tools like trowels, floats, and brushes
to shape and manipulate the plaster. It's important for plasterers to have a good
understanding of the drying time and curing process to ensure a durable and long-
lasting finish.

3.5.2 Objective of Plaster

Some objectives of plastering are:

➢ To provide a smooth and finished surface.

➢ To protect the surfaces against atmospheric effects.
➢ To resist chemical actions.

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➢ To cover defects in the structure.

➢ To give a decorative appearance.

3.5.3 Mixed Proportion & Layer Coating

➢ The generally used mixed proportion of cement and sand for cement plaster are 1:
4, 1:5, and 1:6.
Internal plaster – 1:6 or 1:5
External plaster – 1:4
Ceiling _ 1:3
➢ Outer Plaster (Exterior):
a) Typically consists of two layers: a scratch coat and a finish coat.
b) The scratch coat, also known as the base coat, is applied first and is usually
thicker, ranging from 12 to 25 millimetres (1/2 to 1 inch) thick.
c) The finish coat, applied on top of the scratch coat, is thinner, usually around 6
to 10 millimetres (1/4 to 3/8 inch) thick.
➢ Inner Plaster (Interior):
a) Can also consist of two layers: a base coat and a finish coat.
b) The base coat is applied first and is generally thicker, ranging from 10 to 20
millimetres (3/8 to ¾ inch) thick.
c) The finish coat is then applied on top of the base coat and is typically thinner,
around 5 to 10 millimetres (3/16 to 3/8 inch) thick.
3.5.4 Plaster Specifications

➢ As Per IS Code – 1661:1972

No. of Coat Situation Mix Proportion Thickness

Single Coal Both Internal & 1:0:3 10 to 15mm
External
1:0:4
1:0:6
1:1:6
1:2:9
Two Coat
a. Backing Coat Both 1:0:3 10 to 12mm
1:0:4
1:0:6
1:1:6
b. Finishing Coat Both 1:0:3 0r 6 3 to 8mm
1:1:6
1:2:9
Table 3.5.4 Specifications of Plaster

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3.5.5 Procedure of Plastering

1. The first step is to prepare the surface by cleaning it thoroughly and removing any
loose debris and dirt.
2. A line thread is fixed through a reference point which should be at right angle.
3. After that Button mark is prepared on the surface of wall as a reference level for
plastering over the surface of uniform thickness.
4. First Button Mark at lower level is prepared and then second Button mark is at upper
level prepared.
5. Checking is done through the plumb bob and thickness is done by measuring the
distance from thread line.
6. Chicken mesh is applied on the surface wherever RCC work comes in the surface
of wall or ceiling.
7. Rough plaster (base coat) is applied on the entire surface of wall or ceiling by using
a trowel to spread up some plaster and apply it to the wall or ceiling. Make sure to
cover the entire surface with a consistent thickness. The base coat helps create a
solid foundation for the finishing coat.
8. Plastering is done from top to the bottom.
9. Once the base coat is dry, the next step is to apply the finishing coat. This is where
you can achieve the desired texture or decorative patterns. Use a trowel or other
tools to create the desired finish, whether it's a smooth surface or a textured design.
10. After applying the finishing coat, use a straight edge or a plasterer's float to level
and smooth the surface. This step ensures that the plaster is even and free from any
irregularities.
11. Then final checking is done by the engineer. It can be done by three medium laser
machines.
12. After applying the finishing coat, allow the plaster to dry and cure properly. The
drying time can vary depending on factors like temperature and humidity. When
curing is done it should give uniform colour after some time of watering.

Figure 3.5.5 Procedure of Plastering

3.5.6 Checking of Plastering

➢ Inspect the plastered surface for any uneven areas or imperfections.

➢ Sand down any rough spots or high points to achieve a smooth finish.
➢ Check for visible cracks or air bubbles on the surface.
➢ Fill any cracks or voids with an appropriate filler or plaster patching compound.

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➢ Ensure the plaster is evenly distributed across the entire surface.

➢ Smooth out the plaster to achieve a uniform texture.
➢ Verify that the plaster has dried completely before proceeding.

3.5.7 Using Equipment for Checking of Plastering

1. Aluminium Rectangular Patti

2. Plumb bob
3. Level Tube
4. Right Angle
5. Measure Tap

Figure 3.5.7 Plastering Checking Equipment’s

3.6 Flooring Work

3.6.1 General

The usefulness of tiles as flooring material consists mainly in their pleasant appearance
as it eliminates the possibility of unsightly cracks and facility for quick installation. The
appearance and the performance of the tiled floor will, however, depend not only on

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the quality of materials used but also on the care taken in bedding, laying and finishing
of the tiles. This standard gives necessary guidance in the laying of cement concrete tile
flooring to obtain good appearance, durability and finish.

3.6.2 Used Materials

➢ Followings are used Materials for Flooring at site

1. Glazed Vitrified Tiles
600 × 600mm
800 × 800mm
600 × 1200mm
200 × 300mm
2. Roff Vitro-fix Grey T03
3. Roff Extro-fix adhesive Grey T07
4. Bubble Guard Sheet
5. PEARL Black & P White Marble for kitchen

3.6.3 Procedure of Flooring

1. Surface Clearance
2. Surface Dewatering
3. Mortar Quantity
4. Tile Quantity
5. Bedding,
6. Chemical Used in Tile Layout
7. Laying of Tiles
8. Flooring Guard Spreading for protect newly installed or existing floors from
scratches, dents, and spills during construction or renovation.

3.7 Finishing Work

3.7.1 General

➢ the "Finishing Work" section documents the crucial final stages that transform a
building's shell into a habitable and visually appealing space.
➢ This phase moves beyond structural integrity to focus on the aesthetic and
functional details that define a residence. It encompasses a wide array of activities,
from preparing surfaces to installing fixtures, all aimed at creating a comfortable
and liveable environment.

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3.7.2 Material Used for Finishing work

➢ White Cement
➢ Glazed Vitrified Tiles

3.7.3 Procedure of Finishing Work

1. Flooring
➢ Installing flooring materials such as hardwood, laminate, tile, or carpet.
➢ Ensuring proper levelling and secure installation.

2. Tilling:

➢ Installing tiles in bathrooms, kitchens, and other areas as required.

➢ Grouting and sealing tiles to prevent water damage.

3. Painting:

➢ Priming and painting interior walls and ceilings.

➢ Applying final coats of paint for a smooth and even finish.

3.8 Electric Work

3.8.1 General
Electrical work in residential buildings is a complex and vital aspect of modern
construction. It involves the planning, installation, and maintenance of systems that provide
power for lighting, appliances, and various other household needs.
3.8.2 Material Used in Electric Work
1. PVC Conduit Pipe & Fitting (25mm)
2. 16A 3-Pin 3-Way 1013
3. 2.5 [Link] × 2 Core Flexible Cables
4. 16A 3-Pin Industrial Plug & Socket
5. 40A 2-Pole 30MA RCCB
6. KEI Cables 1100V 1C [Link]
7. Fiber Distribution Box (400*300*90mm)

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Figure 3.8. 2 Material of Electric work

3.8.3 Procedure of Electric Work:

1. Drawing Verification & Material Preparation

➢ Verify approved electrical drawings (power, lighting, conduit layouts).
➢ Arrange materials: PVC conduits, bends, junction boxes, switch boxes, KEI electric
wires, fish spring, chicken mesh, cement mortar, and accessories.
➢ Check tools readiness: pipe bender, cutter, spring, drill machine, measurement tape.

2. Conduit Laying in Slab (Before RCC)

➢ Mark conduit paths on slab shuttering as per layout.
➢ Lay conduits with bends, junction boxes, and fan boxes.
➢ Fix conduits to rebar using tie wire to avoid movement during concreting.
➢ Seal pipe ends with tape to prevent blockage from concrete.
➢ Get pre-casting inspection approval.
➢ After clearance, proceed with slab casting.

[Link] Laying in Masonry Walls (Before Plaster)

➢ Mark switch points, plug points, and conduit lines on the masonry wall.
➢ Cut wall chases neatly using a chase cutter or chiselling.
➢ Lay conduits in chases and fix junction boxes/switch boxes with clamps.
➢ Ensure boxes are in level and plumb.
➢ After conduit laying, place chicken mesh over all chases (drill lines) to prevent
future cracking.
➢ Apply cement mortar to cover conduit lines flush with wall surface.
➢ Allow to set before plastering.

4. Conduit Laying in Flooring (Before Tiles)

➢ Mark conduit layout on floor for power points and floor boxes.
➢ Lay conduits with proper slopes and bends as required.

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➢ Fix boxes at floor level and protect them with covers or caution tape.
➢ Obtain approval before tile laying.

[Link] Pulling (KEI Electric Wire) After Wall Plaster & Floor Finish
➢ Clean all conduits with compressed air or draw wire.
➢ Insert fish spring (cable pulling spring) through conduits.
➢ Tie KEI electric wires (colour coded: phase - red/yellow, neutral - black, earth -
green) to the spring.
➢ Pull wires gently without damaging insulation; use lubricant if needed for long runs.
➢ Group wires neatly in junction boxes.

6. Fixing Switchboards, Sockets, and MCBs

➢ Terminate KEI wires in switch boxes and DB as per load schedule.
➢ Fix switches, sockets, and faceplates at the correct heights.
➢ Tighten terminals properly and fix faceplates neatly.
➢ Label circuits in DB panel for easy identification.

7. Testing & Commissioning

➢ Perform insulation resistance testing (megger test) on all circuits.
➢ Check continuity, earthing, and polarity.
➢ Test all points and loads for proper functioning.
➢ Rectify defects and get client/consultant approval.

Figure 3.8. 3 Electric work of slab

3.9 Plumbing Work

3.9.1 General

➢ Plumbing work in a residential building is a critical system that ensures the delivery of
clean water and the removal of wastewater.
➢ It's a complex network of pipes, fixtures, and systems that require careful planning and
installation.
3.9.2 Material Used in Plumbing Work
1. PVC Pipes for Normal Water Supply
2. Prince CPVC Pipes for Hot Water Supply

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3. Prince Aquafit UPVC Pipes for Sewer & Drainage Lines

4. U-bolt and bracket with adjustable clamp
5. Sanitary ware
6. Faucet

3.9.3 Process of Plumbing Work

1. Material to be Used
➢ Potable hot & cold-water supply
➢ Prince CPVC 28.6mm pipe
➢ Prince SDR11 (Flow Guard Plus)
➢ Waste & drain lines:
➢ Prince Aquafit UPVC pipe
➢ Support system
➢ U-bolt and bracket with adjustable clamp
➢ Sanitary ware
➢ Concealed cistern for wall-hung toilet

2. Execution Steps
a) Marking & Layout
Mark plumbing lines as per approved drawings.
Confirm pipe routes, fixture locations, and wall-hung toilet frame placement.
b) Pipe Installation (Before Plaster & Waterproofing)
Install Prince CPVC 28.6mm for hot & cold lines from risers to fixture points using
appropriate fittings (elbows, tees, reducers).
Use Prince SDR11 Flow Guard Plus pipe for high-pressure areas or main branches.
Install Prince Aquafit UPVC pipes for waste and vent lines.
c) Mounting & Support
All vertical and horizontal pipes to be secured with U-bolt and bracket adjustable clamps
at intervals per standards (not exceeding 1.2m for vertical, 1.5m for horizontal).
d) Concealed Cistern Installation
Fix concealed cistern frames for wall-hung toilets at designated height and locations.
Ensure cistern inlets, outlets, and flush points are accessible for future connections.
e) Fixture Rough-in Protrusion
Extend all rough-in protruding pipe ends (hot, cold, drain lines) with protective end-caps
to avoid blockages.
Check pipe pressure and leakage before plastering.
f) Testing
Conduct hydro testing for CPVC lines (1.5 times working pressure) and leakage testing for
waste lines before covering.
Ensure all lines are flushed clean.
3. Pre-Plaster & Waterproofing Checklist
➢ Verify alignment, supports, and levels.
➢ Confirm concealed cistern and pipe protrusions are correctly placed and secured.
➢ Obtain inspection clearance before plastering and waterproofing

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Figure 3.9.3 Plumbing Work

3.10 Waterproofing Work

3.10.1 General

➢ Waterproofing a residential building is essential to protect it from water damage,

Mold growth, and structural deterioration, involving the application of various
materials like cementitious coatings, liquid membranes, or sealants to key areas
such as basements, bathrooms, roofs, and foundations; this process requires careful
surface preparation, proper material selection, and professional application to
ensure long-term effectiveness, while also adhering to local building codes and
maintaining effective drainage systems to prevent water accumulation.

3.10.2 Material to be Used

1. Sika Latex Power Compound A & B
Compound A – Solid Form
Compound B- Liquid Form
2. Sika Latex Pink

3.10.3 Process of Waterproofing

1. First coating compound A+B:

➢ The Sika Latex powder (Compound A) is mixed with the Sika Latex liquid
(Compound B) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
➢ This mixture is then incorporated into a cement slurry or mortar, creating a polymer-
modified coating.
➢ This coating is applied as the initial waterproofing layer.
2. After waterproofing test Sika latex pink + Mortar for plaster above
waterproofing:
➢ Waterproofing test: A test is conducted to ensure the initial Sika Latex-modified
coating is effective and leak-free.

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➢ Sika latex pink: This likely refers to a specific variant or color of Sika Latex (or a
similar product) used as an additive in the mortar for the subsequent layer. It's mixed
with the mortar to further enhance its waterproofing properties.
➢ Mortar for plaster above waterproofing: A layer of mortar, modified with "Sika
latex pink" (or the equivalent), is applied over the initial waterproofing layer. This
layer serves as:
➢ Protection: Shielding the initial coating from damage.
➢ Bonding: Providing a good surface for the final plaster or tile finish.
➢ Enhanced Waterproofing: The Sika Latex additive adds to the overall
waterproofing performance.

Figure 3.10 Waterproofing Work

3.11 Levelling by Dumpy Level

3.11.1 General

➢ Levelling with a dumpy level is a fundamental surveying technique used to

determine the relative elevations of different points on the Earth's surface. It's
crucial for various construction and engineering projects, ensuring accurate grading
and alignment.

3.11.2 Equipment to be Used

1. Dumpy Level
2. Levelling Head

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3. Tripod
4. Levelling Staff (Rod)

3.11.3 Process of Levelling by Dumpy Level

1. Setting Up the Dumpy Level:

➢ Securely mount the dumpy level on the tripod.
➢ Level the instrument using the levelling screws and the bubble tube.
2. Taking Readings:
➢ Position the levelling staff vertically at the point where the elevation is to be
determined.
➢ Focus the telescope on the levelling staff.
➢ Read the measurement where the horizontal crosshair intersects the levelling staff.
3. Backsight (BS) and Foresight (FS) Readings:
➢ Backsight (BS): A reading taken on a point of known elevation (benchmark or
turning point).
➢ Foresight (FS): A reading taken on a point of unknown elevation.
4. Height of Instrument (HI):
➢ The height of the instrument is calculated by adding the backsight reading to the
known elevation of the benchmark.
➢ Formula: HI = Benchmark Elevation + BS
5. Calculating Reduced Levels (RL):
➢ The reduced level (elevation) of a point is calculated by subtracting the foresight
reading from the height of the instrument.
➢ Formula: RL = HI - FS
6. Turning Points (TP):
➢ Turning points are temporary points used to transfer elevations when the instrument
needs to be moved.
➢ The foresight reading from the previous instrument setup becomes the backsight
reading for the new setup.
7. Levelling Circuit (Check):
➢ In a closed levelling circuit, the sum of the backsights should equal the sum of the
foresights.
➢ Also, the last reduced level calculated should match the starting benchmark. This
provides a check on the accuracy of the levelling.

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Figure 3.11 Levelling by Dumpy level

3.12 Field Test

➢ There are following Test are used on Site.
1. Sieve Analysis Test
2. Silt Content Test
3. Cube Test
4. Slump Test

3.12.1 Sieve Analysis Test (IS 1542: 1977)

➢ Purpose: To determine the sand's particle size distribution (gradation).
➢ Used Equipment:
Used Different size of Sieve As per IS 383: 1970
10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm,1.18mm,600µ, 300µ, 150µ

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Figure 3.12.1 Different type of Sieves

➢ Procedure
1. A representative sample of fine aggregate (sand) weighing 1000 grams was
obtained.
2. A stack of standard test sieves was arranged in descending order of aperture
size, from top to bottom, as follows:
10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600μm, 300μm, 150μm, and a collection
pan at the [Link] weighing the sample, transfer the sample to 4.75 mm
sieve and cover it with lid.
3. The shaker was operated for 10 minutes to ensure thorough sieving.
4. After the shaking process, each sieve was carefully removed, starting from the
top, and the material retained on each sieve was weighed.
➢ Table for Sieve Analysis

IS sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative Percentage Percentage

size retained(gm) weight percentage passing passing
retained(gm) retained limits
10mm 100
4.75mm 95-100
2.36mm 95-100
1.18mm 90-100
600µ 80-100
300µ 20-65
150µ 0-15
Table 3.12.1 Table for Sieve Analysis
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➢ Used Formula for Result:

Total Percentage Retained
Fineness Modulus =
100
Sieve Analysis (IS 1542: 1977) -sand for Plaster
Sieve size Percentage passing limits
10mm 100
4.75mm 95-100
2.36mm 95-100
1.18mm 90-100
600µ 80-100
300µ 20-65
150µ 0-15
Table 3.12.2 Sieve Analysis as per IS Code

3.12.2 Silt Content Test

➢ Purpose: The purpose of a silt content test is to determine the amount of fine
material, specifically silt, present in a soil or aggregate sample.

➢ Procedure
1. Collect a sample of the soil or aggregate to be tested. Ensure that the sample is
representative of the material to be used in the construction process.
2. Place the sample in a clean glass or plastic container. Add enough water to fully
submerge the material.
3. Stir the mixture vigorously for a few minutes to ensure that all the fine particles are
suspended in the water.
4. Allow the mixture to settle for a specific period (usually 24 hours) to enable the fine
material, including silt, to separate and settle at the bottom of the container.
5. After settling, carefully drain off the clear water without disturbing the settled silt.
The remaining material at the bottom represents the silt content.
6. Dry the settled silt in an oven or naturally, then weigh it to determine the amount of
fine material present.
7. Calculate the silt content as a percentage of the total soil or aggregate sample.
8. Record the results and compare them to the acceptable limits specified for the
project to ensure compliance with quality standards.

Thickness Of Silt Layer

Silt Content in Sand(%) = × 100%
(Hight Of Sand + Silt)

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Figure 3.12.2 Silt Content Test

3.12.3 Cube Test

➢ Purpose: The primary objective is to measure the compressive strength of the
concrete, which is a key indicator of its ability to withstand loads.

Figure [Link] Image of Cube

➢ Used Equipment:

1. Concrete Cube Molds-Size: 150mm × 150mm × 150mm (for normal

concrete)
2. Compression Testing Machine (CTM) - Capacity: Minimum 2000 kN

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3. Tamping Rod - Size: 16mm diameter, 600mm length

4. Weighing Balance - Accuracy: ± 0.1% of total mass
5. Trowel
6. Curing Tank or Water Bath
7. Steel Ruler & Callipers

➢ Procedure
1. Clean the cube molds and apply oil to the inner surface.
2. Fill the cube mold with fresh concrete in three layers.
3. Compact each layer by tamping 35 times with a tamping rod.
4. Level the top surface with a trowel.
5. Leave the filled molds at room temperature for 24 hours.
6. After 24 hours, demold the cubes and place them in a curing tank.
7. Maintain a water temperature of 27°C ± 2°C.
8. Cure for 7 days and 28 days for strength testing.
9. Remove cubes from curing and dry the surface.
10. Place the cube centrally in the Compression Testing Machine (CTM).
11. Apply load gradually at 140 kg/cm² per minute.
12. Record the failure load (N) when the cube breaks.
13. Calculate compressive strength using the formula.

N Failure Load(P)
Compressive strength( ) =
𝑚𝑚2 Cube Area(150mm ∗ 150mm)

Figure [Link] Procedure of Cube Test

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CHAPTER 04: QUANTITY ESTMATION

4.1 Quantity Estimation

➢ To provide a detailed list of all materials and work items with their respective
quantities.
➢ Typically presented as a Bill of Quantities (BoQ) or a similar schedule.
➢ Derived from project drawings (architectural, structural, MEP, etc.) and technical
specifications.
➢ The required level of accuracy depends on the stage of the project.
➢ Quantities are expressed in standard units of measurement (e.g., meters, square
meters, cubic meters, kilograms, numbers).

4.2 Requirement of Quantity Estimation

➢ The quantity estimation shall be based on the latest and approved set of project
drawings and specifications.
➢ All quantities must be calculated using standard units of measurement as specified
for the project.
➢ The estimation shall provide a detailed breakdown of quantities for each identified
work item as per the project scope.
➢ The level of detail in the quantity estimation must be sufficient for accurate cost
estimation and material procurement.
➢ The quantity estimation should clearly identify and quantify all materials required
for each work item.
➢ The estimation shall adhere to the specified format for the Bill of Quantities (BOQ)
or quantity schedule.

4.3 Types of Quantity Estimation

1. Steel Quantity Estimation
2. Concrete Quantity Estimation
3. Shuttering & Centering Estimation
4. Material Estimation

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4.3.1 Steel Quantity Estimation

[Link] Introduction of BBS
➢ A Bar Bending Schedule, commonly known as BBS, is a document that provides
detailed information about the shape, size, length, and quantity of reinforcement
bars required in a reinforced concrete structure.
➢ It acts as a bridge between the design drawings prepared by structural engineers and
the actual implementation at the construction site.
➢ A bar bending schedule (BBS) is a tabular breakdown of reinforcing bars that
includes details such as bar type, total length, weight, and a drawing of the desired
bending shape.
➢ BBS is used in civil engineering to ensure that the correct quantity and type of
reinforcing bars are used in a structure. They are also used to estimate the cost of
reinforcing steel for a project.

[Link] Objective of BBS

➢ Material Ordering and Procurement: BBS helps contractors and suppliers

accurately estimate the amount of steel required, minimizing wastage and ensuring
cost effectiveness.
➢ Efficient Construction: With a well-prepared BBS, construction workers can
readily identify and utilize the correct reinforcement, leading to a smoother
construction process with reduced errors and minimising wastage of steel on site
➢ Compliance with Design Specifications: BBS ensures that the reinforcement
arrangement adheres to the design drawings, maintaining structural integrity and
safety.
➢ Quality Control: BBS enables site engineers to monitor and verify that the correct
reinforcement is being used at each stage of construction, ensuring high-quality
workmanship.

[Link] Component of BBS

1. Component Details
2. Bar Mark
3. Dia. Of Bar
4. Spacing
5. Shape
6. Length of bar
7. Width Of bar
8. Bend Deduction
9. No. of Length
10. No. of bar
11. Total Length
12. Unit Weight

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[Link] Format of BBS

4.4 BBS of RCC Member

1. Beam
2. Column
3. One-way Slab
4. Two-way Slab

4.4.1 BBS of Beam

➢ Component of Beam
1. Top bar
2. Bottom Bar
3. Top Extra Bar
4. Bottom Extra Bar
5. Fork
6. No. of Stirrups

➢ For Example:

Figure 4.4 1 Drawing of Beam

➢ Beam Size: 230 × 575

➢ No. of Stirrups Calculation:
Length of bar
No. of Stirrups= +1
Spacing

5.060
No. of Stirrups = + 1 = 52nos.
0.1

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➢ Cutting Length:
1. For Top Bar:
Dia. of Bar =16mm
Nos. of bar= 3nos.
Total Length= Width of Beam – Beam Cover + Beam Length + one side beam
Width – beam cover + Lap length (50d)
= (0.575-0.150) + (2.910+0.230+3.215+0.230-1.500+ 0.230)-0.025
+ 50×0.016
= 0.425 + 5.315-0.025+ 0.8
= 6.515
Bend Deduction = 2×2d (for 90degree)
= 2×2(0.016)
= 0.064
Cutting Length = Total length- Bend Deduction
= 6.515- 0.064
= 6.451
2. For Bottom Bar:
Dia. of bar =16
Nos. of bar=3nos.
Cutting Length = Beam Length + 2(End Beam width-cover of beam) + 0.425(Bend
beam at both side)- Bend Deduction
= (0.575-0.150) + (2.910+0.230+3.215+0.230-1.500+0.230)-0.025
+ 50×0.016-2×2(0.016)
= 6.451

3. For Top Extra Bar(20mm):

= 0.375 + 0.375+1.2-0.040
= 1.91
4. For Top Extra Bar (16mm)
= 0.375 + 0.425+1.2 – 0.032

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= 1.968
5. For Stirrups (575×230)
= 2(0.575-0.050) + 2(0.230-0.050) + 10(0.016)-3×2(10) + 2× 3(10)
= 1.45

4.4.2 BBS of Column

[Link] No. of stirrups Calculations:
➢ In Confined Zone L/4= 3000/4=750mm
➢ In Confined Zone Set stirrups at both ends at 100c/c=14nos.
➢ In lap Zone Set Stirrups at 150c/c=1500/150 + 1 =11nos.
➢ Total set:25
➢ Total no of stirrups in one set=5nos

Figure 4.4 2 Drawing of Column

[Link] Cutting Length of vertical bar:
Consider a Height of column is 3m & Lap length 50d
1. For 16mm diameter
= 3 + 50(0.016)
= 3.8
2. For 12mm diameter
= 3 + 50(0.012)
= 3.6
[Link] Cutting Length of Main Stirrups:
= 2(Length + Width) + 2(10d(Hook Length)) - 3×2d-2×3d
= 2(1.120+ 0.150) + 2(10×0.008) - 3×2(0.008) - 2×3(0.008)
= 2.604m

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[Link] Cutting Length of Stirrups-1:

= 2(Length + Width) + 2(10d(Hook Length)) - 3×2d-2×3d
= 2(0.235+0.150) + 2(10×0.008) - 3×2(0.008) - 2×3(0.008)
= 0.834m

[Link] Cutting Length of Stirrups-2:

= 2(Length + Width) + 2(10d(Hook Length)) - 3×2d-2×3d
= 2(0.130+ 0.150) + 2(10×0.008) - 3×2(0.008) - 2×3(0.008)
= 0.624m

[Link] Total Weight

= Cutting Length ×No. of Bars ×Unit weight of bar

𝑑²
Unit weight of bar = 162

1. For 16mm dia. of bar:

= 3.8×12 ×1.580
= 72.048kg
2. For 12mm dia. of bar
= 3.6× 12 ×0.888
= 38.36kg

➢ Total Weight= no. of set×no of stirrup in one set×cutting length×unit weight

[Link] Stirrup
=25×1×2.604×0.395
=25.71kg
[Link]-1
=25×2×0.834×0.395
=16.47kg
[Link]-2
=25×2×0.624×0.395
=12.32kg

4.4.3 BBS of One-Way Slab

[Link] Cutting Length
1. Main steel
2. Distribution steel
3. Top distribution bar along shorter span
4. Top extra bar(L/3) along shorter span
5. Top extra bar(L/3) along longer span
6. Chairs

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➢ For Example :
Two-way slab (3215×4605)
Top extra length: L/3
Bent up: L/4
Steel use in slab: 8mm diameter
1. Main steel: length+410(both ends in beam) + crank length(0.42×d=0.02814)-
bend deduction
Where d=Depth of slab-both side cover-dia. of bar(8mm) =0.067m
=3.215+0.205+0.205+0.02814-0.016
=3.637m
2. Distribution steel:
=4.605+0.205+0.205+0.02814-0.016
=5.027m
3. Top distribution along shorter span
=3.625m
4. Top extra(L/3) along shorter span
=4.605+0.205
=4.81m
5. Top extra(L/3) along shorter span
=1.071+0.205
=1.2767m

[Link] Total weight

= cutting length×No. of bars×unit weight of bar

➢ No of bars=Length/spacing+1
1. Main steel
=3.637×32×0.395
=45.97kg
2. Distribution steel
=5.027×22×0.395
=43.68kg
3. Top distribution along shorter span
=3.625×8×0.395

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=11.46kg
4. Top extra along shorter span
=1.74× 32 ×0.395
=21.99kg
5. Top extra along longer span
=1.2767× 12 ×0.395
=6.05kg

4.4.4 BBS of Two-Way Slab

[Link] Cutting Length
1. Main steel
2. Distribution steel
3. Top distribution bar along shorter span
4. Top extra bar(L/3) along shorter span
5. Top extra bar(L/3) along longer span
6. Chairs

➢ For Example
Two-way slab (3215×4605)
Top extra length: L/3
Bent-up: L/4
Steel use in slab: 8mm diameter
1. Main steel: length+410(both ends in beam) + crank length(0.42×d=0.02814)-
bend deduction
Where d=Depth of slab-both side cover-dia. of bar(8mm) =0.067m
=3.215+0.205+0.205+0.02814-0.016
=3.637m
2. Distribution steel:
=4.605+0.205+0.205+0.02814-0.016
=5.027m
3. Top distribution along shorter span
=3.625m
4. Top extra(L/3) along shorter span
=4.605+0.205
=4.81m

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5. Top extra(L/3) along shorter span

=1.071+0.205
=1.2767m

[Link] Total weight

=cutting length×No. of bars×unit weight of bar

No of bars=Length/spacing+1

1. Main steel
=3.637×32×0.395
=45.97kg
2. Distribution steel
=5.027×22×0.395
=43.68kg
3. Top distribution along shorter span
=3.625×8×0.395
=11.46kg
4. Top extra along shorter span
=1.74× 32 ×0.395
=21.99kg

5. Top extra along longer span

=1.2767× 12 ×0.395
=6.05kg

4.5 Steel Quantity of Typical Floor

➢ AGUSTA SLAB ^0 BEAM BBS [Link]
Sr. Description 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm 32mm Total
No. (Kg)
1 1st Floor
Slab 4423.36 4435.91
2 Beam and 2723.10 1459.28 236.10 4846.37 960.07 1493.51 11718.42
Chhajja
3 Column(1st 1816.21 85.248 1858.08 2489.76 185.184 6434.48
to 2nd floor)
4 Lift(1st to 847.85 103.36 70.10 407.64 355.68 1784.62
2nd floor)
Total:24360.89kg
Table 4.5 Steel Quantity For Typical Floor

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4.6 Concrete Quantity Estimation

4.6.1 Used Formula For Concrete Quantity
➢ Column = length×width×Height
➢ Beam = length×width×Height
➢ Slab = length×width×Thickness
➢ PCC = length×width×Height
➢ Footing
a) for rectangular = length×width×Height
b) Trapezoidal

1
= 3× (area of “a” face+ area of “b” face+√area of “a” face× area of “b” face) ×h

4.6.2 Concrete Quantity for Typical Floor

➢ concrete qty typical [Link]

Sr. No. Description Quantity of Grade of concrete

concrete
(Cubic Meter)
1 1st Floor
Slab 71.63 M25
2 Beam and Chhajja 26.86 M25
3 Column and Lift in slab 5.96 M25
(450mm height)
4 Column and Lift in slab 32.14 M30
(2425mm height)
5 Staircase 6.031 M25
Total Concrete 142.621 CMT
require for typical
floor
Table 4.6.2 Concrete Quantity for Typical Floor

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4.7 Shuttering & Centring Quantity Estimation

➢ Column
Circular=2𝜋𝑟ℎ
Rectangular=2(length× Height) +2(Width × Height)
➢ Beam
Centering=length × Width
Shuttering=2(height up to beam bottom ×Length)
➢ Slab
Centering= length × Width

4.8 Material Quantity Estimation

4.8.1 Used Formula for Material Quantity
Volume of Wall
➢ Block Quantity = Volume of block with mortar

Floor Area
➢ Flooring Quantity = Area of Tiles or Marble

➢ Mortar Quantity
Total Volume= length × width × Thickness
As per Ratio of Cement: Sand find require quantity of cement and sand
Dry Volume coefficient for-Concrete (1.54)
-Mortar (1.33)
➢ Ex. 1:4 Ratio mortar
1
Cement=5 × Total Volume × Dry volume coefficient
4
Sand= 5 × Total Volume × Dry volume coefficient

4.8.2 Masonry Quantity for Typical floor

➢ [Link]
Sr Description Area of Area of AAC Block Quantity of
NO. Masonry with mortar Block (Nos)
1 100mm 732.5 0.122409 5984.04
2 150mm 26.16 0.122409 213.71
3 200mm 15.61 0.122409 127.52
4 230mm 18.98 0.122409 155.05
Total No. 6480.32
Table 4.8.2 Masonry Quantity for Typical Floor

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744073 QUANTITY ESTIMATION

4.8.3 Plaster Quantity for Typical floor

➢ [Link]
Sr Description Total Area (Square Meter)
NO.
1 Wall plaster(12mm) 1173.915
2 Ceiling plaster(6mm) 414.043
Total Quantity 1587.958(SQM)
Table 4.8.3 Plaster Quantity for Typical Floor

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744073 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this internship provided a transformative and enriching experience that

effectively bridged the gap between academic learning and real-world construction
practices.

During Internship, at Emboss Construction Pvt. Ltd., I gained in-depth exposure to the
multifaceted nature of residential building construction, from foundational elements like
excavation, formwork, and reinforcement, to advanced systems involving plumbing,
electrical work, and waterproofing.

Through active participation in on-site activities and continuous interaction with engineers,
supervisors, and workers, I developed a strong understanding of essential civil engineering
concepts, including RCC work, plastering, masonry, and finishing operations.

I also became proficient in interpreting structural drawings, understanding IS codes,

conducting field tests, and performing quantity estimations using Bar Bending Schedules
(BBS).

This experience has greatly enhanced my technical knowledge and soft skills such as
teamwork, communication, and project management.

Furthermore, the emphasis on safety protocols, quality control measures, and sustainable
construction materials highlighted the importance of responsible engineering practices.

The opportunity to be part of a high-rise residential project, observe construction

sequencing, and engage in cost estimation has provided me with invaluable practical
insights that textbooks alone cannot offer. This internship has played a crucial role in
shaping my readiness for a professional career in civil engineering, reinforcing my passion
for the field, and inspiring me to contribute meaningfully to the built environment in the
future.

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744073 REFERENCES

REFERENCES

1. IS 456:2000 – Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice

2. IS 10262:2019 – Concrete Mix Design Guidelines
3. IS 4926:2003 – Ready Mixed Concrete
4. IS 14687:1999 – Guidelines for falsework and formwork
5. IS 2502:1963 – Bending and fixing of bars
6. SP 34:1987 – Handbook on reinforcement and detailing
7. IS 2250:1981 – Code of Practice for Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortars
8. IS 2185 (Part 3):1984 – AAC Blocks
9. IS 1661:1972 – Code of practice for application of cement and cement-lime plaster
10. IS 2402:1963 – Code of practice for external finishing
11. IS 1443:1972 – Laying and finishing cement concrete flooring tiles
12. IS 15622:2017 – Vitrified ceramic tiles
13. IS 2645:2003 – Integral waterproofing compounds
14. IS 3764:1992 – Excavation Safety
15. IS 3696:1991 – Scaffolding Safety
16. IS 7293:1974 – Machinery Safety
17. IS 2386 (Part 1-8):1963 – Aggregate testing
18. IS 516:1959 – Concrete compressive strength (cube test)
19. IS 1199:1959 – Sampling and testing of fresh concrete
20. IS 383- Specifications for fine & Coarse aggregate for concrete

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744073 ANNEXURES

ANNEXURES I
❖ Weekly Report No.1

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ANNEXURES II

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ANNEXURES III

1. beam and [Link]

2. column drw 1at [Link]
3. Architectural Drw of [Link]
4. AGUSTA SLAB ^0 BEAM BBS [Link]
5. concrete qty typical [Link]
6. [Link]
7. [Link]

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