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IntroductiontoDigitalControltheZ Transform G11

The document provides an overview of digital control in engineering, emphasizing the use of digital devices like microprocessors to manage dynamic systems through discrete signals. It outlines key processes including sampling, quantization, digital processing, and actuation, and highlights applications in robotics, aerospace, and automotive systems. Additionally, it introduces the Z-transform as a mathematical tool for converting difference equations into algebraic equations in the z-domain, crucial for analyzing digital systems.

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Labitag, John Carlo L.
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5 views14 pages

IntroductiontoDigitalControltheZ Transform G11

The document provides an overview of digital control in engineering, emphasizing the use of digital devices like microprocessors to manage dynamic systems through discrete signals. It outlines key processes including sampling, quantization, digital processing, and actuation, and highlights applications in robotics, aerospace, and automotive systems. Additionally, it introduces the Z-transform as a mathematical tool for converting difference equations into algebraic equations in the z-domain, crucial for analyzing digital systems.

Uploaded by

Labitag, John Carlo L.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

GROUP 11

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL &


THE Z-TRANSFORM
Present by:
Jan Eden Memoracion
Bea Bayna
Dhen Carl Torres
Ahron Belmonte
John Paul Desalisa
BSME-4B
WHAT IS DIGITAL CONTROL?

DIGITAL CONTROL IN CONTROL ENGINEERING


REFERS TO THE USE OF DIGITAL DEVICES
SUCH AS MICROPROCESSORS
MICROCONTROLLERS, OR DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSORS (DSPS TO MONITOR, REGULATE,
AND CONTROL THE BEHAVIOR OF DYNAMIC
SYSTEMS. UNLIKE ANALOG CONTROL, WHICH
USES CONTINUOUS SIGNALS, DIGITAL
CONTROL OPERATES WITH DISCRETE SIGNALS
SAMPLED AT SPECIFIC INTERVALS.
[Link]: ☐ CONTINUOUS SIGNALS FROM SENSORS ARE
SAMPLED AT REGULAR INTERVALS USING AN ANALOG-TO- 1 C
DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC) TO CREATE DISCRETE-TIME
SIGNALS. M THE SAMPLING PERIOD TST_STS IS CRITICAL
AND MUST SATISFY THE NYQUIST CRITERION TO AVOID
O
ALIASING.
2. QUANTIZATION: AFTER SAMPLING, THE CONTINUOUS
AMPLITUDE OF THE SIGNAL IS QUANTIZED INTO DISCRETE
2 N
LEVELS. THIS INTRODUCES A SMALL ERROR CALLED
QUANTIZATION NOISE. C
[Link] PROCESSING: CONTROL ALGORITHMS ARE
IMPLEMENTED IN SOFTWARE OR FIRMWARE WITHIN
DIGITAL CONTROLLERS. COMMON TECHNIQUES INCLUDE
3 E
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS, STATE-SPACE MODELS, AND Z-
TRANSFORM METHODS.
4. ACTUATION: THE DIGITAL CONTROL SIGNAL IS
P
CONVERTED BACK TO AN ANALOG SIGNAL USING A
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC), WHICH IS THEN 4 T
APPLIED TO THE SYSTEM VIA ACTUATORS.
SYSTEM INPUT: A SENSOR MEASURES THE
SYSTEM'S STATE (E.G., POSITION, 1 E
TEMPERATURE).
x
ADC: CONVERTS THE SENSOR'S ANALOG SIGNAL
INTO A DIGITAL VALUE. 2 a
CONTROL ALGORITHM: THE DIGITAL m
CONTROLLER COMPUTES THE CONTROL ACTION
(E.G., USING A PID ALGORITHM).
3 p
DAC: CONVERTS THE DIGITAL OUTPUT BACK
INTO AN ANALOG SIGNAL. l
ACTUATOR: IMPLEMENTS THE CONTROL ACTION
4 E
ON THE SYSTEM.
1 •ROBOTICS

2 •AEROSPACE SYSTEMS

Common
3 •AUTOMOTIVE CONTROL

Application SYSTEMS (E.G., CRUISE


CONTROL, ANTI-LOCK
BRAKING)
4 •PROCESS CONTROL IN
INDUSTRIES (E.G., CHEMICAL
PLANTS, MANUFACTURING)
•POWER ELECTRONICS (E.G.,
5 INVERTERS, CONVERTERS)
THE Z-TRANSFORM TABLE
Some important in table:

Use these to manipulate difference equation.


Z-TRANSFORM
The Z-transform is a mathematical tool which is
used to convert the difference equations in time
domain into the algebraic equations in z-domain.

Use of the z-transform gives rise to the concept of


the transfer function of discrete (or digital)
systems.

The Z-transform exists for the signals for which the


discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) does not
exist.

Z-transform is an important digital signal


processing tool for describing and analyzing
digital systems
1 BILATERAL or TWO-SIDED Z-TRANSFORM

TWO TYPES OF
Z-TRANSFORM

2 UNILATERAL or ONE-SIDED Z-TRANSFORM


Mathematically, if x(n) is a discrete-time

BILATERAL
signal or sequence, then its bilateral or
two-sided Z-transform is defined as

or
TWO-SIDED
where z is a complex variable and is
Z- given by

Transform
UNILATERAL
or Mainly suited for solving difference
equations with initial conditions

TWO-SIDED
Z-
Transform
SOLVING Z-TRANSFORM EXAMPLE:

Y[N]+0.5Y [N-1]=U[N]

Z{Y[N]} = Y(Z)
Z{0.5Y[N-1]} = 0.5Z-1Y(Z)
Z{U[N]}= U(Z)
SOLVING Z-TRANSFORM EXAMPLE:

Y[N]+0.5Y [N-1]=U[N]

Y(Z) + 0.5Z-1Y(Z)=U(Z)
Y(Z)(1+0.5Z-1)=U(Z)
Y(Z)/U(Z) = 1/1+0.5Z¹
Y(Z)/U(Z) = Z/Z +0.5
BSME-4B
GROUP 11
Introduction to Digital Control: The Z-Transform

Bea Bayna Dhen Carl Torres John Paul Desalisa Ahron Belmonte Jan Eden Memoracio
THANK YOU

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