Number System

In the decimal number system, numbers are expressed by means of symbols 0,

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, called digits.

Here, 0 is called an insignificant digit, whereas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are

called significant digits.

Face Value and Place Value of a Digit

• Face Value → It is the value of the digit itself.

o Example: In 3452, face value of 4 is ‘four’, face value of 2 is ‘two’.

• Place Value → It is the face value of the digit multiplied by the place
value at which it is situated.

o Example: In 2586, place value of 5 is 5 × 10² = 500.

Categories of Numbers
1. Natural Numbers (N)

Numbers that are used in counting are called natural numbers.

• If N is the set of natural numbers, then we write:

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …}
• The smallest natural number is 1.

2. Whole Numbers (W)

When zero is included in the set of natural numbers, the numbers are known as
whole numbers.

• If W is the set of whole numbers, then we write:

W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
• The smallest whole number is 0.
3. Integers (I)

Integers are whole numbers, including negative of whole numbers and zero.

• If I is the set of integers, then we write:

I = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}

4. Rational Numbers
Numbers which can be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are both
integers and q ≠ 0, are called rational numbers.

📌 Examples:
✔️ 3/2, -7/9, 5, -2, …

Rapid Refresher
✔️ One-digit numbers are from 1 to 9. There are 9 one-digit numbers, i.e., 9 ×
10⁰.
✔️ Two-digit numbers are from 10 to 99. There are 90 two-digit numbers, i.e.,
9 × 10¹.
✔️ Three-digit numbers are from 100 to 999. There are 900 three-digit
numbers, i.e., 9 × 10².
✔️ In general, the number of n-digit numbers are 9 × 10⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾.

Sum of the First n Natural Numbers

✔️ Sum of the first n natural numbers:

𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2

✔️ Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers:

𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 =
6
✔️ Sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers:
2
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 = [ ]
2

Irrational Numbers

Numbers that are non-recurring and non-terminating decimals are called

irrational numbers. These numbers cannot be expressed in the form of p/q.

📌 Examples:
✔️ √3, √5, √29, …

Real Numbers
The set of real numbers includes both rational and irrational numbers.

Tests for Divisibility

Divisibility By 2

A number is divisible by 2 when the digit at ones place is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.

📌 Examples: 352, 460, 28, 382...

Divisibility By 3
A number is divisible by 3 when the sum of all digits of a number is a multiple
of 3.
📌 Example:
✔️ 453 → 4 + 5 + 3 = 12 (12 is divisible by 3)
✔️ Therefore, 453 is also divisible by 3.
Divisibility By 4

A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed with its last two digits is
divisible by 4.
📌 Example:
✔️ 45024 → The last two digits 24 form the number 24, which is divisible by 4.
✔️ Therefore, 45024 is also divisible by 4.

Divisibility By 5
A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 0 or 5.
📌 Examples: 10, 25, 60, 100...

Divisibility By 6
A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
📌 Examples: 48, 24, 108...

Divisibility By 7
A number is divisible by 7 when the difference between twice the digit at
ones place and the number formed by other digits is either zero or a multiple
of 7.

📌 Example:
✔️ 658 → Apply the rule:
65 - (2 × 8) = 65 - 16 = 49
✔️ Since 49 is divisible by 7, 658 is also divisible by 7.

Divisibility By 8

A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last 3 digits is

divisible by 8.
📌 Example:
✔️ 57832 → Last three digits are 832
✔️ Since 832 is divisible by 8, 57832 is also divisible by 8.

Divisibility By 9

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of all its digits is a multiple of 9.

📌 Example:
✔️ 684 → 6 + 8 + 4 = 18
✔️ Since 18 is divisible by 9, 684 is also divisible by 9.

Divisibility By 10

A number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0.

📌 Examples: 20, 180, 350...

Divisibility By 11

A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of its digits
in odd places and even places is either zero or a multiple of 11.

📌 Example:
✔️ 30426
✔️ (3 + 4 + 6) - (0 + 2) = 13 - 2 = 11
✔️ Since 11 is a multiple of 11, 30426 is also divisible by 11.

Important Properties of Division

In a sum of division, we have four quantities:

1. Dividend
2. Divisor
3. Quotient
 4. Remainder

These quantities are connected by the relation:

📌 Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Extra Punch!
✔️ If p and q are co-primes and both are factors of a number r, then their product
(p × q) is also a factor of r.
📌 Example:
✔️ Factors of 24 → 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
✔️ Factors of 24 include 2 and 3, which are also co-prime.
✔️ The product (2 × 3 = 6) is also a factor of 24.

✔️ If ‘p’ divides ‘q’ and ‘r’, then ‘p’ also divides their sum or difference.
📌 Example:
✔️ 4 divides 12 and 20
✔️ Sum of 12 and 20 is 32, which is divisible by 4.
✔️ Difference of 20 and 12 is 8, which is divisible by 4.

✔️ If a number is divisible by another number, then it must be divisible by

each of the factors of that number.
📌 Example:
✔️ 48 is divisible by 12.
✔️ Factors of 12 → 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
✔️ Since 48 is divisible by 12, it is also divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6.

Solved Examples
(Ex. 1) Find the divisor

📌 Given:

• Dividend = 258
• Quotient = 17
• Remainder = 3
✔️ Solution:
Using the formula:
📌 Divisor = (Dividend - Remainder) ÷ Quotient

✔️ (258 - 3) ÷ 17 = 15

📌 Answer: 15

(Ex. 2) Find the dividend

📌 Given:

• Divisor = 110
• Quotient = 360
• Remainder = 250

✔️ Solution:
Using the formula:
📌 Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

✔️ (360 × 110) + 250 = 39850

📌 Answer: 39850

(Ex. 3) Find the total number of numbers up to 600 which are

divisible by 14.

📌 Answer Choices:
(a) 38
(b) 28
(c) 44
(d) 42

Sol. (d) Divide 600 by 14, the quotient obtained is 42. Thus, there are 42
numbers upto 600 which are divisible by 14.
Factors and Multiples
Factor
A number which exactly divides a given number is called a factor of the given
number.

📌 Example:
✔️ 24 = 1 × 24, 2 × 12, 3 × 8, 4 × 6
✔️ Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 are factors of 24.

Number of Factors of a Number

If N is a composite number such that N = aᵐ × bⁿ × cᵒ, where a, b, c, ... are
prime factors of N and m, n, o are positive integers, then the number of
factors of N is given by:

(𝑚 + 1)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑜 + 1) …

Extra Punch!

✔️ The smallest factor of any number is 1, and the greatest factor is the
number itself.
✔️ If a number is divided by any of its factors, the remainder is always zero.
✔️ Every factor of a number is either less than or at most equal to the given
number.
✔️ The number of factors of a number are finite.

(Ex. 4) Find the number of factors that 224 has:

📌 Options:
(a) 10
(b) 12
(c) 15
(d) 18
(e) 20

✔️ Solution:
Since 224 = 2⁵ × 7¹,

(5 + 1) × (1 + 1) = 6 × 2 = 12

📌 Answer: 12 factors

Multiple
A multiple of a number is a number obtained by multiplying it by a natural
number.

📌 Examples:
✔️ Multiples of 5 → 5, 10, 15, 20, …
✔️ Multiples of 12 → 12, 24, 36, 48, …

Extra Punch!

✔️ Every number is a multiple of 1.

✔️ The smallest multiple of a number is the number itself.
✔️ We cannot find the greatest multiple of a number.
✔️ The number of multiples of a number are infinite.

LCM and HCF of Numbers

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
The lowest common multiple of two or more given numbers is the least of their
common multiples.

📌 Examples:
✔️ Multiples of 25 → 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, …
✔️ Multiples of 30 → 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, …
✔️ Lowest common multiple = 150

Highest Common Factor (HCF)

The highest common factor of two or more given numbers is the largest of
their common factors.

📌 Examples:
✔️ Factors of 20 → 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
✔️ Factors of 36 → 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
✔️ Common factors → 1, 2, 4
✔️ Highest common factor = 4

LCM and HCF by Division Method

(Ex. 5) Find the LCM and HCF of 12 and 52.

📌 Options:
(a) 160, 8
(b) 150, 4
(c) 156, 4
(d) 144, 6
(e) 166, 8

✔️ Solution:

To Find LCM:

2 12,52
2 6,26
3 3,13
13 1,1

Thus,

LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 156
To Find HCF:

12 ∣ 52 (4)
4)12(3)

📌 Answer: LCM = 156, HCF = 4

(Ex. 6) Find the HCF of 321 and 428.

📌 Options:
(a) 103
(b) 109
(c) 108
(d) 107
(e) 106

✔️ Solution:

Using Division Method:

321)428(1
321
107)321(3
321

✔️ HCF of 321 and 428 = 107

📌 Answer: 107

LCM and HCF of Fractions

📌 To Find LCM of Fractions:

LCM of Numerators
HCF of Denominators

📌 To Find HCF of Fractions:

 HCF of Numerators
LCM of Denominators

(Ex. 7) Find the LCM and HCF of

3 4 9
, ,
5 15 8
Options:

(a) 24, 120

(b) 36, 1/120
(c) 48, 1/140
(d) 36, 1/160
(e) 24, 1/140

✔️ Solution:
📌 LCM of fractions

LCM of 3,4,9
HCF of 5,15,8
36
1
📌 HCF of fractions

HCF of 3,4,9
LCM of 5,15,8
1
120

📌 Answer: (b) 36, 1/120

(Ex. 8) LCM of two numbers is 56 times their HCF.

📌 Sum of LCM and HCF = 456

📌 One number = 56, Find the other.
Options:

(a) 56
(b) 72
(c) 24
(d) 64
(e) 48

✔️ Solution:
📌 Let the HCF be x, then:

LCM = 56𝑥

𝑥 + 56𝑥 = 456

𝑥=8

📌 HCF = 8
📌 LCM = 48

📌 Find other number:

8 × 448 = 56 × other number

8 × 448
other number = = 64
56
📌 Answer: 64

Unit’s Digit of an Expression

Given expression can be of two types:

1. When Number is Given in the Form of Product of Numbers

✔️ To find the unit’s digit in a product, we take unit’s digits of every number and
then multiply them.

📌 Example:
✔️ Find the unit’s digit of:
 207 × 781 × 39 × 94

✔️ Taking unit’s digits of each number:

7×1×9×4

✔️ Multiplication:

7 × 6 = 42

📌 Final Unit's Digit = 2

2. When Number is Given in the Form of Index

✔️ Suppose the number is of the form aᵇ, where a and b are natural numbers.

✔️ Cases arise:

Case I: If b is a multiple of 4

✔️ If a is an even number (2,4,6,8) → Unit’s digit = 6

✔️ If a is an odd number (1,3,7,9) → Unit’s digit = 1

📌 Example:
✔️ Unit’s digit in (4137)⁷⁵⁶
✔️ 756 is a multiple of 4
✔️ Unit’s digit = 1

✔️ Unit’s digit in (2138)³⁹²

✔️ 392 is a multiple of 4
✔️ Unit’s digit = 6

Case II: If b is not a multiple of 4

✔️ Let r be the remainder when b is divided by 4

✔️ Unit’s digit of aᵇ = unit’s digit of aʳ

📌 Example:
✔️ 105⁷
✔️ 105 ÷ 4 → Remainder = 1
✔️ Unit’s digit = 7¹ = 7
Case III: If unit’s digit of a is 0,1,5,6

✔️ Unit’s digit of aᵇ remains the same.

📌 Example:
✔️ (576)¹¹⁵¹ → Unit’s digit = 6
✔️ (900)⁵¹ → Unit’s digit = 0

Case IV: If unit’s digit of a is 9

✔️ If b is even → Unit’s digit = 1

✔️ If b is odd → Unit’s digit = 9

📌 Example:
✔️ (539)¹⁴⁰ → Unit’s digit = 1
✔️ (539)¹⁴¹ → Unit’s digit = 9

Concept of Remainder
✔️ When N₁, N₂, N₃… are divided by D, respective remainders are R₁, R₂, R₃…

📌 Formula:

✔️ Remainder of (N₁ + N₂ + N₃ + …) ÷ D

= remainder of (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ ) ÷ 𝐷

✔️ Remainder of (N₁ × N₂ × N₃ + …) ÷ D

= remainder of (𝑅1 × 𝑅2 × 𝑅3 + ⋯ ) ÷ 𝐷

Extra Punch!
✔️ Remainder of (a + 1)ⁿ ÷ a = 1
✔️ Remainder of aⁿ ÷ (a + 1) = 1 when n is even, and a when n is odd