Fourier Series and Partial differential Equations
ven and Odd functions
Even function : f(x) f(u) =
odd function : f(x) - f(x) =
Let f : [L L] ,
-
>R be a function
inen find =
Stude + fin o
S "EEu) flus]du
.
+
& "findu if f
E
2 is even
o if I is odd .
Properties
-
: 1. product of two even functions is even
.
2 Product of two odd functions is an even
function .
.
3 product of an even and and odd function
is an odd function .
Any function [L 2]
4 Can be
on ,
expressed
as a sum of even function I an odd function
f(u)
=
ufzus] +
ExampleO
:
f(n) = Sin nu , not is odd function
~Isinndr
= o
② fill = cos nu , n21 is an even
function
~>
Sesam =
2 S. sund-Sinun
=
0 .
③ fin) = Sin mu cosum , mins+ is an odd function .
-
Sin wer cosud
⑨
f(u) = cosmu cosum ,
m . 131 is an even
function
& cos mu cosud
2 asmu cosn o
=
2/
min
d
2"cosmna +
Soirs ms
=
Fourier series
Let f :
[ + ,]
-
>
-
R be a function :
The idea behind Fourier series is to express f in
terms of
trigonometric functions (Sin muscos my)
.
Let flu) :
as
+ ncosum +
bu Sinn
We need to determine as I bis .
findu =Scanfesundn buy
+
= 2Tt ao
=> as
= find
tCosm Guaunce t
=
bu Since
cosmu)
ancosmuesuudn + bu
Su musin as
an
=> fl as mud
=> am = S fu cos mu o
Now ,
(ful Sinmudu
= Ebsinmu sin n a
=non-con
= bu .
=> bm
= fin Sin mid
Summary : A function of defined on [IT i] ,
Can be
written as
f(u) = negun + bu Sinn
to
ITU <I
an=I fin
-
·
where cosum do , mo
bu
=ful Sin unde , 12
,
=
In
general if a function f is defined on
- L 1) , ,
130 ·
Then we can write
it as
f(u) = 00
+ancos bu
----
Sin
O
T
where ao: In If(u) da
an
I flu) as
a d
=
bu = I flus Sin d
Note that the series on the RHS of Q
coverges
to f(u) for-LRL
-
if f defined
Similarly is on (0 2)
, , then its Fourier
Series is of the form
f() = 00
+ancos + b
Sin a
ao =
= Sofas du ,
an =
ESo"fluscos() da
bu =
ES firs Siny do
Example
1 : f(u) = m ,
-
TERLT ·
as
= ed
I T
u
For
.
resun o a as a cosum is an odd
function .
bu
= sinude) I -
-cosun -
cosun]
- -
Ecosut =
(i
Therefore
f(u) = +ut Sin un :
-
Example
2 :
f(u) = n + +2 ,
-
#CUST ·
and
= [3] =
an =
fu ersundn
=
E
bn
= undsinn sin
=
Eight
Thus e
+u = sunn Sin
↑
Special cases : even
and odd functions
Let f(u) = ao
+ancos bu
----
Sin
O
T
where ao: In If(u) da
an
I flu) as
a d
=
bu = I flus Sin d
EaseIf -
is even
Then f(u) . Sin
4 is odd
=> bu = 0 .
The Fourier series becomes
f(u) = 90 + ancos -
ao
=Fed an
ce-2 f is odd
In this case . A = 0 , an = 0 UX 1 ·
f( = bu Sin
where
bu=I fill sin dr
.
Fourier
Half-range Series
Letffunction erent
ways
Gf(u) S,u
0xu -
g() = ,
h() =
10.
f(U) ,
-
Lex <O
clearly h is an odd function
& (u) g(x)
=
is even function
g
=> an
on [-L L],
Sinc Series :
Fourier expansion of h
Sin
clearly , h(u) = Ibn Y , -LUCL
=> f(u) =
[bu Sin
# , OCUL
where
but t Sinus Singi de
=> bn =
zf() Sin du
Series from Forier
cosine
: This comes Serieso
& (n) + =
do an cos
=>
f(u) = 90 + an
C , o
=Eason ,
an
=> an =
tofindus => an
=ful cos
. Expand f=Ou in
Example a half
e in
(a)· Sinc series
bu =
%"flu) Sin do
i
=
So a
i
Sin do
=
ti
in
f(u) = sin)
ine
series : ad -
an
= "nasdn =ou
f(u) = 1
+ co
- cos(r)
=