TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN

HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

 LIFT/ ELEVATOR

• Lift = general term; basic vertical movement.

• Elevator = more advanced, with better features, speed, and
s a f e t y, o f t e n u s e d i n c o m m e r c i a l o r h i g h - r i s e s e t t i n g s .
L I F T ( E L E VAT O R ) :

A lift is a vertical transport system designed

to move people or goods safely and efficiently
between different floors (levels or decks) of a
building, ship, or other structure.

Working Principle:
Usually powered by an electric motor.
Movement is achieved either by a
traction system (using cables and
counterweights, similar to a hoist) or by a
hydraulic pump system (pushing the lift
car from below).
Purpose:
Provides convenient, quick, and safe
vertical transportation.
Essential in multi-storey buildings, high-
rises, and other large structures.

CLOSED LIFT (TYPICAL TYPE)

L I F T C AT E G O R I E S A C C O R D I N G T O T H E W O R K I N G P R I N C I PA L
Hydraulic Lift (Hydraulic Elevator):
A type of lift system where vertical movement is powered by
hydraulic force instead of traction cables.
Working Principle:
Uses a hydraulic cylinder placed underground or
beside the shaft.
A pump forces hydraulic fluid (oil) into the cylinder,
pushing a piston upward, which in turn raises the lift
car.
To descend, the fluid is released back into the reservoir,
and the lift car lowers by gravity.
Applications:
Commonly used in low-rise buildings (2–5 floors,
sometimes up to 6–8).
Preferred where machine room space is limited or
where heavy loads need to be lifted.
Speed:
Typically operate at speeds up to 200 feet/min (≈ 1
m/s).
Slower compared to traction lifts, but smooth and
reliable for short vertical distances.
Advantages: Limitations:
Simple design and installation. Not energy efficient for tall buildings.
Can carry heavier loads. Require more pit depth for the cylinder.
No overhead machinery room required. Slower than traction lifts.
 L I F T C AT E G O R I E S A C C O R D I N G T O T H E W O R K I N G P R I N C I PA L
TRACTION ELEVATORS
[Link]
1. The elevator car is connected to
steel ropes or cables, which pass
over a drive pulley (sheave)
powered by the motor.
2. Counterweights balance the car’s
weight, reducing the energy needed
to lift and lower it.
[Link]
1. The motor turns the pulley, which
raises or lowers the elevator car
smoothly.
2. Used in most mid- to high-rise
buildings, providing fast and efficient •Traction elevators can be with or without a
vertical transportation. machine room:
[Link] •MRL (Machine Room-Less): Motor and
1. Energy-efficient due to machinery fit inside the shaft.
counterweight system. •Conventional Traction: Motor and machinery
2. Capable of higher speeds than located in a separate machine room at the top
hydraulic elevators. of the shaft.
3. Smooth ride with precise floor •Suitable for both passenger and freight
leveling. elevators, depending on load and speed
requirements.
 L I F T C AT E G O R I E S A C C O R D I N G T O T H E W O R K I N G P R I N C I PA L

Machine Room-Less (MRL)

Elevators Overview
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
elevators are a type of traction
elevator in which most of the
machinery is located within the
elevator shaft itself, rather than
in a separate machine room. A
small cabinet, usually at the top
or bottom of the shaft, houses the
elevator controller. Aside from the
placement of machinery, the
components are similar to a
conventional traction elevator.
Key Characteristics
[Link] Design
1. Machinery is integrated into the hoistway, eliminating the need for a separate
machine room.
2. Requires less building space, making it ideal for modern high-rise and mid-rise
buildings.
[Link] Cabinet
1. Houses the elevator control system.
2. Small in size and can be positioned conveniently within the shaft for easy
maintenance access.
[Link] and Speed
1. Can operate at faster speeds than hydraulic elevators, but typically slower than
conventional traction elevators with a machine room.
2. Suitable for mid-rise buildings, usually up to 12–15 floors depending on design.
[Link] Efficiency
1. Consumes 70–80% less energy than hydraulic elevators.
2. Regenerative drives may be used to further reduce energy consumption.
[Link] Benefits
1. No oil is required, eliminating potential leaks and environmental hazards.
[Link] Efficiency
1. Slightly lower cost than conventional traction elevators due to reduced space and
simpler installation.
2. Less structural reinforcement may be needed since no separate machine room is
required.
L I F T C AT E G O R I E S A C C O R D I N G T O T H E U S E
Passenger Elevators
Passenger elevators are designed to
transport people within a building safely and
efficiently.
•Location:
• Ideally placed at the circulation core
of the building (central and
accessible).
• Elevators may be grouped in banks
(multiple elevators together) when
required for large passenger traffic.
•Factors Determining Number of Elevators:
• Building Type – residential, office,
hospital, commercial, etc.
• Building Height – taller buildings
require more or faster elevators.
• Number of Stops – total number of
floors served.
• Floor Use – nature of use (e.g., office
floors may have peak rush hours,
hospitals need quick accessibility).
• Passenger Volume – expected traffic
load (number of people to be
transported during peak hours).
FREIGHT/GOODS ELEVATORS
Freight elevators are special elevators
designed to transport goods, materials, or
equipment rather than passengers.
•Key Features:
• Larger size and rugged construction to
handle heavy and bulky loads.
• Typically built with durable finishes (e.g.,
steel floors, reinforced walls) to withstand
rough usage.
• Operate at slower speeds compared to
passenger elevators, prioritizing load
capacity and safety.
•Load Capacity:
• Commonly range between 2,300–4,500
kg (can be higher for industrial use).
•Applications:
• Warehouses and factories
• Hospitals (for stretchers and equipment)
• Shopping malls and retail stores
• Hotels and service areas (service
elevators)
STRETCHER ELEVATORS (HOSPITAL ELEVATORS)
•Usage Focus:
Specifically designed for patient transport on stretchers/trolleys, along with doctors,
nurses, and medical equipment. They are considered a lifeline in hospitals, as they
ensure timely movement in emergencies.
•Design Requirements:
• Car Size: Must allow smooth entry/exit of a standard stretcher (usually 2100 mm ×
560 mm) with attendants.
• Door Width: Minimum 1100 mm to allow stretcher passage.
• Car Dimensions (typical): Around 1600 mm (W) × 2400 mm (D), but may vary
based on standards.
• Load Capacity: Commonly 1600–2000 kg.
• Speed: Moderate (generally 1–1.5 m/s), ensuring stability and patient comfort.
•Safety & Comfort Features:
• Smooth acceleration and deceleration to avoid patient discomfort.
• Emergency power backup (UPS/Generator) for uninterrupted service.
• Automatic rescue device (ARD): Brings the elevator safely to the nearest floor in
case of power failure.
• Antibacterial interiors and easy-clean stainless steel finishes.
• Ventilation & air circulation for patient comfort.
• Precise floor levelling for hassle-free stretcher transfer.
•Standards & Guidelines:
• Must comply with hospital building codes (e.g., IS 14665 in India, EN 81-70 in
Europe, ADA in the US).
• Often located close to emergency and operation theatres for quick access.
CAPSULE ELEVATORS
Capsule elevators serve as architectural highlights in
prestigious and modern buildings. With their transparent
laminated glass walls and stylish contemporary
designs, they not only provide efficient vertical
transportation but also create a sense of luxury and
sophistication.
Often referred to as the ornaments of a building,
capsule elevators enhance its visual appeal, offer
panoramic viewing experiences, and bring life and
dynamism to the overall structure.
These elevators are especially popular in shopping
malls, hotels, multiplexes, corporate offices, and
luxury residential spaces, where aesthetics and
passenger experience hold equal importance to
functionality.
Key Features
•Elegant glass construction with laminated safety glass.
•Panoramic outside views for a visually stimulating ride.
•Enhances architectural beauty and overall building
value.
•Creates a sense of openness and modernity.
•Highly customizable in shape, size, and finish to
complement the building’s design.
•Incorporates both an entrance area and a viewing area
for added passenger comfort.
AUTOMOBILE ELEVATORS
Automobile elevators, or car elevators, are specialized lifts designed to transport vehicles
vertically between floors in a safe, efficient, and space-saving manner. They are
particularly useful in situations where traditional ramps consume excessive space or are
structurally impractical, making them an ideal solution for urban, high-density areas or
buildings with limited footprint.
These elevators are widely used in multi-level parking structures, automobile
showrooms, service centers, luxury residences, and commercial buildings, where
space optimization and smooth vehicle movement are crucial.
Key Features
•High Load Capacity: Designed to carry a wide range of vehicles, from small cars to SUVs,
with capacities typically ranging from 2,000 kg to over 10,000 kg depending on the design.
•Durable Platform Construction: Anti-slip surfaces, reinforced steel frames, and protective
barriers ensure vehicle safety during vertical travel.
•Smooth and Silent Operation: Advanced hydraulic or traction drive systems provide
vibration-free, quiet movement.
•Space-Saving Design: Eliminates the need for ramps, maximizing usable floor area and
enabling compact multi-level parking solutions.
•Advanced Safety Systems: Includes overload sensors, emergency brakes, interlocks,
alarms, and safety gates to prevent accidents.
•Customizable Dimensions and Layouts: Platforms can be tailored to accommodate
different vehicle sizes, multiple vehicles per lift, or integration with automated parking
systems.
•Optional Automation Features: Integration with smart parking solutions, remote vehicle
call systems, or turntables for easy maneuvering.
Applications
•Multi-Level Parking Garages: Efficiently move
vehicles between floors while saving ramp space.
•Automobile Showrooms: Display cars on
multiple levels, enhancing the showroom layout
and visitor experience.
•Service Centers & Workshops: Easily transport
vehicles to inspection bays, maintenance areas, or
storage floors.
•Luxury Residences & Commercial Buildings:
Provide private or valet parking solutions where
space is limited.
Advantages
•Maximizes usable floor area and optimizes
building design.
•Provides safe and efficient vehicle movement
without driver stress or congestion.
•Flexible installation options – can be internal or
external, hydraulic or traction-driven, depending on
the building layout.
•Enhances aesthetic appeal in showrooms or
luxury projects by offering a sleek, modern vehicle
lift solution.
•Can be integrated into fully automated parking
systems for high-density urban developments.
FIREMAN’S LIFT OVERVIEW
A fireman’s lift is a specialized elevator designed for use by firefighting personnel
during emergencies in buildings 15 meters or taller. Its primary purpose is to provide
safe, rapid access to all floors, even during fire incidents, and to transport firefighting
equipment efficiently.
Key Specifications
[Link] Car Floor Area
1. Minimum: 1.44 sq. meters
2. The floor area is designed to accommodate at least 8 firefighters with equipment.
3. Car layout often includes foldable seats or handrails for stability during movement.
[Link] Capacity
1. Minimum: 544 kg (~8 persons)
2. Sufficient for personnel and firefighting gear such as hoses, axes, breathing
apparatus, and ladders.
[Link] Landing Doors
1. Fire resistance: Minimum 2 hours
2. Protects the lift shaft from heat, smoke, and fire, maintaining operational integrity
during emergencies.
3. Equipped with automatic closing mechanisms to prevent the spread of fire.
[Link] Speed and Travel Time
1. Minimum speed: 1.0 m/s
2. Must reach the top floor from the ground/entrance floor within 60 seconds,
ensuring timely access.
3. Controlled acceleration and deceleration to avoid equipment damage and ensure
safety.
[Link] Power Supply
1. The lift must operate on backup power in case of mains failure.
2. Often connected to building fire alarm systems to allow immediate recall to
the ground floor.
[Link] and Operation
1. Equipped with manual override controls for firefighters to operate the lift
safely.
2. Usually includes priority operation, bypassing normal passenger use during
emergencies.
3. Interlocks ensure doors cannot open on unsafe floors.
3. Additional Safety Features
Smoke-proof lift shaft with pressurization
system to prevent smoke entry.
Fire-rated cab materials and heat-
resistant lighting.
Clear signage and emergency
communication system within the lift car.

4. Regulatory Compliance
1. Must comply with local fire safety
codes and standards such as NFPA
101 / IS 14665 (depending on country).
2. Regular inspection and maintenance
mandatory to ensure operational
readiness.
COMPONENTS OF LIFT
1. CONTROL ROOM
2. GUIDES
3. LIFT CAR
4. LIFT CAR DOOR
5. CAR RAIL
6. COUNTER WEIGHT
7. CONTROL PANEL
8. LIFT PIT
9. BUFFER
10. HOIST WAY
11. HOIST ROPE
12. VENTILATION WINDOW
13. FLEXIBLE CABLE
14. DRIVE CRANK
.LIFTCAR OVERVIEW
The lift car (also called the elevator car) is the platform or cabin where passengers or
goods are transported vertically within a building. Its design ensures safety,
accessibility, and comfort for all users.

Key Specifications for Passenger Elevators

[Link]
1. Passenger elevators should be centrally located in the circulation core of the
building.
2. Ensures easy access from all parts of the building and efficient vertical movement.
[Link] Dimensions
1. Minimum Width: 2000 mm
2. Minimum Depth: 1291 mm (suitable for wheelchair accessibility)
3. Designed to accommodate passengers with mobility aids, complying with
accessibility standards.
[Link] Height
1. Minimum height of the lift entrance: 2 meters
2. Provides comfortable access for all users and equipment.
[Link] Rails
1. Rails should be positioned at least 38 mm clear from the walls.
2. Ensures smooth and safe movement of the lift car along the shaft.
[Link] Car Height
1. Typical car height: 800 mm from the floor (this likely refers to rail or threshold
height; standard internal car height is usually higher, around 2–2.2 m for passenger
lifts).
.
•Lift cars should include handrails,
lighting, and non-slip flooring for
safety and comfort.
•Doors should open fully and
safely, providing easy entry and exit.
•Emergency features like alarms,
intercom, and backup power are
mandatory
LIFT CONTROL AND MOTION SYSTEMS
Elevators rely on a combination of mechanical, electrical, and safety components to ensure
smooth, controlled, and safe operation.
1. Control Motion
•Comprises the motor, gear, engines, brakes, and power supply.
•Responsible for moving the lift car up and down the shaft.
•Ensures smooth acceleration, deceleration, and stopping at designated floors.
2. Control System
•The electrical and electronic system that controls the
movement of the lift.
•Functions include:
• Calling the lift to a particular floor.
• Managing floor selection, speed, and direction.
• Coordinating multiple elevators in the building (if
applicable).
3. Door Control
•Includes motors and mechanisms for operating lift car doors
and landing doors.
•Ensures safe opening and closing.
•Equipped with safety devices to prevent accidents, such as
sensors to detect obstacles.
4. Safety Control
•Ensures the elevator operates safely
under all conditions.
•Includes:
• Safety gear to stop the car in
emergencies.
• Speed controller to prevent over-
speeding.
• Systems to handle imbalances,
overheating, or power failures

Governor
The governor is a critical safety device that prevents uncontrolled movement of the lift.
•Placement: Usually at the top of the lift shaft or in a room with a lifting beam for
maintenance.
•Components:
• Electric motor
• Safety gear
• Guard rails
• Diaphragm motion
• Gearing mechanism
•Function: Monitors the speed of the lift car and activates the safety gear if the car exceeds
the designed speed.
•Allows maintenance personnel to safely inspect and service the lift.
 counterweight :
• To grip the lift car
• Reduce the power of
generator
• Reduce the brake to
stop the car lifts

LIFT SHAFT: Constructed with

reinforced concrete.

GUARD RAIL: hold the lift from

GEARLESS MOTOR
crashing down if the rope brea
 •ALARM BUTTON AND EMERGENCY STOP SWITCH
SHALL BE AT A HEIGHT OF 890 MM,
•HIGHEST FLOOR BUTTON NO HIGHER THAN 1.37 M FROM
THE FLOOR.
•LETTERS OR NUMBERS SHALL BE A MINIMUM OF 15 MM
HIGH

•CONTROL BUTTONS SHALL BE AT LEAST 19 MM MIN

DIMENSIONS.

•STANDBY POWER WITHIN

60 SECONDS AFTER
FAILURE OF NORMAL
POWER.

•IN FIRE EMERGENCY, DO NOT

USE LIFT. USE EXIT STAIRS. THIS
SIGN SHALL BE IN LETTERS NOT
LESS THAN 12 MM HIGH.

• VENTILATION
WINDOW
•THE WIDTH OF LIFT MACHINE ROOM SHALL BE
EQUAL TO BE LIFT (MINIMUM OF 2500 MM)
•THE HEIGHT SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 2.30 M
THROUGHOUT UNDER THE LIFTING BEAM
•THE TRAP DOOR SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 1.0 M X
1.0 M
•MACHINE ROOM ENTRANCE IS LESS THAN 1.5 M

SHAFT PIT – the bottom end of the

shaft is called pit.
•Lift pits having depth more than 1.6 m shall be provided
LIFT DOOR
• LIFT CAR IS EQUIPPED WITH ITS OWN
DOOR
(SLIDING TYPE).
• SECURITY MEASURE – RESIST THE
MOVEMENT AS LONG AS THE DOOR IS
STILL OPEN.

2 TYPES OF SLIDING DOOR :

• OPENED AUTOMATICALLY WHEN THE
LIFT STOPS AT EVERY LEVEL.
• SWING DOOR – WILL OPEN WHEN
THE LIFT STOPPED AT THE LOBBY.

LIFT LOBBY
IF LIFT SIZE IS A LIFT SIZE SHOULD
BE 1.5A-2.5A
Selection Factor
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

• Utility – The function must be identified whether for commercial, office of hospital.

• Capacity & number of lifts – depends on the access building pattern and buildingsize.

• Speed – depends on the number of stops, numbers of user and transport cost.

• Type & size of lift gate – depends on the use or function.

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

• Size of lift shaft – depends on lift cargo capacity

• Depth of lift shaft – depends on the speed of elevator

• Area of space in lift – depends on speed of elevators.

• Mechanical room size – depends on type and size of the lift equipment.
where A is width of lift

Two Car Arrangement

where A is width of lift

Three Car Arrangement

Four Car Arrangement
 Six Car Arrangement

where A is width of lift

where A is width of lift

where A is width of lift

Eight Car Arrangement

Advantages of Elevators
Ease of Use: Makes it easier for people to move between floors in offices, hospitals, shopping
malls, and other multi-story buildings.
Comfort: Provides a comfortable means of vertical transportation, especially for elderly,
disabled, or injured individuals.
Heavy Load Handling: Can carry heavy goods or equipment that would be difficult to transport
via stairs.
Emergency Use: Special lifts, such as fireman’s lifts, assist during emergencies for fire safety or
medical evacuation.
Business Efficiency: Useful for buildings with high customer traffic, improving convenience and
operational efficiency.

Disadvantages of Elevators
[Link] Maintenance: Elevators require regular maintenance, inspections, and servicing,
which adds to operational costs.
[Link] Consumption: Operating elevators consumes significant electrical energy, especially
in high-rise buildings.
[Link] Costs: Installation and replacement of elevator equipment can be expensive.
[Link] Risks: Hydraulic elevators may pose a risk of contamination from hydraulic fluid
leaks.
[Link] and Speed Limitations: Some elevators, especially older or hydraulic types, can be
noisy and operate slower compared to modern alternatives.
ESCALATOR
E S C A L AT O R
An escalator is a mechanical moving staircase
designed to continuously carry people between
different floors of a building. It uses a motor-driven
chain of linked steps that move up and down on
tracks, keeping the steps in a horizontal position
for safe riding.

Design Specifications
Inclination (Angle of Slope):
Standard: 27.3°, 30°, or 35°.
If height > 6 m, then 27.3° is recommended for
comfort and safety.
Speed:
At 30° incline → 0.63 m/s (max).
At 35° incline → 0.50 m/s (max).
Step Widths:
Standard widths: 600 mm, 800 mm, and 1000
mm (allowing one or two persons side by side).
Capacity:
Depends on step width, speed, and direction of
flow (can handle thousands of passengers per
hour).
T Y P E S O F E S C A L AT O R S
1. PARALLEL ESCALATORS
• Arrangement: Two escalators placed side by side, one for going up and one for
going down simultaneously.
• Speed: 0.5 m/s
• Inclination: 30° / 35°
• Step Widths: 800 mm / 1000 mm
• Power: 50 Hz / 3 Phase
• Handrails: Rubber / Stainless steel
• Steps: Stainless steel (6-step chain)
• Landing Plate: Anti-skid stainless steel
• Operation: Emergency stop button / Key switch
• Illumination: Lighting under upper & lower landing steps
• Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet
2. MULTI-PARALLEL ESCALATORS

• Arrangement: More than two parallel

escalators placed side by side, useful
for handling large passenger flow
(e.g., shopping malls, airports,
metros).
• Speed: 0.5 m/s
• Inclination: 30° / 35°
• Step Widths: 800 mm / 1000 mm
• Power: 50 Hz / 3 Phase
• Handrails: Rubber / Stainless steel
• Steps: Stainless steel (6-step chain)
• Landing Plate: Anti-skid stainless
steel
• Operation: Emergency stop button /
Key switch / Inspection operation
• Illumination: Lighting under upper &
lower landing steps
• Indicator: Failure indicator on control
cabinet
3. SPIRAL ESCALATORS

Spiral escalators are a curved form of

escalator designed not only for
passenger movement but also to
enhance the architectural aesthetics
of a building. They are often used in
high-end shopping malls, luxury hotels,
airports, and landmark buildings where
space utilization and visual appeal are
equally important.
Specifications
Inclined Angle: 30°
Rated Speed:
0.25 m/s (≈ 25 m/min)
Handling Capacity: About 6,300 persons per hour
Vertical Rise: 3.5 m ~ 6.6 m
Step Widths (Common): 600 mm / 800 mm (varies by design)
Handrails: Rubber / Stainless steel (curved type, synchronized with steps)
Landing Plate: Anti-skid stainless steel

Operation: Emergency stop button, Key switch, Inspection controls

Illumination: Decorative and safety lighting under steps and at landing platforms
Indicators: Failure indicator on control cabinet

Advantages
Enhances architectural beauty with an elegant curved design.
Saves floor space compared to multiple straight escalators.
Provides smooth and continuous passenger flow.

Limitations
High cost of manufacturing, installation, and maintenance.
Technically complex (requires special curved step and track design).
Typically limited to low-to-medium vertical rise.
5. CRISS-CROSS ESCALATORS

Criss-cross escalators are arranged in an

alternating pattern, where one escalator
goes up and the next goes down in a
stacked configuration. This reduces the
structural space requirement and allows
efficient passenger movement across
multiple floors.
Specifications
[Link] Widths: 600 / 800 / 1000 mm
[Link] Supply: 300 V / 50 Hz / 3 Phase
[Link]: Rubber / Stainless steel
[Link]: Stainless steel
[Link] Plate: Anti-skid stainless steel
[Link]: Emergency stop button / Key switch
[Link]: Lighting under upper and lower
landing steps
[Link]: Failure indicator on control cabinet

Advantages
•Saves building floor space (stacked layout).
•Efficient for multi-storey shopping malls, airports,
metro stations.
•Ensures smooth two-way passenger circulation.
Limitations
•Not suitable for very high-rise buildings.
•Passenger movement may require more walking
distance compared to parallel types.
Escalator Inclination Angles
1. 30° Inclination
•Provides the highest traveling comfort
and maximum safety.
•Preferred where passenger convenience
is more important than saving space.
•Recommended for taller vertical rises
(more than 5 m) to avoid steepness.
•Commonly used in: airports, hospitals,
metro stations, and shopping malls where
people of all age groups, including elderly
and children, use escalators.
Escalator Placement with Staircase

When an escalator is the primary

means of transport between floors, it is
recommended that a staircase be
located adjacent to it.

• The “Up” escalator is usually

preferred next to the staircase.
• This arrangement provides:
• Convenience: Passengers have the
option to use either the escalator or the
staircase.
• Safety: In case of escalator
malfunction, the staircase offers an
immediate alternative.
• Flow management: Helps in
separating upward vs downward
movement of people more efficiently.
• Accessibility: Essential during
emergencies, power failures, or high
traffic times.
C O M P O N E N T S O F T H E E S C A L AT O R :

• Landing Platforms.
• Truss.
• Tracks.
• Steps.
• Handrail.
• Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).
• Drive system.
• Auto-Lubrication System.
• Braking system.
• Safety devices.
• Electrical & Control Systems.
HANDRAIL-
OPERATING SPEED IS LESS THAN 0.35 M/S

THE HANDRAIL WIDTH NOT MORE THAN 75MM

EACH MOVING HANDRAIL HEIGHT NOT LESS

THAN 300 MM.

BALUSTRADE-
THE THICKNESS OF THE GLASS
SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 6 MM.
HEIGHT 680 MM VERTICALLY ABOVE THE NOSE
LINE OF THE STEPS, BALUSTRADE

DECK BOARD- THESE ARE USED FOR PREVENTING

CLOTHING FROM GETTING CAUGHT AND OTHER SUCH

PROBLEMS.

DECK BOARD
TRUSS –
• THE TRUSS IS A HOLLOW METAL STRUCTURE
• THAT BRIDGES THE LOWER AND UPPER LANDINGS.
•THE ENDS OF THE TRUSS ARE ATTACHED TO THE TOP AND BOTTOM
LANDING PLATFORMS VIA STEEL OR CONCRETE SUPPORTS.

FLOOR PLATE-
• FLUSH WITH THE FINISHED FLOOR

steps
• IN FRONT OF THE ESCALATOR SHALL BE MINIMUM OF 3 M.

STEPS-
• TRADE SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 400 MM

• RISER SHALL NOT BE MORE THAN 220 MM.

•FRONT AND BACK EDGES OF THE STEPS ARE EACH CONNECTED TO TWO
WHEELS.
• LANDING PLATFORMS:

• TRACKS:
THE TRACK SYSTEM IS BUILT INTO
THE TRUSS TO GUIDE THE STEP CHAIN,
WHICH CONTINUOUSLY PULLS THE STEPS
FROM THE BOTTOM PLATFORM AND BACK
TO THE TOP IN AN ENDLESS LOOP.

• COMB PLATE

THE COMB PLATE IS THE PIECE BETWEEN THE

STATIONARY FLOOR PLATE AND THE MOVING
STEP.
•STANDARD TRANSPORTATION SPEED
RANGES BETWEEN 0.5 TO 0.65M/S

FOR A SPEED OF 0.5M/S THE THEORETICAL

CAPACITY IS:
• 600MM STEP WIDTH -4500 PERSONS PER HOUR
• 800MM STEP WIDTH -6750 PERSONS PER HOUR
• 1000MM STEP WIDTH -9000 PERSONS/HOUR

•ESCALATORS HAVING A VERTICAL

RISE NOT MORE THAN 6 M.

•MINIMUM HEAD ROOM SHALL NOT BE

LESS THAN 2.3 M.
 LIFT,ESCALATOR AND MOVING WALKS

WIDTH OF ESCALATOR CROSS-SECTION OF AN ESCALATOR

 ESCALATOR WIDTH

IN ACCORDANCE WITH A WORLDWIDE STANDARD,THE

WIDTH OF THE STEP TO BE USED IS 60 CM
(FOR ONE PERSON), 80CM (FOR ONE-TO-TWO
PEOPLE) AND 100CM (FOR TWO PEOPLE WIDTH)
SAFETY
• SAFETY IS ALSO MAJOR CONCERN IN ESCALATOR
DESIGN.

• FIRE PROTECTION OF AN ESCALATOR FLOOR-

OPENING MAY BE PROVIDED BY ADDING AUTOMATIC
SPRINKLERS OR FIREPROOF SHUTTERS TO THE
OPENING, OR BY INSTALLING THE ESCALATOR IN AN
ENCLOSED FIRE-PROTECTED HALL.

• TO LIMIT THE DANGER OF OVERHEATING,

ADEQUATE VENTILATION FOR THE SPACES THAT
CONTAIN THE MOTORS AND GEARS MUST BE
PROVIDED.

• IT IS PREFERRED THAT A TRADITIONAL STAIRCASE

BE LOCATED ADJACENT TO THE ESCALATOR IF THE
ESCALATOR IS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF
TRANSPORT BETWEEN FLOORS.
ESCALATORS CONSTRUCTION
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• A MOVING STAIRCASE USED TO CARRY • ESCALATOR TAKES UP MORE SPACE
PEOPLE FROM ONE FLOOR OF A BUILDING BECAUSE IT IS BUILT IN A INCLINE
TO ANOTHER. WHICH STRETCHES OUT A CERTAIN
• CAN BE PLACED IN THE SAME PHYSICAL LENGTH DEPENDING ON HOW HIGH IT
SPACE AS ONE MIGHT INSTALL A NEEDS TO REACH.
STAIRCASE. • IT IS NOT SAFE TO TAKE A
• ESCALATORS ARE QUITE CONVENIENT STROLLER, WALKER OR EVEN A CART
DUE TO THE FACT THAT THEY ARE QUITE ON AN ESCALATOR.
SAFE IN CASE OF A EMERGENCY.
• ON TOP OF THAT A ESCALATOR CAN
TRANSPORT A LARGE AMOUNT OF
PEOPLE AT THE SAME TIME.
• CAN ALWAYS WALK UP ON ONE SIDE TO
GET TO THE TOP FASTER IF YOU WANT.