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V Toppers Academy, 81, Masakalipalayam, Hopes - 9384590475 12 Maths-Minimum Material Chapters - 1 and 2

The document outlines minimum material for 12th-grade mathematics, focusing on chapters related to matrices, complex numbers, and properties of arithmetic operations. It provides formulas and examples for various mathematical concepts, including parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas. The author, R. Vinayagamoorathi, is affiliated with V Toppers Academy in Masakalipalayam.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views67 pages

V Toppers Academy, 81, Masakalipalayam, Hopes - 9384590475 12 Maths-Minimum Material Chapters - 1 and 2

The document outlines minimum material for 12th-grade mathematics, focusing on chapters related to matrices, complex numbers, and properties of arithmetic operations. It provides formulas and examples for various mathematical concepts, including parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas. The author, R. Vinayagamoorathi, is affiliated with V Toppers Academy in Masakalipalayam.

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sivaraj26108
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Namma Kalvi

V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

=>

, Implies b=20

Z=20/4 =5

,
,
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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, ,y=1
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substituting
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by using gaussian elimination method

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

COMPLEX NUMBERS

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

COMPLEX NUMBERS

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475


12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM , HOPES -9384590475
12 MATHS- MINIMUM MATERIAL CHAPTERS - 1 AND 2

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM ROAD , HOPES – 9384590475
12-MATHS - CHAPTER -5- MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM ROAD , HOPES – 9384590475
12-MATHS - CHAPTER -5- MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY ,81, MASAKALIPALAYAM ROAD , HOPES – 9384590475


12-MATHS - CHAPTER -5- MINIMUM MATERIAL

Lies on the circle

PARABOLA:

Type Y2=4ax Y2=-4ax X2=4ay X2=-4ay

vertex (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)


focus (a,0) (0,-a) (0,a) (0,-a)
[Link] X=-a X=a Y=- a Y= a
[Link] X=a X=-a Y= a Y= -a
rectum
L.L.R 4a 4a 4a 4a
Ellipse:
FORMULAS FOR CHAPTER -5
TYPE ELLIPSE HYPERPOLA

Centre C(0,0) C(0,0)


Vertices A(a,0) A(0,a)
A’(-a,0) A’(0,-a)

Foci F( ae,0) F( 0,ae)


F’(-ae,0) F’(0,-ae)

Equation X= ± ae y= ± ae
of
directrices
Equation X= ± a/e y= ± a/e
latusrectm
…………………………………… L.L.R 2b2/a 2b2/a

Equ of any Y=mx Y=mx


tangent ±√𝐚𝟐 𝐦𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 ±√𝐚𝟐 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐
Condition
to be C2=a2m2+b2 C2=a2m2-b2
tangent
Point of −𝐚𝟐 𝐦 𝐛𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝐦 −𝐛𝟐
( , ) ( , )
contact 𝐜 𝐜 𝐜 𝐜
Length of
majar axis 2a 2a
Length of 2b 2b
minor axis
Eccentricit 𝐛𝟐 𝐛𝟐
y e=√𝟏 − 𝐚𝟐 e=√𝟏 + 𝐚𝟐
Focal F1P+F2P=2a F1P~F2P=2a
property
,

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

CHAPTER –12 ( n − m ) = (5 − 4) =1.


Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) Hence ( m − n ) ≠ ( n − m ). So the
commutative property, (iii) associative operation − is not commutative on ℤ.
property (iv) existence of identity and (v) (iii) In order to check the associative
existence of inverse for the arithmetic property, let us put m = 4, n = 5 and p = 7
operation + on ℤ Solution: in both ( m − n ) − p and m − ( n − p ) .

(i) Sum of two integer is again an integer , ( m − n )− p = (4 −5)−7=(−1−7)=−8 …(1)


closure property is true m −( n − p )= 4 −(5 −7)=(4+2)=6 . … (2)
Hence + is a binary operation on ℤ . From (1) and (2), it follows that
(ii) Also m + n = n + m ,_ ∀𝑚,𝑛∈ℤ. ( m − n ) − p ≠ m − ( n − p ).

So the commutative property is Hence – is not associative on ℤ .


satisfied (iv) Identity does not exist
(iii)∀a,b,c∈ℤ , a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (v) So, Inverse does not exist .
Hence the associative property is satisfied
(iv) a + 𝑒 = 𝑒 + a = a⇒ e = 0. Verify the (i) closure property, (ii)
Thus ∃ 0 ∈ ℤ, ⋺ (a + 0) = (0 + a) = a. commutative property, (iii) associative
Hence the existence of identity is property (iv) existence of identity and (v)
assured. existence of inverse for the arithmetic
operation + on ℤ.Z = the set of all even
(v) ∀ a ∈ ℤ, ∃ − a∈ℤ, such that integers. Solution : Consider the set of all
a+ (−a) = (−a) + a = 0. Hence, the existence even integers ℤ= {2 k | k ∈ℤ} =
of inverse property is also assured. {...,−6,−4,−2,0,2,4,6,...}. Let us verify the
Thus we see that the usual addition + on properties satisfied by + on ℤ
ℤ satisfies all the above five properties.
Note that the additive identity is 0 and the (i) The sum of any two even integers is
additive inverse of any integer m is −𝑚. also an even integer. Because 𝑥,
………………………………………………………………… ∈ℤ𝑒⇒𝑥 = 2𝑚 and y = 2 n , 𝑚,𝑛∈ℤ .
……Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) So (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2𝑚 + 2= 2(𝑚 + 𝑛) ∈ℤ
commutative property, (iii) associative = 2(𝑛 + 𝑚) = 2𝑛 + 2𝑚 = (𝑦 + 𝑥).
property (iv) existence of identity and Hence + is a binary operation on ℤ.
(v)existence of inverse for the arithmetic (ii)∀𝑥, ∈ℤ,
operation − 𝑜𝑛ℤ Solution: (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2𝑚 + 2𝑛= 2(𝑚 + 𝑛) =2(𝑛 + 𝑚)
(i)Closure property : = 2𝑛 + 2𝑚 = (𝑦 + 𝑥).
Though − is not binary on ℕ; it is binary on So + has commutative property.(iii)
ℤ . To check the validity of any more Similarly it can be seen that ∀𝑥,,𝑧∈ℤ,
properties satisfied by – on ℤ , it is better ( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ) . Hence the
to check them for some particular simple associative property is true.
values. (iv) Now take 𝑥 = 2𝑘, then
2𝑘 + 𝑒 = 𝑒 + 2𝑘 = 2𝑘⇒𝑒 = 0 . Thus
(ii) Take m = 4, n = 5 and ∀𝑥∈ℤ , ∃ 0 ℤ , ⋺𝑥 + 0 = 0 + 𝑥 = 𝑥. So,
( m − n ) = (4 − 5) = −1and

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

0 is the identity element. 𝑚∗ (𝑛∗𝑝) = 𝑚∗ (𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝) = 𝑚 + (𝑛 + 𝑝


(v) Taking 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 ’ as its inverse, − 𝑛𝑝) − 𝑚(𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝) = 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝 −
we have 2𝑘 + 𝑥 ’ = 0 = 𝑥 ’ + 2𝑘⇒𝑥’ = −2k = 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛𝑝…(2) From (1) and (2) we
𝑥’= −𝑥Thus ∀𝑥∈ℤ , ∃ − 𝑥∈ℤ, ⋺𝑥 + (−𝑥) = see that, (𝑚∗𝑛) ∗𝑝 = 𝑚∗ (𝑛∗𝑝) identity
element and hence the existence of identity is
(−𝑥) + 𝑥 = 0 Hence –𝑥 is the inverse of
assured.
𝑥∈ℤ
Verify (i) closure property (v) An integer 𝑚’ is to be found that
(ii) commutative property, and 𝑚∗𝑚’ = 𝑚’∗𝑚 = 𝑒, ∀𝑚∈ℤ So, 𝑚∗𝑚’ = 𝑚 +
(iii) associative property of the following 𝑚’− 𝑚𝑚’= 0 𝑚’− 𝑚𝑚’= −𝑚𝑚’(1 − 𝑚)
operation on the given set. = −𝑚𝑚’= − 𝑚 (1−𝑚) is not defined at (1 −
(𝑎∗𝑏) = ;∀𝑎,𝑏∈ ℕ (exponentiation property) 𝑚) = 0, that is at 𝑚 = 1
Solution : (i)closure is true ; Hence inverse does not exist in ℤ.

𝑎∗𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 ;∀𝑎,𝑏∈ℕ. So, ∗ has associative property .

So ∗ is a binary operation on ℕ . (iv) An integer 𝑒 is to be found that


(ii) associative property:
𝑚∗𝑒 = 𝑒∗𝑚 = 𝑚, ∀𝑚∈ℤ
𝑎∗𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏and 𝑏∗𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎.
So, 𝑚∗𝑒 = 𝑚 + 𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚
Put, 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = [Link] 𝑎∗𝑏 = 23 = 8 but
𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚 − 𝑚 (1 − 𝑚) = 0 Gives, 𝑒 = 0
𝑏∗𝑎 = 32 = 9
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1 − 𝑚) = 0
So a ∗b need not be equal to b ∗ a.
Hence ∗ does not have commutative property. But m is an arbitrary integer and hence need
not be equal to 1. So the only possibility is
𝑐
(iii)𝑎∗ (𝑏∗𝑐) = 𝑎∗ (𝑏𝑐) = (𝑏 ).;
𝑒 = 0. Also 𝑚∗ 0 = 0 ∗𝑚 = 𝑚. Hence 0 is the
𝑐
But (𝑎∗𝑏) ∗𝑐 =(𝑎𝑏) ∗𝑐 = (𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
identity element and hence the existence of
identity is assured
𝑎∗ (𝑏∗𝑐)≠ (𝑎∗𝑏) ∗ c ,
Associative property is not true . (v) An integer m’ is to be found that

Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative 𝑚∗ m’ = m’∗𝑚 = 𝑒, ∀𝑚∈ℤ So,


property, (iii) associative property, (iv) 𝑚∗m’ = 𝑚 + m’ − m m’ = 0
existence of identity, and (v) existence of
inverse for following operation on the given m’ − 𝑚 m’ = −𝑚m’ (1 − 𝑚) = −𝑚m’ = − 𝑚/
set. 𝑚∗𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 −𝑚𝑛 ;𝑚,𝑛∈ℤ (1−𝑚) is not
defined at (1 − 𝑚) = 0, that is at 𝑚 = 1
Solution:
Hence inverse does not exist in ℤ.
(i) 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛 is clearly an integer and hence
∗ is a binary operation on ℤ. Example 12.9

(ii) 𝑚∗𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 − and Verify (i) closure property,


= 𝑛 + 𝑚 − 𝑛𝑚= 𝑛∗𝑚𝑚∗𝑛 = 𝑛∗𝑚So, ∗ has (ii) commutative property,
commutative property .
(iii)Associative property(𝑚∗𝑛) ∗𝑝 = (𝑚 + 𝑛 − (iii) associative property,
𝑚𝑛) ∗𝑝 = (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛) + 𝑝 − (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛)𝑝
= 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝 − 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑚𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛𝑝…(1)

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL
𝑎+𝑒
= ; 𝑎 + 𝑒 = 2𝑎 ;𝑒 = 2𝑎 − 𝑎
2

𝑒 = 𝑎, is the identity element.


For every element 𝑎 belongs to ℚ, we get
𝑎 is the identity. Since identity element is
unique, ∗ has no identity.
INVERSE : Since there is no identity,
inverse of 𝑎 that is 𝑎−1 cannot be defined.
That is,∗𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1∗𝑎 = 𝑒, cannot be
defined. Hence ∗ has no inverse. ...........

..........................

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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

.................................................

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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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............................

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
[Link]

V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
[Link]

V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
[Link]

V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
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V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475


CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A
V TOPPERS ACADEMY, 81, MASAKALIPALAYAM, HOPES -9384590475
CHAPTERS - 6, 8, 12 - MINIMUM MATERIAL

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[Link] , [Link].,[Link].,[Link].,P.G.D.C.A

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