VIRTUAL
INSTRUMENTATION
A PRESENTATION ON
TYPES OF
SAMPLING METHODS
PRESENTED BY,
MAGHITH A
MOWLIKA S
SAMPLING
➢ Sampling is the process of converting a continuous
time signal into a discrete time signal by taking
Analog Input Signal
measurements at uniform time intervals.
➢ If the analog signal is 𝒙𝒂 𝒕 , Then sampled signal
Sampling Pulse
becomes,
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒙𝒂 𝒏𝑻
Sampled Output Signal
Where,
T = Sampling period
Fs = 1/T = Sampling frequency
n = Sample number
2
SAMPLING THEOREM
➢ Statement :
If the highest frequency present in a signal is Fmax, then the
signal can be perfectly reconstructed if
a) Analog Input Signal
𝑭𝒔 ≥ 𝟐𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙
➢ Nyquist Rate :
The Nyquist rate is the minimum sampling frequency required
to avoid aliasing and ensure perfect reconstruction of the original b) Below Nyquist Rate
signal.
𝑭𝑵 = 𝟐𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙
3
c) Above Nyquist Rate
TYPES OF SAMPLING METHODS
➢ Based on Nature of Sampling Pulse, Pulse Width and Signal Behaviour,
there are three types of sampling methods.
➢ The three types of Sampling Methods are
1) Impulse Sampling
2) Natural Sampling
3) Flat Top Sampling
4
IMPULSE SAMPLING
➢ Impulse sampling is an ideal sampling technique in which a continuous-time signal 𝑥 𝑡 is
multiplied by a periodic train of Dirac delta impulses.
➢ The sampled signal is represented as
∞
𝒙𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 𝜹 𝒕 − 𝒏𝑻𝒔
𝒏=−∞
➢ In the frequency domain, this operation causes spectral replication of the original signal at
integer multiples of the sampling frequency 𝐹𝑠 .
➢ It has instantaneous samples at intervals 𝑇𝑠 with zero pulse width and infinite amplitude.
5
IMPULSE SAMPLING
6
NATURAL SAMPLING
➢ Natural sampling is a practical sampling technique in which a continuous-time signal
𝒙 𝒕 is multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular pulses of finite width.
➢ The sampled signal is expressed as ,
𝒙𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 𝒑 𝒕
where 𝒑 𝒕 represents the pulse train with duration 𝜏.
➢ During each pulse interval, the signal retains its natural shape, meaning the amplitude
varies within the pulse width instead of remaining constant.
➢ It is commonly used in Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) systems.
7
NATURAL SAMPLING
8
FLAT – TOP SAMPLING
➢ Flat Top Sampling (also called Sample-and-Hold or Zero-Order Hold) is a practical sampling technique in
which the signal is sampled at discrete instants and each sample value is held constant for a fixed duration.
➢ It can be mathematically modeled as impulse sampling followed by convolution with a rectangular hold
function.
𝒙𝒁𝑶𝑯 𝒕 = 𝒙𝒔 𝒕 ∗ 𝒉 𝒕
𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 < 𝑻𝒔
𝒉 𝒕 =ቊ
𝟎, otherwi𝒔𝒆
➢ The output waveform appears as a staircase or step-like signal, where each sample remains constant during
the hold interval.
➢ This method is widely used in DAQ systems and Digital instrumentation because it provides a stable input
during analog-to-digital conversion.
9
FLAT – TOP SAMPLING
10
COMPARISION
11
APPLICATION – DIGITAL PROTECTION RELAY
Signal
Sensing
Signal
Trip Action Conditioning
Digital
Signal 3. Sampling
Processing
12
RECENT INNOVATIONS
1) Graph Signal Sampling
Extends classical sampling theory to signals defined on graphs and networks for
efficient reconstruction.
2) Sub-Nyquist Sampling (Compressed Sensing)
Enables accurate signal recovery at rates below Nyquist by exploiting signal sparsity.
3) Finite Rate of Innovation (FRI) Sampling
Samples signals with limited degrees of freedom using fewer samples than traditional
methods.
4) Modulo Sampling
Uses signal folding techniques to handle high dynamic range signals before ADC
conversion.
13
THANK YOU !
14