1.
ANALOGTO DIGITAL CONVERSION o5-08 For example
circumstances.
Analog to digital conversion is needed in many hundreds of kilometers then
if you want to send your voice over long
signal has to be converted into digital signal because digital signais are
Cne voice
capable of running longer distances. In this case the analog to digital co
will be needed.
converted from continuous
In analog to digital conversion, the information is
wave form to a series of bits (0 and 1), Various modulation techniques are used
to convert the varying analog signal into digital stream of bits. Followin8 are some
of the mainly used modulating techniques :
() Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(i) Pulse Code Modulation
() Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse amplitude modulation is the first step in converting an analog signal into
digital signal. The technique takes an analog signal and samples it at a very high
Physical Layer Concepts 59
speed, at. regular intervals to generate the equivalent weighted signal. Sampling is
theprocess of; measuring the amplitude of the following
esignal at equal intervals. The
itlustrates the process of Pulse Amplitude [Link] the first figure, the
figure.
signal has been displayed
analog and in the second figure, corresponding PAM
signal [Link] :
ASample Analog Signal
PAM Signal for Above Analog Signal
Figure 15. Analog Signal &Equivalent PAM Signal
Although, PAM translates an analog signal into weighted series of pulses, but the
generated signal is still in the analog form. To convert this PAM signal into digital
Signal, Pulse Code Modulation is used. The PAM is used as a first step of PCM.
in Pulse Code Modulation
(Pulse code modulation is a very popular method of eonverting analog
SIghal into digital signals. Modulation is a process of modifying a frequency
called baseband signal so that it can be carried over a communication line or
media.
Pulse code modulation is base upon "Nyquist Sampling Theory". According
Yquist sampling theorv. if asignal is sampled at a rate twice the highest
uency supported by the channel, then the samples will carry enough information
0011001010111000100
Quantlzation
Encoded Signa
Analog
ili, ill. Digital /Digital
Encoding
PAM
Weighted PAM
Binary
Encoding
PAM
Figure 16 : Pulse Code Modulation
about the signal to allow its reconstruction. This means if a telephone lin
Supports a highest frequency of 4000 Hz. Then the sampling rate should be 8g
samples per second.
Pulse code modulation is generally described in three steps
1. Sampling
2. Quantizing
3. Encoding
1. Sampling : The sampler takes 9000 samples per second and generates
weighted signals called Pulse Amplitude Modulation Signals (PAM Signals). spec
2. Quantizing : The quantizer assigns values to each PAM signal.
3. Encoding : The encoder translates these values into equivalent binary
values
At this point digital to digital encoding is used and the digital signal is constructed
To convert analog signals into digital signals, special devices called PC)
multiplexers are used. These devices have two main functions :
() To convert analog signal into digital signals
Physical Layer Concepts 61
() To combine digitai signals into a single time division multiplexed data
stream.
The figure 16 shows the process of PCM.
2. DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital to analog conversion is needed when the source of the signals is digital
but the carrier of the signals is analog. The best example of this type of modulation
is when you connect to the internet. The computer stores all the information 1n
digital form but the telephone line used to connect your computer to the server
of the Internet Service Provider,can only carry analog signals. Therefore, to send
data on the internet, it should be firstly converted into analog signals and then
it can be sent over telephone lines. The process is called as Modulation. To receive
data from internet, the exactly opposite process is applied i.e. to convert analog
signals in to digital form. This process is called Demodulation. Thus the word
MoDem is used for both the processes.
There are three main methods to convert digital signals to analog signals. These
are :
() Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
(i) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
(ü) Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
() Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
In amplitude shift keying, the strength of carrier signal is varied to represent
binary 0or 1. Here, both frequency and phase of the signal remain constant while
the amplitude changes. One voltage represents binary 0 and other represents
binary 1. The speed of transmission using ASK is limited by the physical
characteristics of the transmission medium.
Amplitude
Bit rate:5 Baud rate :5
Ibit 1bit 1bit 1bit Ibit
0 1 1 0
Time
Ibaud lbaud Ibaud 1baud 1baud
-1 second
Figure 17: Amplitude Shift Keying
DiNEsh Simplitled Approach to Data Communlcatlon & Net
62
"Bt Rate" is used for the number of signals transmitted
Definition 0ne term
The soonds. The term "Band Rate is used for the number of sIgna
those bits.
nits roquired to represent
Amplitude Shift Keying is that itis highly suscep
The main
to noise disadvantage
interfaces. of
Noise is unwanted energy from sources other that the gendi
value.
changenoise
These result in combine
mav voltages with the original signal and change its
errors at receiver end. Therefore, ASK modulation is efeo
mostlv by noise.
transfer of single bit one amplity
In figure 17, vou can see that during
been used and during the transfer of other bit, other amplitude has h
has
used. Five signals have been used to represent five bits thus bitrate annd ban
rate are 5.
(ii) Frequency Shift Keying
frequency shift keying, the amplitude and phase remain constant but
a
In
frequency of the signal is varied to represent binary 0 or 1. One frequen
represents binary 1 and other frequency represents binary 0. The frequency,
signal is constant during one bit and changes when the bit changes. FSK is
freque
prone to noise degradation as the sender is only concerned about the
and not about the amplitude.
Amplitude
Bit rate :5 Baud rate: 5
lbit 1bit 1bit 1- bit lbit
1 1 0 1
Time
Ibaud | lbaud lbaud 1baud lbaud
Isecond
b
Figure18: Frequency Shift Keylng
From figure 18, it is clear that while transferring bit 1, the number of wa
are more and while transferring bit 0this number is less. This is due to t
difference in frequencies.
63
Physical LAyer Concepts
(ii) Phase Shift Keying
but the
remain constant
shift keying, the amplitude and frequency phase may be shifted
In phase
phase of signal is changed to represent binary 0 or
1. The
anytwo angles to represent binary 0 or binary 1. For
example, in the following
at different binary
phase shift keying uses 0and 180 degrees to represent
degrees while binary 1 has
figure,
values. Binary 0is represented by a phase shift of 0
heen represen
ted byby a shift of 180 degrees.
Am plitude
Bit rate:5 Baud rate : 5
Ibit 1bit Ibit I bit | bit
1 1 1
Time
1baud 1baud 1baud Ibaud 1baud
Phase change Phase change
180° 0
-1 second
Figure 19: Phase Shift Keying
The main disadvantage of phase shift keying is that it requires the equipment
Iwhich is able to detect the minute change in phase of the signal and this factor
limits its potential bit rate.
ASK, FSK and PSK are different methods of converting digital
sctul signals into analog. ASK varies amplitude, FSK varies Frequency
and PSK varies Phase to represent binary 0 and 1.
3. ANALOG TO ANALOG CONVERSION
Analog to analog conversion is needed, when some analog information is to
be carried on in the form of analog signals. For example, the radio station converts
voice signals into radio waves and these waves travel upto the antenna of your
radio and radio gives out the sound. Both sound signals and radio waves are
analog in nature.
Three main modulation techniques are used for analog to analog conversion.
These are :
64 DiNEsH Simplified Approach to Data Communication & N.
()Amplitude Modulation
(i) Frequency Modulation
(iii) Phase Modulation
() Amplitude Modulation
In amplitude modulation, the frequency and the phase of the signal re
constant while the amplitude of the signal is varied to represent change i
signal.)For example, a voltage of 5v can be used to represent a binary 0 and vo
15v can be used to represent binary 1. In this, the carrier signal is modula:.
such a manner that the amplitude varies with the change in amplity
modulating signal. The following figure illustrates the concept of Amplk
Modulation
Modulating signal (audio)
Carrier frequency
AM signal
Figure 20: Amplitude Modulation
(i) Frequency Modulation
In frequency modulation, the
frequency of signal varies to reflectamplitude of the signal remains
constant but
change in the signal. One frequency
binary 1 and other frequency
of the carrier signal is represents binary 0. In this modulation, the repres
modulated to reflect the change in voltage freque
modulatingsignal. level of
Divese inpliled
Ap
0) Amplitude Modulaton
() Fquency Modulation
(in) Phase Modulatiom
0 Amplitude Modulation phase of the nignal
frequency and the
modulation, the represent change
varied to
In amplitudethe anmplitude of the signalis to represent a binary 0and
constnt while voltage of 5v can be used carrier signal is modulai
signal)For example,
a binary 1. In this,
the
used to represent
varies with the change in amplitu,
Am
15v can be amplitude the concept of Ampli
the
such a manner thatThe following figure
illustrates
modulating signal.
Modulation
Modulating signal (audio)
Carrier frequency
AM signal
Figure 20 : Amplitude Modulatlon
(i)Frequency Modulation
Infrequency modulation, the amplitude of the signal remains constant but
frequency of signal varies to reflect change in the signal. One frequency repres
binary1and other frequency represents binary 0. In this modulation, the freque
of the carrier signal is modulated to reflect the change in voltage level
modulating signal.
65
Physical Layer Concepts
2. Frequency Modulation
In frequency modulation, the amplitude of the signal remains constant but the
frequency of signal varies to reflect change in the signal. One frequency represents
frequency of
binary 1and other frequency represents binary 0. In this modulation, the
the carrier signal is modulated to reflect the change involtage levelof the modulating
signal.
The following figure illustrates the concept of Frequency Modulation.
Amplitude
Modulating signal (audio)
Time
Amplitude
Carrier frequency
Amplitude
FM signal
Figure 20.1 (a) Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
in phase modulation, the frequency and the amplitude of the signal remains constant
but thephase of the signal is changed to reflect changes in the original signal.]The
signal is changed at 45, 135, 225 or 315 degrees at uniformly spaced intervals. Each
shift transmits 2 bits of information.
1 1 01 0 0
PHASE MODULÁTION
Figure 20.2 (b) Phase Modulation
The above figure illustrates phase modulation.