Class 10 revised notes

●​ Unit I: Number Systems: 6 Marks (Real Number)

●​ Unit II: Algebra: 20 Marks (Polynomials, Pair of Linear Equations, Quadratic
Equations, Arithmetic Progressions)
●​ Unit III: Coordinate Geometry: 6 Marks (Coordinate Geometry)
●​ Unit IV: Geometry: 15 Marks (Triangles, Circles)
●​ Unit V: Trigonometry: 12 Marks (Intro to Trig, Identities, Heights & Distances)
●​ Unit VI: Mensuration: 10 Marks (Areas Related to Circles, Surface Areas &
Volumes)
●​ Unit VII: Statistics & Probability: 11 Marks (Statistics, Probability)

Chapter 1 Real Numbers

Prime Factorisation:- Prime Factorisation is the method of expressing a natural number as a

product of prime numbers.

●​ Example: 36=2×2×3×3 is the prime factorisation of 36.

Coprime numbers :- Coprime numbers are two integers that share only one common
factor (1).

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

●​ The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that the prime factorisation for a given number is
unique if the arrangement of the prime factors is ignored.
●​ Example: 36=2×2×3×3 OR, 36=2×3×2×3
●​ Therefore, 36 is represented as a product of prime factors (Two 2s and two 3s) ignoring the
arrangement of the factors.
Question:- Show that the number 5 × 11 × 17 + 3 × 11 is a composite number.

Method of Finding HCF :- Prime

Method of Finding LCM :- prime Factorization Method
Example: Find the HCF of 56 and 84
factorization method
56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7
56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 , 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
Common prime factor = 2 × 2 × 7
HCF(56 , 84) = 28
3
The highest power of 2 is 2

1
The highest power of 2 is 3
1
The highest power of 2 is 7

LCM(56 , 84) = 8 × 3 × 7 = 168

Question :- Find HCF and LCM using prime factorization (e.g., of 84, 90, 126).

Question :- If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is expressible in the form 1032 × 2 + 408 × p, then
find the value of p.

Solution: HCF of 408 and 1032 is 24.

1032 × 2 + 408 × (p) = 24

408p = 24 – 2064 => p = -5

Product of Two Numbers = HCF X LCM of the Two Numbers

●​ For any two positive integers a and b,​

a × b=H.C.F(a,b) × L.C.M(a,b). (valid for only 2 numbers)

Applications of HCF & LCM in Real-World Problems :-

●​ L.C.M can be used to find the points of common occurrence. For example,ringing of bells
that ring with different frequencies, the time at which two persons running at different speeds
meet, and so on.
●​ The Highest Common Factor (HCF) is used when we want to divide things into the
largest equal parts or groups without leaving any remainder.
 Question:- You have ropes of 36 m and 48 m. The greatest length of rope pieces that can
be cut from both without waste is HCF(36, 48) = 12 m.

LCM → Smallest common time / size HCF → Largest equal piece / size

Used for: Used for:

●​ Bells​ ●​ Tiling a floor​

●​ Traffic lights​ ●​ Cutting ropes / sticks​

●​ Buses​ ●​ Packing chocolates​

●​ Events repeating​ ●​ Groups of students​

●​ Packaging in cycles ●​ Garden / spacing problems

Question:- 3 clock bells ring at an interval of 60 sec , 90 sec , 125 sec . If they ring together at 1
PM then what time will they ring together? ( take LCM)

Question:- Find the largest number that will divide 398, 436 and 542 leaving remainders 7, 11, and 15
respectively.
Solution: 398 – 7 = 391, 436 – 11 = 425, 542 – 15 = 527 HCF of 391, 425, 527 = 17

Question:- The length, breadth, and height of a room are 8 m 50 cm, 6 m 25 cm and 4 m 75 cm
respectively. Find the length of the longest rod that can measure the dimensions of the room exactly.
(2015)
Solution: To find the length of the longest rod that can measure the dimensions of the room exactly,
we have to find HCF. (Ans 25)

Question : In a school, there are two Sections A and B of class X. There are 48 students in Section A
and 60 students in Section B. Determine the least number of books required for the library of the
school so that the books can be distributed equally among all students of each Section.
Ans: LCM = 240

Irrational Numbers
Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p / q (where p and q are integers and q
≠ 0.) is an irrational number. Examples √2,π, e and so on.

2
Theorem:- If a prime p divides 𝑎 , then p divides a , where a is a positive integer.

1.​ Prove that :- 3 is irrational.

2.​ Prove that :- 5 + 2 3 is irrational.
3.​ Prove that :- 5 3 + 23 is irrational number given that 3 is an irrational number .
2
4.​ Show that (1 + 3) is an irrational number.

𝑛
Question:- Show that any number of the form 6 , whereas n ∈ N can never end with zero.

Question:-The HCF of two no’s is 27 and their LCM is 162 , if one of the number is 54 , find the other
number.

Question:- Complete the following factor tree and find the composite number x.

Ans: - y = 5 × 13 = 65

x = 3 × 195 = 585

Question: Can two numbers have 15 as their HCF and 175 as their LCM? Give reasons. (2017 OD)

Solution:

No, LCM = Product of the highest power of each factor involved in the numbers.

HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common factor.

We can conclude that LCM is always a multiple of HCF, i.e., LCM = k × HCF

We are given that,

LCM = 175 and HCF = 15

175 = k × 15
⇒ 11.67 = k

But in this case, LCM ≠ k × HCF

Therefore, two numbers cannot have LCM as 175 and HCF as 15.

Assertion & reason :-

Type 1: Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic & HCF/LCM

𝑛
Assertion (A): The number 6 (for natural 𝑛) ends with digit 0.

Reason (R): For a number to end with 0, it must have prime factors 2 and 5.

Ans :- A is true, R is false

Assertion (A): HCF(306, 657) = 9 and LCM(306, 657) = 2238.

Reason (R): HCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b.
Ans:- Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

Type 2: Rational & Irrational Numbers

Assertion (A): The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is always an irrational
number.
Reason (R): Irrational numbers have non-terminating, non-repeating decimal expansions.
Answer: Both true, R explains A (definition of irrational).

Type 3: Proofs & Concepts

Assertion (A): The number (7×11×13)+13 is a composite number.
Reason (R): A composite number is a number that can be expressed as a product of primes
and has more than two factors.
Answer: (a) Both true, R explains A
 Chapter 2 Polynomials

Degree of a Polynomial

The highest exponent on the variable in a polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.

Types of Polynomials based on Degree

●​ Linear Polynomial (degree = 1)
●​ Quadratic Polynomial (degree = 2)
●​ Cubic Polynomial (degree = 3)

Geometrical Representation of a Linear Polynomial

The graph of a linear polynomial is a

straight line. It cuts the X-axis at exactly one
point.

Geometrical Representation of a Quadratic Polynomial

Graph of a polynomial which Graph of a Quadratic Graph of a Quadratic ●​ The graph of a quadratic
cuts the x-axis in two distinct polynomial which touches polynomial that doesn’t polynomial is a parabola
points (a>0) the x-axis at one point touch the x-axis (a<0) ●​ It looks like a U, which either
(a>0)
opens upwards or opens
downwards depending on the
2
value of ‘a’ in a 𝑥 +bx+c
●​ If ‘a’ is positive, then parabola
opens upwards and if ‘a’ is
negative then it opens
downwards
●​ It can cut the x-axis at 0, 1 or
two points

Zeroes of a Polynomial
A zero of a polynomial p(x) is the value of x for which the value of p(x) is 0. If k is a zero of
p(x), then p(k)=0.

(i) One zero (Linear Polynomial) (ii) Two zeros (Quadratic Polynomial) (iii) Three zeros (Cubic Polynomial)

Zeroes & Coefficients (Quadratic):

2
●​ Find zeroes of p(x) = 4𝑥 - 4x + 8 and verify α+β=−b/a, 𝛼𝛽=𝑐/𝑎.
2
●​ Find 'p' if one zero of 𝑥 +3x+p is 2
●​ If zeroes are α , β , find polynomial with sum 0 , product 5 .
2
(x−α)(x−β) = 0 or 𝑥 − (α+β)x + αβ=0

●​ Problems with reciprocal zeroes

Question

2
1.​ Compute the zeroes of the polynomial 4𝑥 – 4x – 8. Also, establish a
relationship between the zeroes and coefficients.
 2
2.​ Find the value of “p” from the polynomial 𝑥 + 3x + p, if one of the zeroes of
the polynomial is 2. (ans p = -10)
3.​ Find the quadratic polynomial if its zeroes are 0, √5.
4.​ Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are reciprocals of the zeroes of the
2
polynomial f(x) = a𝑥 + bx + c, a ≠ 0, c ≠ 0.

Algebraic Identities
2 2 2
𝑎 + 𝑏 = (a+𝑏) - 2ab

2 2
(a - 𝑏) = (a+𝑏) - 4ab

Geometrical Meaning of Zeros of a Polynomial

Geometrically, zeros of a polynomial are the points where its graph cuts the x-axis.

Formation of a quadratic equation from its roots

2
Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. Then

2
(x−α)(x−β) = 0 or 𝑥 − (α+β)x + αβ=0

Sum and Product of Roots of a Quadratic Equation

2
Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. Then

Sum of roots = α + β = -b / a & Product of roots = αβ = c / a

3 2
Let α , β , 𝛾 be the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0. Then

α + β + 𝛾 = -b / a

αβ + β𝛾 + 𝛾α = c / a

αβ𝛾 = -d / a
 3
Assertion(A): The expression 2𝑥 −5√𝑥+7 is not a polynomial.

Reason(R): A polynomial must have non-negative integer (whole number) exponents for its
variables.

Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A

2
Assertion(A): If one zero of 5𝑥 −11𝑥−(𝑘−3) is the reciprocal of the other, then 𝑘=−2.

2
Reason(R):For 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐, the product of zeroes is 𝑐/𝑎

Answer: Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A

Chapter 3 Pair Of Linear Equations in Two variables

Linear Equation:- Equations in which the powers of all the variables involved are one
are called linear equations. The degree of a linear equation is always one.

Comparing the Ratios of Coefficients of a Linear Equation

A pair of linear equations in two variables can be represented, and solved, by the: (i) graphical
method (ii) algebraic method
 1.​ Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations

2.​ Algebraic Methods of Solving a Pair of Linear Equations

●​ Substitution Method :
●​ Elimination Method:- removing one variable. This is sometimes more
convenient than the substitution method.

Important Question Types

1.​ Consistency & Number of Solutions :

○​ Given equations, determine if they have unique, infinite, or no solutions, or if
they are consistent/inconsistent.
○​ Example: For 2x+ky=7 and 6x+5y=11 to be parallel, find 𝑘 (requires a1/a2 =
b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2).

Word problem:-
Two-Digit Numbers: Form equations from sums/differences of digits or reversed digits
(e.g.,10𝑥+𝑦).
Ages: Set up equations based on past, present, or future ages.
Speed/Distance/Time: Boat in still water/stream, trains moving towards/away.
Fixed Charges/Work: Cost of items (bats/balls, pens/pencils), time to finish work.
Cyclic Quadrilaterals: Use properties like sum of opposite angles is 180°

Note:-

●​ Downstream Speed (D) = (Speed of Boat in Still Water + Speed of Stream)

●​ Upstream Speed (U) = (Speed of Boat in Still Water - Speed of Stream)

Speed = distance / time

Area of rectangle = length X breadth , perimeter = 2(l + b)

2
Area of square = (side) , perimeter = 4 X side

Area of triangle =( ½) X base X height

Question:-
 1.​ The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for Rs.3800. Later, she buys 3
bats and 5 balls for Rs.1750. Find the cost of each bat and each ball. ( ans: cost of
a bat is Rs 500 and the cost of a ball is Rs 50.)
2.​ Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will be twice as
old as Sonu. How old are Nuri and Sonu? ( ans:- The age of Nuri is 50 years & The
age of Sonu is 20 years.)
3.​ Ritu can row downstream 20 km in 2 hours, and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find her
speed of rowing in still water and the speed of the current.( ans: Speed of Ritu is
still water = 6 km/hr and Speed of current = 4 km/hr)

Assertion (A): If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines are
intersecting or coincident (have at least one solution).
Reason (R): Consistent equations definitely have a solution.
Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Chapter 4 Quadratic Equation

2
A polynomial of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0 is
called a quadratic polynomial.(degree 2)

2 2
If α = root of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then 𝑎α + 𝑏α + 𝑐 = 0.(put x = α)

●​ If the graph of the quadratic polynomial cuts the x-axis at two distinct points, then it has real and
distinct roots.
●​ If the graph of the quadratic polynomial touches the x-axis, then it has real and equal roots.
●​ If the graph of the quadratic polynomial does not cut or touch the x-axis then it does not have any
real roots.

Quadratic Formula

2
2 −𝑏 ± 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐)
For the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑥 = 2𝑎

Discriminant (D)
2
D= 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐

Case 1: If D > 0, the equation has two distinct real roots.

Case 2: If D = 0, the equation has two equal real roots.( - b / 2a , -b / 2a)

Case 3: If D < 0, the equation has no real roots.

Graphical Representation of a Quadratic Equation
The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a parabola. The roots of a quadratic equation are the
points where the parabola cuts the x-axis i.e. the points where the value of the quadratic
polynomial is zero.

2
Now, the graph of 𝑥 +5x+6=0 is:

2
For a quadratic polynomial a𝑥 +bx+c,

If a>0, the parabola opens upwards.​

If a<0, the parabola opens downwards. If a = 0, the polynomial will become a first-degree
2
polynomial and its graph is linear. The discriminant, D = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐

Important Question Types

2
1.​ Nature of Roots: Find nature of roots for 2𝑥 −4x+3=0 or 2𝑥2 −32√𝑥+4=0.
If 𝐷>0, the roots are real and distinct (unequal).
If 𝐷=0, the roots are real and equal (a single repeated real root).
If 𝐷<0, the roots are complex conjugates and distinct (unequal, also referred to as
imaginary roots).

2.​ Equal Roots (Find k / p):

●​ Find 𝑝 for px(x−3)+9=0 have equal roots.
●​ Find 𝑘 for 3𝑥2 −2kx+12=0 have equal roots

3.​ Word Problems (Real-life Applications):

 a.​ Speed/Distance: Plane/train journey problems (e.g., 1500 km, plane 30 mins late,
speed up by 100 km/h).
b.​ Age/Number Problems: Sum/product of numbers, consecutive numbers (e.g., sum is
8, product 15).
c.​ Area Problems: Sum of areas of squares.
4.​ Solving Equations:
●​ With irrational coefficients (e.g., √3𝑥2 –2√2𝑥–2√3=0).
●​ Using factorization (e.g., 100𝑥2 − 20𝑥 + 1=0).
●​ Factoring: Solve

●​ If one root is 'k' times the other (e.g., one root is 6 times the other).

2
Question :- Find 𝑝 for equal roots: For 𝑥 +𝑝𝑥+16=0, find 𝑝 for equal roots, then find the roots.

Question :- A train travels 63 km at a certain speed, then 72 km at 6 km/hr more, taking 3 hrs
total. Find original speed.

2
Assertion (A): The quadratic equation 5 𝑥 −2𝑥+1=0 has real roots.

Reason (R): The discriminant of the equation is negative.

Answer: A is true, but R is false

2
Assertion (A): If one root of 2𝑥 +𝑘𝑥−6=0 is 2, then 𝑘=−1.

2
Reason (R): 𝑥=2 is a root of 2𝑥 +𝑘𝑥−6=0.

Answer: Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

Chapter 5 Arithmetic progression

General Term of an AP :- a , a+d , a+2d , a+3d…..

If 3 no’s a , b , c are in A.P. then b - a = c - b => 2b = a + c

b = ( a + c) / 2 , b = arithmetic mean of a & c

The nth term of an A.P is given by an= a+(n−1)d

l ( last term) = a+(n−1)d

Or an = 𝑆𝑛 - 𝑆𝑛−1

The Sum of Terms in an AP:-

𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] , 𝑆𝑛 = 2
(𝑎 + 𝑙)

n = no of terms
a = first term
d = common difference(difference between any two consecutive terms)(𝑑 = 𝑎 – 𝑎 )
𝑛 𝑛−1
l = last term

𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ
Notes:- 𝑟 term from the end = (n−r+1) term from the beginning.

𝑇𝑛−𝑟+1 = 𝑎 + [(𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1) − 1]𝑑 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 𝑟)𝑑​ or we can solve it by reversing the

AP.

Nature of AP depends on d:

If d > 0 (positive):​ If d = 0:​ If d < 0 (negative):​

👉
Each next term is larger than the
previous one.​
The AP is increasing.
👉
Every term is the same.​
The AP is constant.
Each next term is smaller than the

👉
previous one.​
The AP is decreasing.
Example: 7,7,7,7,…
Example: 3,6,9,12,…(here d=+3). Example: 20,15,10,5,… (here d =
−5).

●​ Sum of first n natural numbers is n(n+1) / 2

2
●​ Sum of first n even natural number is n(n+1) = 𝑛 + n
2
●​ Sum of first n odd natural number is 𝑛

Important Question Types

1.​ Finding Terms & Common Difference (d):

●​ Given first/last terms, find the number of terms.
 ●​ Find 'k' if terms like 2k, k+10, 3k+2 are in AP.
●​ Find 'a' or 'd' when a specific term value is given.
2.​ Sum of terms & nth terms
●​ Find 'n' for which sum is zero (e.g., 27, 24, 21...).
2
●​ If 𝑆𝑛=3𝑛 +5𝑛, find 𝑎𝑘 or 𝑎𝑛

●​ Find the sum of numbers divisible by a certain number (e.g., 1 to 100,

or 200-500 divisible by 7).
3.​ Relating Terms(Advance)
●​ 9th term is 6 times the 2nd term" or "17th term is 5 more than twice the 8th
term.
●​ Which term is 99 more than its 25th term
4.​ Missing terms & Series construction
●​ Fill in missing numbers in an AP (e.g., 2, __, __, 26).
●​ Construct an AP given conditions (e.g., first term -2, common difference 0)
5.​ Case based and application question
●​ Problems on installments (interest paid over time).
●​ Age-related problems in competitions (common difference in months/years).
●​ How many two-digit numbers are divisible by 3
●​ Finding Specific Terms/Sums: "Which term of AP is 78?", "Find the sum of the first 24
terms".
●​ Word Problems: "A man earns Rs. 60 the first week, Rs. 3 more each week. How much in
the 20th week?".
2 2
●​ Ratio Problems: "Ratio of sum of first m and n terms is 𝑚 : 𝑛 . Find the ratio of mth and nth
terms.".
●​ Case Studies: Like the sweet distribution example.
●​ Proving Statements: If 4th term is 0, prove 𝑎25= 3𝑎11.

Questions

1.​ How many terms of AP 45, 39, 33,... must be taken for a sum to be 180? (Note the
potential for two answers).
2.​ Find common difference if 𝑎18− 𝑎14 = 32
3.​ Find ratio of 9th terms of two APs if ratio of their sums is (7n+1):(4n+27).
4.​ Find the 9th term from the end of the A.P. 5,9,13, …, 185. ( ans : 153)
5.​ The angles of a triangle are in A.P., the least being half the greatest.
Find the angles.

Solution:Let the angles be a – d, a, a + d; a > 0, d > 0

∵ Sum of angles = 180°

 ∴ a – d + a + a + d = 180°

⇒ 3a = 180° ∴ a = 60° …(i)

By the given condition

a – d = (a+d ) / 2
a = 3d => d = a / 3 = 60° / 3 = 20°
Angles are: 60° – 20°, 60°, 60° + 20°
i.e., 40°, 60°, 80°

6.​ Find whether -150 is a term of the A.P. 17, 12, 7, 2, … ? ( ans NO
because n is not natural no)
7.​ How many natural numbers are there between 200 and 500, which are
divisible by 7? (ans : 43)
8.​ Find the middle term of the A.P. 6, 13, 20, …, 216. (2015D)
Solution:
The given A.P. is 6, 13, 20, …, 216
Let n be the number of terms, d = 7, a = 6, an = 216
an = a + (n – 1)d
∴ 216 = 6 + (n – 1).7
216 – 6 = (n – 1)7
⇒ n = 31

∴ 𝑎16 = a + 15d = 6 + 15 × 7 = 111

Chapter 6 Triangle
A triangle can be defined as a polygon which has three angles and three sides.
1.​ Scalene Triangle – All three sides of the triangle are of different measure
2.​ Isosceles Triangle – Any two sides of the triangle are of equal length
3.​ Equilateral Triangle – All three sides of a triangle are equal and each angle measures 60
degrees
4.​ Acute angled Triangle – All the angles are smaller than 90 degrees
5.​ Right angle Triangle – Anyone of the three angles is equal to 90 degrees
6.​ Obtuse-angled Triangle – One of the angles is greater than 90 degrees

●​ Basic Proportionality Theorem

●​ Similarity in Triangles:-

1.​ Equal corresponding angles​

●​ ∠A = ∠D​

●​ ∠B = ∠E​

●​ ∠C = ∠F​

2.​ Corresponding sides are proportional​

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴
𝐷𝐸
= 𝐸𝐹
= 𝐹𝐷
 Properties of Triangles

Theorem 1([Link]): If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the
other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
(Thales or basic proportionality theorem).
Theorem 2: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the
line is parallel to the third side. (Converse of Thales theorem)
Criteria for Similarity:

AA (Angle-Angle), SSS (Side-Side-Side), and SAS (Side-Angle-Side)

Theorem 3: If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal , then their corresponding
sides are in the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.

Theorem 4 : If in two triangles , sides of one triangle are proportional to (i.e., in the same
ratio of) the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence
the two triangles are similar.

Theorem 5: If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides
including these angles are proportional , then the two triangles are similar.

Imp questions ➖
1.​ In the given figure, PS/SQ = PT/TR and ∠ PST = ∠ PRQ. Prove that PQR is an
isosceles triangle.

2.​ In the figure, DE // AC and DF // AE. Prove that BF/FE = BE/EC.

3.​

∠BAC = 90° (2025)

4.​ A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same
time a tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower. ( ans 42)
 5.​ In a given figure PA, QB, RC are perpendicular to AC. If PA = x units , QB = y units , and
RC = z units , prove that 1 /x + 1 /z = 1 / y (v . imp)(2023 , 2024, 2025)

Or

Two poles of height ‘p’ and ‘q’ metres are standing vertically on a level ground, ‘a’
metres apart . prove that the height of the point of intersection of the lines joining the
top of each pole to the foot of the opposite pole is given by pq / (p + q)

Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry

Equation of x axis y = 0 & equation of y axis x = 0

Distance between Two Points Using Pythagoras Theorem

 2 2 𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
D= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1) units , mid point = ( 2
, 2
)

Section Formula

Note:- you assume a ratio of 𝑘∶1 (for easy calculation) specifically when the ratio in which a
point divides a line segment is unknown and needs to be calculated.

●​ median of a triangle always bisects the side opposite to the vertex it

originates from (PL = LR) and QL = median

●​ Diagonal of parallelogram bisect each other meaning they intersect at their

midpoints

Collinearity:- If A , B & C are collinear , then AB + BC = AC

Let A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) , B( 𝑥2 , 𝑦2) & C (𝑥3, 𝑦3) are vertices of any triangle ABC , then co-ordinate of centroid , G = {(𝑥1
+ 𝑥2 + 𝑥3) / 3 , (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3) / 3}

Types of question :-

1. Distance Formula & Midpoint Formula (1-2 Marks)

●​ Distance: Find distance between points (e.g., origin to P(x,y), or between two
general points).
●​ Midpoint: Finding midpoints, or using midpoints to find unknown coordinates or
properties.

2. Section Formula (3-4 Marks)

●​ Ratio: Find the ratio in which a line divides a segment (e.g., 2𝑥+3𝑦−5=0 divides
points A & B).
●​ Division Points: Find coordinates of division points, including trisection points
(dividing into 3 equal parts).
●​ Equidistant Points: Find points on X-axis/Y-axis equidistant from given points.

3. Geometric Shapes & Properties (3-5 Marks)

●​ Types of Quadrilaterals: Prove vertices form a square, rhombus, parallelogram

(using midpoint of diagonals or distance formula).
●​ Parallelogram: Find the fourth vertex.
●​ Circle: Find radius, center, or points on the circle.

4. Application (4-5 Marks)

●​ Find the median length of a triangle.

●​ Points dividing a segment in specific ratios (e.g., 1:2, 2:3).

Key Question Types to Practice:

●​ Find k if points are collinear or equidistant.

●​ Show points form a specific shape (square, rhombus).
●​ Find ratio & point of division.
●​ Finding unknown coordinates in parallelograms .
 Question :- Write the coordinates of a point on the x-axis which is equidistant from points
A(-2, 0) and B(6, 0). Ans- (2, 0)

Question :- Name the type of triangle formed by the points A (–5, 6), B (–4, –2) and C (7,
5). Ans- scalene triangle.

Question :- To show that points A(4, -1), B(6, 0), C(7, 2), and D(5, 1) form a rhombus.

Sol:- Calculate Sides: 𝐴𝐵,𝐵𝐶,𝐶𝐷, and 𝐷𝐴 all equal √5 units.

Calculate Diagonals: If the length of diagonal 𝐴𝐶 differs from 𝐵𝐷, the shape is a
rhombus but not a square.

Question :- Find the coordinates of the missing vertex of a parallelogram ABCD with three
vertices A(6,3), B(2,3), D(7,5). Ans :- C(3,5)

Question :- Find point P dividing A(1, 2) and B(7, 8) in ratio 2:1. Ans (5,6)

Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry

Hypotenuse = AB , Base = AC , Perpendicular = BC Hypotenuse = AB , Base = BC , Perpendicular = AC

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Sinθ = 1 / cosecθ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1

Cosθ = 1 / secθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tanθ = 1 / Cotθ = Sinθ / Cosθ 0 1/√3 1 √3 ∞

Cotθ = 1 / tanθ = Cosθ / Sinθ ∞ √3 1 1/√3 0

Secθ = 1 / Cosθ 1 2/√3 √2 2 ∞

Cosecθ = 1 / Sinθ ∞ 2 √2 2/√3 1

 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ=1 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = 1- 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 1- 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ - 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 1 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ - 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ - 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ = 1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ , 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ -1

Question 1:- If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show
that ∠ A = ∠ B
Question 2:- In triangle PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm.
Determine the values of sin P, cos P and tan P.
Question 3:- If tan (A + B) =√3 and tan (A – B) =1/√3, 0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A
and B.

4. Prove that = sec A + tan A

5. If sin θ + cos θ = √3, then prove that tan θ + cot θ = 1.
6.​ If x = a cos θ + b sin θ and y = a sin θ - b cos θ, prove that x2 + y2 = a2 +
b2.
7.​ If x = a sec θ + b tan θ and y = a tan θ + b sec θ, prove that x2 - y2 = a2
- b2.
8

Chapter 9 Some application of Trigonometry

Rule in short:

●​ More distance → smaller angle​

●​ Less distance → bigger angle

 ●​ From the top of a tower, angles of depression of the top and bottom of a 50m
high building are 45° and 60°. Find tower height & distance. Ans : h = 118.3m
, d = 68.3m
●​ A 7m long flagstaff is on a tower. From a point, the elevation of the top is 60°,
base is 45°. Find tower height. Ans - 9.562m
●​ Two men on opposite sides of a 75m high building see angles 30° & 60°. Find
distance between them. Ans:- 173.2m

Chapter 10 Circles

Circle and Line in a Plane

For a circle and a line on a plane, there can be three possibilities.

i) they can be non-intersecting

ii) they can have a single common point: in this case, the line touches the circle.
ii) they can have two common points: in this case, the line cuts the circle.

Tangent Secant

A tangent to a circle is a line that touches A secant to a circle is a line that has two
the circle at exactly one point. For every points in common with the circle. It cuts the
point on the circle, there is a unique tangent circle at two points, forming a chord of the
passing through it. circle.

Note:- Two tangents can be drawn from a point outside the circle.

Theorem
Tangent When a point of tangency When the point lies outside of the circle, there
lies on the circle, there is are accurately two tangents to a circle through
Perpendicular to
exactly one tangent to a it
the Radius at the
Point of Contact circle that passes
through it.

Length of both tangents are equal (PQ = PR).

and QM = RM

𝑜
∠PMQ = ∠PMR = 90 . (OP is the right bisector
of QR.)

∠OPQ = ∠OPR & ∠QOP = ∠ROP

Theorem :- In two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the
smaller circle, is bisected at the point of contact.

AP = BP

Chapter 11 Area Related to Circle

Area of a Circle

2
area of a circle is π𝑟 , where π=22 / 7 or ≈
3.14
Circumference of a circle = 2πr.

Segment of a Circle Sector of a Circle

Angle of a Sector :- The angle of a sector is the angle that is enclosed between the
two radii of the sector.

2
A = (θ/360°)×π𝑟
Area of a Sector of a Circle (∠θ is the angle of this sector)

Area of major Sector =

2
π𝑟 - area of minor sector
 L(minor arc) = (θ/360°)×2πr
Length of an Arc of a Sector
Length of major arc = 2πr - (θ/360°)×2πr

The area of a triangle is,

Area=(1/2)×base×height

Area of equilateral Triangle ,

2
Area=(√3/4)×𝑎 where “a” is the side
length of the triangle.

Area of segment APB = (Area of sector

Area of a Segment of a Circle OAPB) – (Area of triangle AOB)
2
[(θ/360°)×π𝑟 ] – [(1/2)×AB×OM]

Or

2 2
[(θ/360°)×π𝑟 ] – [𝑟 ×sin θ/2 × cosθ/2]

Important Question Types

1.​ Tangents & Pythagoras:

●​ An external point is located 25 cm away from the center of a circle. A
tangent segment is drawn from this external point to the circle, and its
length is 24 cm. Find the radius of the circle. (ans = 7cm)
2.​ Angles with Tangents:
 3.​ Concentric Circles:
1.​ Find the length of a chord of the outer circle that touches the inner
circle (using Pythagoras).

●​ Two concentric circles have radii of 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the

length of the chord of the larger circle that is tangent to the
smaller circle. (ans 8cm)
4.​ Circumscribed Figures:
1.​ Prove a circumscribed parallelogram is a rhombus.
2.​ Find lengths of segments when a circle is inscribed in a triangle (using
tangent properties).
●​ A circle is inscribed in a triangle ABC, touching sides AB , BC &
AC at point D , E & F respectively. If AB = 12cm , BC = 10cm & AC
= 14cm , find the length of the tangents segment AD , BE & CF.
5.​ Conceptual & Fill-in-the-Blanks:
1.​ How many tangents can a circle have? (Infinite).
2.​ Point of contact, secant, parallel tangents

Problem 1: A tangent at point P on a circle meets a line through center O at Q such

that OQ = 12 cm. If the radius is 5 cm, find the length of the tangent PQ.
ans:- √𝟏𝟏𝟗 cm

Problem 2: Tangents PA and PB from point P touch the circle at A and B. If ∠APB =
80°, find ∠POA. (Ans: ∠POA = 50°).

Problem 3: Prove that the perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact passes
through the center.
 Chapter 12 Surface Area and Volume
LSA = lateral surface area , CSA = Curved surface area , TSA = Total surface area

(cuboid) (Cube) (Cylinder)

LSA = 2(b × h) + 2(l × h) = 2h(l + b) CSA = 2π × r × h

2
LSA = 2(l × l + l × l) = 4𝑙 TSA = 2π × r × h + area of two
TSA = 2(l × b) + 2(b × h) + 2(l × h) circular bases
TSA = 6 × area of Square
= 2(lb + bh + lh) 2
= 6𝑙
2
=2π × r × h + 2π𝑟
volume = 𝑙
3 =2πr(h + r)
Volume = (base area) × height = 2
(lb)h = lbh Length of diagonal = 3 a Volume = π𝑟 h

2 2 2
Length of diagonal = 𝑙 + 𝑏 + ℎ

(Cone) (Sphere) (Hemisphere)

​
2
CSA = TSA = 4π𝑟
2
CSA = 2π𝑟 ​
CSA = πrl Volume = (4/3)π𝑟
3
2
TSA = CSA + area of base = πrl + TSA = 3π𝑟
2
π𝑟 = πr(l + r) 3
2
Volume = (1/3)π𝑟 h Volume = (2/3)π𝑟

LSA = Lateral surface area , CSA = curved surface area , TSA = Total surface area

Pro Tip: Practice combining formulas for different shapes and understanding when
to add/subtract volumes and surface areas for composite solids.

●​ A metallic sphere of radius 6 cm is melted and recast into smaller cones, each
of radius 3 cm and height 4 cm; find the number of cones. (ans 24)
 ●​ A cubical block of side 7 cm has a hemisphere carved out; find the surface
2 2 2 2 2
area of the remaining solid.(𝑆𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙= 6𝑎 +2𝜋𝑟 −𝜋𝑟 =6𝑎 +𝜋𝑟 ) = 332.5 cm²

●​ A solid right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm is placed in a

cylinder full of water; find the volume of water displaced.( ans = V of cone)

Chapter 12 Statistics

If the gap is 1 then Correction Factor (CF) = 1 / 2 = 0.5

If the gap is 2 then Correction Factor (CF) = 2 / 2 = 1

○​ Subtract the CF from the lower limit of each class.

○​ Add the CF to the upper limit of each class

Class size(h) = upper limit - lower limit

Mode -

Model class = Class with the maximum frequency

1 0
𝑓 −𝑓
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ( 2𝑓 −𝑓 −𝑓
)×ℎ
1 0 2

l = lower limit of the model class

h = class size (upper limit - lower limit)

𝑓1 = frequency of the model class

𝑓0 = frequency of the class preceding model class

𝑓2 = frequency of the class succeeding the model class

Median:-

Median class:- check n / 2 in cf , n = ∑𝑓

𝑖

𝑛
2
− 𝑐𝑓
Median = 𝑙+( 𝑓
)×ℎ
l = lower limit of the median class

n = no of observation

cf = cumulative frequency of the class preceding median class

f = frequency of median class

h = class size

3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean

Chapter 13 Probability
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
P(E) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1.

Elementary Event

An event having only one outcome of the experiment is called an elementary event.

Impossible Event

An event that has no chance of occurring is called an Impossible event, i.e. P(E) = 0.

2 dice roll together

 Important Points
●​ Probability is always a fraction or a decimal between 0 and 1.
●​ The probability of a certain/sure event is defined as 1(100%), and the
probability of an impossible event is defined as 0(0%).
●​ A higher probability value means the event is more likely to occur.
●​ Complementary Event: The probability of the event not happening is 1−P(E).

Complementary Events
Complementary events are two outcomes of an event that are the only two
possible outcomes. This is like flipping a coin and getting heads or tails.

Cards(52)

26 black [13 spade (♠) and 13 club(♣)] 26 Red [13 Heart (♥) and 13 Diamond(♦)]

Face card = king , queen , jack (total 12)

 Summary

POLYNOMIALS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

●​ A polynomial cannot have:​

-negative powers
--fractional powers
-variables in denominator​

●​ Number of solutions = number of times ●​ D > 0 ⇒ real & distinct​

graph cuts x-axis.​
●​ D = 0 ⇒ real & equal​
●​ Quadratic polynomial shape:​
- Opens up if a > 0​ ●​ D < 0 ⇒ no real roots​
-Opens down if a < 0​
●​ If "equal roots", always apply:​
●​ To find polynomial from roots:​ 2
2 𝑏 −4ac=0​
⇒ 𝑥 −(α+β)x+αβ
●​ Sum of roots = −b/a , Product of roots = c/a
Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales)

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle →

divides other two sides in the same ratio.

Converse of BPT

If sides are divided in same ratio → line ∥ third side.

Similarity criteria

●​ AA , SSS , SAS

Area ratio of similar triangles:​

CIRCLES
Tangent properties

●​ Tangent ⟂ radius​

●​ From an external point:​

PA = PB​

●​ Angle between tangents:​

∠POA = 180° − ∠APB