Namma Kalvi
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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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[Link]
V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
=>
, Implies b=20
Z=20/4 =5
,
,
,
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
,
,
, ,
,
, ,y=1
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substituting
, ,
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, ,
by using gaussian elimination method
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
,
Similarly,
,
Z=20,000,
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
=1/0;=≫
;
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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
’ , ………………………
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
, , ; .
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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[Link]
V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2
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12-MATHS - CHAPTER -5- MINIMUM MATERIAL
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM ROAD , HOPES – 9384590475
12-MATHS - CHAPTER -5- MINIMUM MATERIAL
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12-MATHS - CHAPTER -5- MINIMUM MATERIAL
Lies on the circle
PARABOLA:
Type Y2=4ax Y2=-4ax X2=4ay X2=-4ay
vertex (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)
focus (a,0) (0,-a) (0,a) (0,-a)
[Link] X=-a X=a Y=- a Y= a
[Link] X=a X=-a Y= a Y= -a
rectum
L.L.R 4a 4a 4a 4a
Ellipse:
FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER -5
TYPE ELLIPSE HYPERPOLA
Centre C(0,0) C(0,0)
Vertices A(a,0) A(0,a)
A’(-a,0) A’(0,-a)
Foci F( ae,0) F( 0,ae)
F’(-ae,0) F’(0,-ae)
Equation X= ± ae y= ± ae
of
directrices
Equation X= ± a/e y= ± a/e
latusrectm
…………………………………… L.L.R 2b2/a 2b2/a
Equ of any Y=mx Y=mx
tangent ±√𝐚𝟐 𝐦𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 ±√𝐚𝟐 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐
Condition
to be C2=a2m2+b2 C2=a2m2-b2
tangent
Point of −𝐚𝟐 𝐦 𝐛𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝐦 −𝐛𝟐
( , ) ( , )
contact 𝐜 𝐜 𝐜 𝐜
Length of
majar axis 2a 2a
Length of 2b 2b
minor axis
Eccentricit 𝐛𝟐 𝐛𝟐
y e=√𝟏 − 𝐚𝟐 e=√𝟏 + 𝐚𝟐
Focal F1P+F2P=2a F1P~F2P=2a
property
,
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
CHAPTER –12 ( n − m ) = (5 − 4) =1.
Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) Hence ( m − n ) ≠ ( n − m ). So the
commutative property, (iii) associative operation − is not commutative on ℤ.
property (iv) existence of identity and (v) (iii) In order to check the associative
existence of inverse for the arithmetic property, let us put m = 4, n = 5 and p = 7
operation + on ℤ Solution: in both ( m − n ) − p and m − ( n − p ) .
(i) Sum of two integer is again an integer , ( m − n )− p = (4 −5)−7=(−1−7)=−8 …(1)
closure property is true m −( n − p )= 4 −(5 −7)=(4+2)=6 . … (2)
Hence + is a binary operation on ℤ . From (1) and (2), it follows that
(ii) Also m + n = n + m ,_ ∀𝑚,𝑛∈ℤ. ( m − n ) − p ≠ m − ( n − p ).
So the commutative property is Hence – is not associative on ℤ .
satisfied (iv) Identity does not exist
(iii)∀a,b,c∈ℤ , a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (v) So, Inverse does not exist .
Hence the associative property is satisfied
(iv) a + 𝑒 = 𝑒 + a = a⇒ e = 0. Verify the (i) closure property, (ii)
Thus ∃ 0 ∈ ℤ, ⋺ (a + 0) = (0 + a) = a. commutative property, (iii) associative
Hence the existence of identity is property (iv) existence of identity and (v)
assured. existence of inverse for the arithmetic
operation + on ℤ.Z = the set of all even
(v) ∀ a ∈ ℤ, ∃ − a∈ℤ, such that integers. Solution : Consider the set of all
a+ (−a) = (−a) + a = 0. Hence, the existence even integers ℤ= {2 k | k ∈ℤ} =
of inverse property is also assured. {...,−6,−4,−2,0,2,4,6,...}. Let us verify the
Thus we see that the usual addition + on properties satisfied by + on ℤ
ℤ satisfies all the above five properties.
Note that the additive identity is 0 and the (i) The sum of any two even integers is
additive inverse of any integer m is −𝑚. also an even integer. Because 𝑥,
………………………………………………………………… ∈ℤ𝑒⇒𝑥 = 2𝑚 and y = 2 n , 𝑚,𝑛∈ℤ .
……Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) So (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2𝑚 + 2= 2(𝑚 + 𝑛) ∈ℤ
commutative property, (iii) associative = 2(𝑛 + 𝑚) = 2𝑛 + 2𝑚 = (𝑦 + 𝑥).
property (iv) existence of identity and Hence + is a binary operation on ℤ.
(v)existence of inverse for the arithmetic (ii)∀𝑥, ∈ℤ,
operation − 𝑜𝑛ℤ Solution: (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2𝑚 + 2𝑛= 2(𝑚 + 𝑛) =2(𝑛 + 𝑚)
(i)Closure property : = 2𝑛 + 2𝑚 = (𝑦 + 𝑥).
Though − is not binary on ℕ; it is binary on So + has commutative property.(iii)
ℤ . To check the validity of any more Similarly it can be seen that ∀𝑥,,𝑧∈ℤ,
properties satisfied by – on ℤ , it is better ( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ) . Hence the
to check them for some particular simple associative property is true.
values. (iv) Now take 𝑥 = 2𝑘, then
2𝑘 + 𝑒 = 𝑒 + 2𝑘 = 2𝑘⇒𝑒 = 0 . Thus
(ii) Take m = 4, n = 5 and ∀𝑥∈ℤ , ∃ 0 ℤ , ⋺𝑥 + 0 = 0 + 𝑥 = 𝑥. So,
( m − n ) = (4 − 5) = −1and
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0 is the identity element. 𝑚∗ (𝑛∗𝑝) = 𝑚∗ (𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝) = 𝑚 + (𝑛 + 𝑝
(v) Taking 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 ’ as its inverse, − 𝑛𝑝) − 𝑚(𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝) = 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝 −
we have 2𝑘 + 𝑥 ’ = 0 = 𝑥 ’ + 2𝑘⇒𝑥’ = −2k = 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛𝑝…(2) From (1) and (2) we
𝑥’= −𝑥Thus ∀𝑥∈ℤ , ∃ − 𝑥∈ℤ, ⋺𝑥 + (−𝑥) = see that, (𝑚∗𝑛) ∗𝑝 = 𝑚∗ (𝑛∗𝑝) identity
element and hence the existence of identity is
(−𝑥) + 𝑥 = 0 Hence –𝑥 is the inverse of
assured.
𝑥∈ℤ
Verify (i) closure property (v) An integer 𝑚’ is to be found that
(ii) commutative property, and 𝑚∗𝑚’ = 𝑚’∗𝑚 = 𝑒, ∀𝑚∈ℤ So, 𝑚∗𝑚’ = 𝑚 +
(iii) associative property of the following 𝑚’− 𝑚𝑚’= 0 𝑚’− 𝑚𝑚’= −𝑚𝑚’(1 − 𝑚)
operation on the given set. = −𝑚𝑚’= − 𝑚 (1−𝑚) is not defined at (1 −
(𝑎∗𝑏) = ;∀𝑎,𝑏∈ ℕ (exponentiation property) 𝑚) = 0, that is at 𝑚 = 1
Solution : (i)closure is true ; Hence inverse does not exist in ℤ.
𝑎∗𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 ;∀𝑎,𝑏∈ℕ. So, ∗ has associative property .
So ∗ is a binary operation on ℕ . (iv) An integer 𝑒 is to be found that
(ii) associative property:
𝑚∗𝑒 = 𝑒∗𝑚 = 𝑚, ∀𝑚∈ℤ
𝑎∗𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏and 𝑏∗𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎.
So, 𝑚∗𝑒 = 𝑚 + 𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚
Put, 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = [Link] 𝑎∗𝑏 = 23 = 8 but
𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚 − 𝑚 (1 − 𝑚) = 0 Gives, 𝑒 = 0
𝑏∗𝑎 = 32 = 9
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1 − 𝑚) = 0
So a ∗b need not be equal to b ∗ a.
Hence ∗ does not have commutative property. But m is an arbitrary integer and hence need
not be equal to 1. So the only possibility is
𝑐
(iii)𝑎∗ (𝑏∗𝑐) = 𝑎∗ (𝑏𝑐) = (𝑏 ).;
𝑒 = 0. Also 𝑚∗ 0 = 0 ∗𝑚 = 𝑚. Hence 0 is the
𝑐
But (𝑎∗𝑏) ∗𝑐 =(𝑎𝑏) ∗𝑐 = (𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
identity element and hence the existence of
identity is assured
𝑎∗ (𝑏∗𝑐)≠ (𝑎∗𝑏) ∗ c ,
Associative property is not true . (v) An integer m’ is to be found that
Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative 𝑚∗ m’ = m’∗𝑚 = 𝑒, ∀𝑚∈ℤ So,
property, (iii) associative property, (iv) 𝑚∗m’ = 𝑚 + m’ − m m’ = 0
existence of identity, and (v) existence of
inverse for following operation on the given m’ − 𝑚 m’ = −𝑚m’ (1 − 𝑚) = −𝑚m’ = − 𝑚/
set. 𝑚∗𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 −𝑚𝑛 ;𝑚,𝑛∈ℤ (1−𝑚) is not
defined at (1 − 𝑚) = 0, that is at 𝑚 = 1
Solution:
Hence inverse does not exist in ℤ.
(i) 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛 is clearly an integer and hence
∗ is a binary operation on ℤ. Example 12.9
(ii) 𝑚∗𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 − and Verify (i) closure property,
= 𝑛 + 𝑚 − 𝑛𝑚= 𝑛∗𝑚𝑚∗𝑛 = 𝑛∗𝑚So, ∗ has (ii) commutative property,
commutative property .
(iii)Associative property(𝑚∗𝑛) ∗𝑝 = (𝑚 + 𝑛 − (iii) associative property,
𝑚𝑛) ∗𝑝 = (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛) + 𝑝 − (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛)𝑝
= 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑚𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛𝑝…(1)
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
𝑎+𝑒
= ; 𝑎 + 𝑒 = 2𝑎 ;𝑒 = 2𝑎 − 𝑎
2
𝑒 = 𝑎, is the identity element.
For every element 𝑎 belongs to ℚ, we get
𝑎 is the identity. Since identity element is
unique, ∗ has no identity.
INVERSE : Since there is no identity,
inverse of 𝑎 that is 𝑎−1 cannot be defined.
That is,∗𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1∗𝑎 = 𝑒, cannot be
defined. Hence ∗ has no inverse. ...........
..........................
.....................................
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
[Link]
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
[Link]
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
[Link]
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
[Link]
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A