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SQL

SQL is a sublanguage designed for managing databases, utilizing commands like SELECT, INSERT, and DELETE, categorized into DDL for data structure and DML for data manipulation. Developed by IBM and standardized by ANSI, SQL is user-friendly and allows various roles to perform tasks such as querying, updating, and controlling data access. An example illustrates sorting employee data by department and salary using the ORDER BY clause.

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12 views4 pages

SQL

SQL is a sublanguage designed for managing databases, utilizing commands like SELECT, INSERT, and DELETE, categorized into DDL for data structure and DML for data manipulation. Developed by IBM and standardized by ANSI, SQL is user-friendly and allows various roles to perform tasks such as querying, updating, and controlling data access. An example illustrates sorting employee data by department and salary using the ORDER BY clause.

Uploaded by

faizamukhtarahmad
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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**SQL** is a tool that helps us work with databases (organized

collections of data). It's not a complete programming language like


Python, but instead a "sublanguage" specifically designed for
database tasks. Here are some points from the book in easier words:

1. **What is SQL?**
- It uses commands like SELECT, INSERT, and DELETE to work
with data.
- These commands are divided into two categories:
- **DDL (Data Definition Language):** For creating and
organizing data structure.
- **DML (Data Manipulation Language):** For adding,
changing, and removing data.

2. **Where does SQL come from?**


- IBM created SQL, and it's recognized as a standard by a big
organization called ANSI.
- Many software programs, like MS Access, Oracle, and MySQL,
use SQL.

3. **Features of SQL:**
- It works like English, so it's easier to understand (e.g., "SELECT
name FROM students").
- You only need to say *what* you want, not *how* the computer
should find it.
- It's not sensitive to uppercase or lowercase letters ("select" or
"SELECT" both work).
- SQL handles groups of data (like tables) instead of one piece at a
time.
- People from different roles can use SQL, like database managers
or app developers.
- It lets you perform tasks like:
- Searching data (querying)
- Adding or deleting information
- Designing or changing databases
- Controlling who can access the data
- Keeping the data consistent and error-free

Here’s an example using the **ORDER BY** clause in SQL:

### Table: Employees


Imagine you have this data in a table called **EMP**:

| **ENAME** | **DEPTNO** | **SAL** |


|------------|------------|----------|
| Alice | 10 | 5000 |
| Bob | 20 | 4000 |
| Charlie | 10 | 4500 |
| David | 30 | 3500 |
| Eve | 20 | 3000 |

### Query
You want to:
1. Sort the employees by **DEPTNO** (department number) in
ascending order.
2. For employees in the same department, sort them by **SAL**
(salary) in descending order.

The query would look like this:


```sql
SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL
FROM EMP
ORDER BY DEPTNO ASC, SAL DESC;
```

### Result
The output would be:

| **ENAME** | **DEPTNO** | **SAL** |


|------------|------------|----------|
| Alice | 10 | 5000 |
| Charlie | 10 | 4500 |
| Bob | 20 | 4000 |
| Eve | 20 | 3000 |
| David | 30 | 3500 |

### Explanation
1. **First Sort by DEPTNO:**
- Employees from department 10 come first, then 20, and finally
30.
2. **Then Sort by SAL within DEPTNO:**
- In department 10, Alice (5000) comes before Charlie (4500).
- In department 20, Bob (4000) comes before Eve (3000).

I hope this example makes the concept clear! 😊

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