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Python Methods Reference

String • Integer • Float

🔤 STRING METHODS

💡 Strings are immutable — all methods return a NEW string, they don't change the original. import math is not
needed for strings.

▸ Case Conversion
Method / Syntax What It Does Example
.upper() Converts all letters to UPPERCASE "hello".upper() → "HELLO"

.lower() Converts all letters to lowercase "HELLO".lower() → "hello"

.capitalize() First letter upper, rest lower "hELLO".capitalize() → "Hello"

"hello world".title() → "Hello

.title() First letter of every word upper World"

.swapcase() Swaps upper↔lower for every letter "Hello".swapcase() → "hELLO"

.casefold() Aggressive lowercase (for "ß".casefold() → "ss"

comparisons)

▸ Searching & Finding

Method / Syntax What It Does Example

.find(sub) Returns index of first match, -1 if not "hello".find("l") → 2

found

.rfind(sub) Returns index of last match, -1 if not "hello".rfind("l") → 3

found

.index(sub) Like find() but raises error if not found "hello".index("e") → 1

.rindex(sub) Like rfind() but raises error if not found "hello".rindex("l") → 3

.count(sub) Counts non-overlapping occurrences "banana".count("a") → 3

"hello".startswith("he") →
.startswith(pre) True if string starts with prefix True

.endswith(suf) True if string ends with suffix "hello".endswith("lo") → True

.in keyword True if substring is inside string "ell" in "hello" → True

▸ Checking / Validation
Method / Syntax What It Does Example
.isalpha() True if all chars are letters "abc".isalpha() → True

.isdigit() True if all chars are digits "123".isdigit() → True

.isalnum() True if all chars are letters or digits "abc123".isalnum() → True

.isspace() True if all chars are whitespace " ".isspace() → True

.isupper() True if all cased letters are uppercase "HELLO".isupper() → True

.islower() True if all cased letters are lowercase "hello".islower() → True

.istitle() True if string is in title case "Hello World".istitle() → True

.isnumeric() True if all chars are numeric (incl. ², ½) "²".isnumeric() → True

.isdecimal() True if all chars are 0-9 decimal digits "123".isdecimal() → True

.isidentifier() True if valid Python variable name "my_var".isidentifier() → True

.isprintable() True if all chars are printable "hello".isprintable() → True

▸ Modifying / Cleaning
Method / Syntax What It Does Example
.strip() Removes whitespace from both ends " hi ".strip() → "hi"

.lstrip() Removes whitespace from left only " hi ".lstrip() → "hi "

.rstrip() Removes whitespace from right only " hi ".rstrip() → " hi"

.strip(chars) Removes specified chars from both "xxhelloxx".strip("x") →

ends "hello"

.replace(old, new) Replaces all occurrences of old with "aabbcc".replace("b","x") →

new "aaxxcc"

.replace(old,new,n "aaa".replace("a","b",2) →
Replaces only first n occurrences
) "bba"

.removeprefix(pre) Removes prefix if present (Python "unhappy".removeprefix("un") →

3.9+) "happy"

.removesuffix(suf) Removes suffix if present (Python "[Link]".removesuffix(".py")

3.9+) → "hello"

▸ Splitting & Joining

Method / Syntax What It Does Example
"a b c".split() →
.split() Splits on whitespace into a list ["a","b","c"]

"a,b,c".split(",") →
.split(sep) Splits on a specific separator ["a","b","c"]

"a,b,c".split(",",1) →
.split(sep, n) Splits at most n times ["a","b,c"]

"a,b,c".rsplit(",",1) →
.rsplit(sep, n) Splits from right, at most n times ["a,b","c"]
 "a\nb\nc".splitlines() →
.splitlines() Splits on line boundaries ["a","b","c"]

[Link](list) Joins list elements with separator ",".join(["a","b"]) → "a,b"

"a=b".partition("=") →
.partition(sep) Splits into 3-tuple: before, sep, after ("a","=","b")

"a=b=c".rpartition("=") →
.rpartition(sep) Like partition but from the right ("a=b","=","c")

▸ Formatting & Alignment

Method / Syntax What It Does Example
.center(width) Centers string in a field of given width "hi".center(10) → " hi "

.center(width, "hi".center(10,"*") →
Centers using a fill character
fill) "****hi****"

.ljust(width) Left-justifies in a field of given width "hi".ljust(10) → "hi "

.rjust(width) Right-justifies in a field of given width "hi".rjust(10) → " hi"

.zfill(width) Pads with zeros on the left "42".zfill(5) → "00042"

.expandtabs(n) Replaces tabs with n spaces (default "a\tb".expandtabs(4) → "a b"

8)

f-strings Embed expressions directly in strings f"2+2={2+2}" → "2+2=4"

.format() Insert values by index or name "{0} {1}".format("hi","there")

"Hi
.format_map(d) Like format() but uses a dictionary {name}".format_map({"name":"Ali"
})

▸ Encoding, Length & Slicing

Method / Syntax What It Does Example
"hello".encode("utf-8") →
.encode(enc) Encodes string to bytes b"hello"

.encode(enc, err) Encodes with error handling mode "hello".encode("ascii","ignore")

b"hello".decode("utf-8") →
[Link](enc) Decodes bytes back to string "hello"

len(s) Returns number of characters len("hello") → 5

s[i] Access character at index i "hello"[1] → "e"

s[i:j] Slice from i to j (j not included) "hello"[1:4] → "ell"

s[::n] Every nth character "hello"[::2] → "hlo"

s[::-1] Reverse a string "hello"[::-1] → "olleh"

🔢 INTEGER (int) METHODS & FUNCTIONS

 💡 Integers have very few built-in methods. Most useful integer operations come from built-in functions like
abs(), pow(), divmod(), and number system converters.

▸ Methods & Built-in Functions

Method / Syntax What It Does Example
int(x) Converts x to integer int("42") → 42

int(x, base) Converts string in given base to int int("1010", 2) → 10

.bit_length() Number of bits needed to represent int (10).bit_length() → 4

.bit_count() Number of 1-bits in binary (Python (7).bit_count() → 3

3.10+)
(255).to_bytes(2,"big") →
.to_bytes(n, order) Converts int to bytes object b"\x00\xff"

int.from_bytes(b, int.from_bytes(b"\xff","big")
Converts bytes to int
order) → 255

.as_integer_ratio() Returns (numerator, denominator) (5).as_integer_ratio() →

tuple (5,1)

.conjugate() Returns complex conjugate (self for (3).conjugate() → 3

int)

abs(n) Returns absolute value abs(-7) → 7

pow(x, y) Returns x to the power y pow(2, 8) → 256

pow(x, y, mod) Returns (x**y) % mod efficiently pow(2, 10, 1000) → 24

divmod(x, y) Returns (quotient, remainder) tuple divmod(17, 5) → (3, 2)

bin(n) Converts int to binary string bin(10) → "0b1010"

oct(n) Converts int to octal string oct(8) → "0o10"

hex(n) Converts int to hexadecimal string hex(255) → "0xff"

round(n) Rounds to nearest integer round(3.7) → 4

isinstance(n, int) Checks if n is an integer isinstance(5, int) → True

▸ Arithmetic & Bitwise Operators

Method / Syntax What It Does Example
a + b Addition 3 + 4 → 7

a - b Subtraction 10 - 3 → 7

a * b Multiplication 3 * 4 → 12

a ** b Exponentiation (power) 2 ** 8 → 256

a / b Division (always returns float) 7 / 2 → 3.5

a // b Floor division (integer result) 7 // 2 → 3

a % b Modulo (remainder) 17 % 5 → 2

a & b Bitwise AND 5 & 3 → 1

a | b Bitwise OR 5 | 3 → 7
 a ^ b Bitwise XOR 5 ^ 3 → 6

~a Bitwise NOT ~5 → -6

a << n Left bit shift 1 << 3 → 8

a >> n Right bit shift 8 >> 2 → 2

🔣 FLOAT METHODS & math MODULE FUNCTIONS

💡 Float has a few built-in methods. Most powerful operations come from the math module — always add
import math at the top of your file first.

▸ Float Methods & Math Functions

Method / Syntax What It Does Example
float(x) Converts x to float float("3.14") → 3.14

float("inf") Positive infinity float("inf") → inf

float("-inf") Negative infinity float("-inf") → -inf

float("nan") Not a Number float("nan") → nan

.is_integer() True if float has no fractional part (3.0).is_integer() → True

.is_integer() False if fractional part exists (3.5).is_integer() → False

.as_integer_ratio() Returns exact (numerator, (0.5).as_integer_ratio() →

denominator) (1,2)

(3.14).hex() →
.hex() Returns float as hex string "0x1.91eb851eb851fp+1"

[Link]("0x1.8p+0") →
[Link](s) Creates float from hex string 1.5

.conjugate() Returns complex conjugate (self for (3.14).conjugate() → 3.14

float)

round(f, n) Rounds to n decimal places round(3.14159, 2) → 3.14

abs(f) Absolute value of float abs(-3.14) → 3.14

[Link](f) Rounds down to nearest int [Link](3.9) → 3

[Link](f) Rounds up to nearest int [Link](3.1) → 4

[Link](f) Removes decimal part (towards zero) [Link](-3.9) → -3

[Link](f) Square root [Link](16.0) → 4.0

[Link](float("nan")) →
[Link](f) True if float is NaN True

[Link](float("inf")) →
[Link](f) True if float is infinity True

[Link](f) True if float is finite (not inf/nan) [Link](3.14) → True

[Link](f) Natural logarithm [Link](math.e) → 1.0

[Link](f, base) Logarithm with specified base [Link](100, 10) → 2.0

math.log2(f) Base-2 logarithm math.log2(8) → 3.0

math.log10(f) Base-10 logarithm math.log10(1000) → 3.0

⚡ QUICK TIPS FOR COMPETITIVE

PROGRAMMING

Most used string ops in CP: input().split() • "".join() • s[::-1] • [Link]()

Read a line of ints instantly: a, b = map(int, input().split())
Read a list of n ints: arr = list(map(int, input().split()))
Convert int ↔ string: str(42) → "42" int("42") → 42
Check if string is a number: [Link]() or [Link]()
Reverse a string: s[::-1]
Count vowels in a string: sum(1 for c in s if c in "aeiouAEIOU")
Most used int ops in CP: n % 2 == 0 (even check) • n // 2 (halve) • abs(n) •
pow(a,b,mod)
Most used float ops in CP: round(f, 2) • [Link]() • [Link]() •
[Link]()

Python Methods Reference • String · Integer · Float • Keep this open while coding 🐍