Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with measuring uncertainty.

It quantifies
the likelihood of an event occurring.

1. Basic Probability Formula

If an event A can happen in favorable outcomes and the total possible outcomes are N, then
the probability of event A occurring is:

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●​ P(A) is always between 0 and 1.

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●​ If P(A) = 0, the event is impossible.
●​ If P(A) = 1, the event is certain.

2. Types of Probability

a) Theoretical Probability
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●​ Based on reasoning and logic.
●​ Example: The probability of rolling a 3 on a fair die is: P(3) = 1/6 because there are 6
possible outcomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and only one is a 3.

b) Experimental Probability
●​ Based on actual experiments or observations.
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●​ Example: If a coin is flipped 100 times and lands on heads 55 times, then the
probability of heads is: P(H) = 55/100 = 0.55

c) Subjective Probability
●​ Based on personal judgment or past experience.
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●​ Example: The probability of your favorite team winning a match based on their past
performance.
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3. Types of Events in Probability

a) Independent Events
●​ Events that do not affect each other.
●​ Example: Flipping a coin and rolling a die are independent because the coin toss does
not affect the die roll.
●​ Formula: P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)

b) Dependent Events
●​ Events where the outcome of one affects the other.
●​ Example: Drawing two cards without replacement from a deck.
c) Mutually Exclusive Events
●​ Events that cannot happen at the same time.
●​ Example: Getting heads and tails in a single coin flip.
●​ Formula: P(A or B) = P(A)+ P(B)

d) Complementary Events
●​ The probability that an event does not happen.
●​ Formula: P(not A) = 1 – P(A)

4. Probability with Examples

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Example 1: Rolling a Die
What is the probability of rolling an even number?

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●​ Favorable outcomes = {2, 4, 6}
●​ Total outcomes = 9
●​ P(even) = 3/6 = 0.5

Example 2: Drawing a Card

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What is the probability of drawing a King from a standard deck of 52 cards?
●​ Favorable outcomes = {King of Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs, Spades} = 4
●​ Total outcomes = 52
●​ P(King) = 4/52 = 1/13

5. Probability Using a Tree Diagram

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Tree diagrams help visualize sequences of events, like pass-fail problems or flipping multiple
coins.
Example: Flipping a Coin Twice
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Possible outcomes: HH, HT, TH, TT

Probability of getting at least one head: 1 - P(TT) = 1 – 0.25 = 0.75​
​
​
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Questions & Solution:
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1. A natural number x is chosen at random from the first 100 natural numbers. The probability
that x+100/x>50 is
A.​ 1/10
B.​ 11/20
C.​ 11/50
D.​ None of these

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2. On a multiple choice examination with 4 choices for each question, a student either knows

B.​
8/9
1/4
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the answer to a question or marks it randomly. The probability that he or she knows the answer?

A.​

C.​ 3/4
D.​ 7/9
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3. The probability that a person going to a hospital will have his blood group checked is 0.12;
the probability that he will check his blood pressure is 0.29 and the probability that he will ask to
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have both of them checked is 0.07. Find the probability that a person who will check his blood
pressure, will also have his blood group checked.

A.​ 0.241
B.​ 0.583
C.​ 0.07
D.​ 0.0348
4. There are 100 people on a line. Shawon is the 37th person and Naomi is the 67th person. if a
person online is choose an at random what is the probability that the person is standing
between Shawon and Naomi?

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A.​ 1/100

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B.​ 29/100
C.​ 3/10
D.​ 31/100

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5. In a study, it was discovered that 25% of the paintings of a certain art gallery are not original.
A collector, in 15% cases, makes a mistake in judging if a painting is original or a copy. If she
buys a painting thinking that it is original, what is the probability that it is not original?

A.​ 0.056
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B.​ 0.25
C.​ 0.0625
D.​ None of these
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6. Suppose in a room there are five doors. One Bangladeshi, one Canadian, one Japanese and
one Australian want to enter into that room. Find the probability of their entering through
different doors.

A.​ 0.008
B.​ 0.0048
C.​ 0.1172
D.​ 0.192
7. An experiment consists of selecting a ball from a bag and spinning a coin. The bag contains 5
red balls and 7 blue balls. A ball is selected at random from the bag, its color is noted and then
the ball is returned to the bag. When a red ball is selected, a biased coin with probability 2/3 of
landing heads is spun. When a blue ball is selected a fair coin is spun. Find the probability that
she obtains a head.

A.​ 0.569
B.​ 0.24

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C.​ 0.965

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D.​ 0.659

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8. The following figure represents a Venn diagram that shows the number of students in a class
who read any of 3 popular magazines A, B and C. One of these students is selected at random.
Find the probability the student reads more than one magazine.
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A.​ 1/7
B.​ 1/9.5
C.​ 1/6
D.​ 1/20
9. If a 3 digit number formed by 1, 0, 2 is selected at random then what is the probability of the
number being divisible by 10 (without replacement)?

A.​ 1/2
B.​ 1/3
C.​ 2/3
D.​ 1/6

10. Five coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of the event that at least 1 head
turns up?

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A.​ 1/32
B.​ 1/16
C.​ 1/5
D.​ 31/32

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11. From a deck of cards if you pick four cards, what is the probability of getting four Aces?

A.​ 24/(52×51×50×49)
B.​ 24/(52×51×50×49)
C.​ 24/(52×52×52×52)
D.​ 265/(52×52×52×52)
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12. There are 10 blue and 15 red marvels in a box a boy pics up to marvels random one by one
the probability of both being of the same colour is:-

A.​ 1/2
B.​ 4/5
C.​ 3/20
D.​ 7/20
13. A bag contains 10 blue and 15 red balls. If a boy draws 2 balls at random consecutively,
which one is the probability of both be of same color?

A.​ 1/2
B.​ 1/11
C.​ 10/99

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D.​ 4/33

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14. From the set of all families with two children, a child is selected at random and is found to be
a girl . The probability that the sescond child of this family is also a girl is -

A.​ 1/4
B.​ 1/3
C.​ 1/2
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D.​ None of these

15. All 120 students in a class play either cricket or football or both the games. Out of 120
students, 75 students play cricket only and 60 students play football only. How many students
play both games?
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A.​ 13
B.​ 15
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C.​ 25
D.​ 23

16. 200 students have taken both math and physics exams. Among them, 40 students fail in
math and 20 students fail in physics exam. In both exams, 10 students have failed. If you
randomly pick a student, what is the probability that he has failed in math exam and has
passed the physics exam?

A)​ 3/20 B) 4/20 C) 2/20 D)1/20

Given:

●​ Total students = 200​

●​ Students who failed in Math = 40​

●​ Students who failed in Physics = 20​

●​ Students who failed in both Math and Physics = 10​

We know:

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Failed Math only = Failed Math−Failed Both
= 40−10
= 30

So, 30 students failed in Math only.

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Now, Out of 200 students, 30 have failed in Math and passed in Physics, so:

Required Probability= 30/200 = 3/20

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1. General Term:

The general term in the expansion of is given by the formula -

Where,

●​ is the (r+1)-th term of the expansion,

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●​ is the binomial coefficient (nCr or combination),

●​ and are the base terms raised to their respective powers.

Example: ag
For the expansion of , the general term is-
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2. Middle Term:
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●​ If n is odd, there is only one middle term, which is the (n+1)/2-th term.
●​ If n is even, there are two middle terms, which are the n/2-th and (n/2 + 1)-th terms.

Example:
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For the expansion of

Since n = 6 (even), the middle terms are -
3. Equidistant Terms:

The terms that are equidistant from the first and last term in the expansion are called
equidistant terms.
If we take the p-th term and the (n+2-p)-th term, we will see that-

Finding the x-free term in

We use the general term formula:

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If a contains x, then we solve for r such that the exponent of x in becomes zero.

Example:
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Find the x-free term in the expansion of (x+1/x)^6.
Step 1: Write the general term
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Step 2: Simplify the x terms
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Step 3: Solve for x-free condition

For the term to be free of x, the exponent must be zero:
6- 2r = 0
r=3
Step 4: Find the term
Substituting r = 3:
So, the x-free term is 20.

Binomial Series Expansion

The Binomial Theorem provides a way to expand expressions of the form (1 + x)^n or (a +b)^n
for any integer or real number n.

1. Binomial Expansion for Positive Integer n

If n is a positive integer, the expansion of (a +b)^n is given by:

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where is the binomial coefficient.

Example:

For
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=

2. Binomial Series for Any Real n (General Case)

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If n is not necessarily an integer (can be fractional or negative), then the expansion of (1+x)^n
is given by an infinite series:
This series is valid for |x| < 1.
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Example:
3. Special Cases

●​ Binomial Expansion for Negative Powers: If n is negative (e.g., —1, —2, —3, etc.),

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the series becomes an infinite expansion.

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Example:

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Finding the Coefficient of x^n in a Binomial Expansion
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To find the coefficient of x^n in a binomial expansion, we use the general term of the
binomial expansion and extract the coefficient of x^n.
1. Binomial Expansion Formula
For a binomial expression (a + b)^m, the general term is:
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If a or b contains x, then we find the term where the exponent of x matches n, and its
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coefficient is the required answer.

2. Finding Coefficient in (1+ x)^m

Example:
Find the coefficient of x³ in (1+x)^7.

So, the coefficient is 35.

3. Finding Coefficient in

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If the expansion is of the form:

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The general term is:

The coefficient of x^n is:

Example:
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Find the coefficient of x³ in .
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Solution:
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So, the coefficient is 1080.

4. Finding Coefficient in (1- x)^m

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The expansion of (1 - x)^m follows:

So, the coefficient of x^n is:

Example:
Find the coefficient of x^4 in (1- x)^6
Coefficient =

So, the coefficient is 15.

Questions & Solution:

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1.

A.​

B.​ ag
C.​

D.​
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2.

​
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A. 3/11
B. 5/12
C. 7/11
D. 7/12
3.

A.​ 1.74
B.​ 6.84
C.​ 2.74
D.​ 3.84

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4.
ag
A.​
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B.​

C.​
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D.​
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5.

A.​ 11
B.​ 13
C.​ 14
D.​ 10

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6.

A.​ 5,6 ag
B.​ 4,5
C.​ 20,21
D.​ a&c
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7.

A.​
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B.​

C.​

D.​
8.
A.​ 1
B.​ -1
C.​ 1/2
D.​ -1/2

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Factorial: Definition & Explanation
The factorial of a number n, denoted as n!, is the product of all positive integers from 1 to n.

n! = n ☑ (n -1) x (n - 2) x... x 2 x 1
Special Case:
0! = 1 (by definition, for consistency in combinatorial formulas)

Examples
1. Factorial of 5:
5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120

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Permutation: Definition & Explanation
A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a specific order. The order of selection matters

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in permutations.

Formula for Permutations

The number of ways to arrange r objects from a set of n objects is given by:

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where n! (n factorial) means multiplying all whole numbers from n down to 1:

n! = n × (n - 1) x (n - 2) x... × 1
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Example Calculation:

Example 1: Simple Permutation

How many ways can you arrange 3 letters from "ABC"?
●​ Total letters (n) = 3
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●​ Choosing all letters (r = 3)

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So, the possible arrangements are: ABC, AСB, ВАС, ВСА, САВ, СВА.

Example 2: Partial Selection

How many ways can you arrange 2 letters from "ABCD"?
●​ Total letters (n) = 4
●​ Choosing 2 letters (r = 2)
So, the possible arrangements are: AB, AC, AD, BA, BC, BD, CA, CB, CD, DA, DB, DC.

Permutation vs Combination
>>Permutation: Order matters (e.g., "AB" and "BA" are different).

>>Combination: Order does not matter (e.g., "AB" and "BA" are the same).

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Questions & Solution:

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1. Suppose 4 mathematics books are selected from 6 different Mathematics books and 3
English books are chosen from 5 different English books. In how many ways can the seven
books be arranged on a shelf if a math book is placed at the beginning and an English book in
the middle of the shelf ?

A.​
B.​
C.​
201000
216000
215000
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D.​ 20000
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2. A student has to answer 10 questions out of 13 questions, choosing at least 4 from each of
Parts A and B. If there are 6 questions in Part A and 7 in Part B, in how many ways can the
student choose 10 questions ?
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A.​ 226
B.​ 276
C.​ 286
D.​ 266

Total no. of questions in part A = 6

Total no. of questions in part B = 7
A student can choose 10 questions from the given 13 questions in the following
pattern-
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3. Seven boys and seven girls together all meet up for a meal. To commemorate the occasion.
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They Arranged for a photograph to be taken of all 14 of them standing in a line. How many
different arrangements are there the 7 boys all stand together and 7 girls all stand together?

A.​ 50403242
B.​ 50405646
C.​ 50803200
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D.​ 50804932
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4. Determine whether one or more of the following situations is/are permutations(s):

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(i) Creating a password for a computer using any 8 alphabet letters.

(ii) Determining how many different way you can elect a Chairman and Co - Chairman of a
committee from a group of 10 people
(iii) Voting to allow 10 new members to join a club when there are 25 persons who are
interested to join the club.
(iv) Finding different ways to arranges a line up for batsman on a cricket team.

A.​ i
B.​ i, ii, iv
C.​ iii
D.​ i, iv
5. A password consists of two letters of the alphabet followed by three digits chosen from 0 to 9.
Repeats are allowed. How many different possible passwords are there?
A.​ 26000
B.​ 676000
C.​ 36000
D.​ 488800

Relation Between nCr (Combination) and Complementary Permutation

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To understand the relationship between Combination (nCr) and Complementary

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Permutation, let's break it down step by step.

1. Understanding nCr (Combination)

A combination is a selection of r objects from n objects without considering order. The
formula for combinations is:
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Example: If you choose 2 letters from A, В, С the possible selections are: AB, AC, BC
(ignoring order).
Mathematically:
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2. Complementary Permutation Concept

A permutation is an arrangement where the order matters. The formula for permutation is:

A complementary permutation means that once you choose r elements using nCr, you can
arrange those r elements in all possible ways.
Total Arrangements = nCr X r!
Thus, permutations can be expressed using combinations:
nPr = nCr × r!
3. Mathematical Relationship Between nCr and Permutations
We can derive the permutation formula using combinations:

Since r! cancels out,

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This confirms the relation:
nPr = nCr × r!

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4. Example to Illustrate Relationship
Let's consider choosing and arranging 2 students from a group of 4 students (A, B, С, D).

Step 1: Choose 2 students (Combination)

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Selections: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.
Step 2: Arrange the chosen 2 students (Permutation)
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Each chosen pair can be arranged in 2! ways:
2! = 2 × 1 = 2
Step 3: Compute the Permutations
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Arrangements: AB, ВА, АС, СA, AD, DA, ВС, СВ, BD, DB, CD, DC.
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Thus, the relation holds:

nPr = nCr x r!

Conclusion
●​ Combination (nCr) chooses objects without order.
●​ Permutation (nPr) arranges those chosen objects with order.
●​ The number of permutations is simply the number of combinations multiplied by
the factorial of the selected objects:
nPr = nCr x r!
Questions & Solution:

1. There are 6 boys who entered a boat with 8 seats of which 4 seats on each side. In how
many ways can they sit. If two boys A and B sit on the port side and another boy W sits on the
starboard side?

A.​ 56
B.​ 240
C.​ 2880
D.​ 2200

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2. Abdul Hakim is the Chairman of a committee. In how many ways can a committee of 5 be
chosen from 10 people given that Abdul Hakim mustbe one of them?

A.​ 252
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B.​ 210
C.​ 84
D.​ 126
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3. Suppose 7 students are staying in a room of a hostel and they are allotted 7 beds placed one
after another. Among them X does not want a bed next to Y,because he snores. Then, in how
many ways, can you allot the beds?

A.​ 609
B.​ 1200
C.​ 2400
D.​ 3600
Considering X and Y to be allotted beds next to each other, the number of ways is 6! x 2!... Now,
Number of ways to allot the beds where X and Y are not next to each other = 7! - 6! × 2! = 3600.

4. A committee of 4 members is to be formed from 5 engineering and 3 arts students. In how

many ways can this be done so that the committee contains at least one engineering and at
least one arts students.

A.​ 60
B.​ 65
C.​ 70
D.​ 75

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5. A debate club consist of 10 boys and 5 girls. A team of 4 members have to select from this
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club including the selection of a captain (from the team members). If the team has to include at
most one girl, the number of ways selecting the team is-

A.​ 3260
B.​ 3240
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C.​ 2865
D.​ 3060
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1. Domain of a Function
The domain of a function refers to the set of all possible input values (x-values) for which
the function is defined.

How to Determine the Domain?

To find the domain of a function, consider:

1. Denominators: A function is undefined when the denominator is zero.

Example:

●​ Here, x -2 = 0 when x = 2, so the function is undefined at x = 2.

●​ Domain: x≠2 or (-∞, 2) U (2, ∞).

2. Square Roots (Radicals): The expression inside a square root must be non-negative.
Example: f(x) = √(x-3)
●​ The function is only defined when x -3 ≥ 0 → x ≥ 3.
●​ Domain: [3, ∞).

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3. Logarithmic Functions: The inside of a logarithm must be positive.
Example: f(x) =log(x - 1)
●​ The function is defined only when x - 1 > 0 → x > 1.
●​ Domain: (1, ∞).

2. Range of a Function ag
The range of a function is the set of all possible output values (y-values) that the function
can take.

How to Determine the Range?

1. Quadratic Functions f(x) = ax² + bx + c:
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●​ If a > 0, the parabola opens up and the minimum value is at the vertex.
●​ If a < 0, the parabola opens down and the maximum value is at the vertex.

Example:
●​ The smallest value of f(x) is 0, and it goes to infinity.
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●​ Range: [0, ∞).

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2. Rational Functions:
Example: f(x) = 1/x
●​ This function can take any real number except 0.
●​ Range: (-∞, 0) U (0, ∞).
3. Trigonometric Functions:
Example: f(x) = sin x
●​ The sine function oscillates between -1 and 1.
●​ Range: [-1, 1].
Example Summary

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Conclusion
●​ Domain: Possible input values (x).
●​ Range: Possible output values (y).
●​ Check for restrictions like division by zero, square roots, and logarithmic functions
when finding the domain and range.
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How to Find the Value of a Function?

To find the value of a function, follow these steps:
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Step 1: Understand the Function

A function is usually written as:

f(x) = some expression involving x
To find the value of f(x), substitute a given x-value into the function and simplify.
Example 1: Basic Polynomial Function

Let's say we have:

f(x) = 2x +3
Find f(4).
Solution:
●​ Replace x with 4 in the equation:
f(4) = 2(4) +3= 8+3=11
●​ Answer: f(4) = 11.

Example 2: Quadratic Function

Given f(x) = x² - 5x +6, find f(2).

Solution:

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●​ Answer: f (2) = 0.

Example 3: Rational Function

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Given find f (5).
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Solution:
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●​ Answer: ƒ (5) = 3.
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Example 4: Square Root Function

Given f(x) = √(x + 4), find f(5).

Solution:
f(5) = √(5+4) =√9= 3
●​ Answer: f (5) = 3.

General Method to Find f(a):

●​ Identify the function f(x).
●​ Substitute x = a into the function.
●​ Simplify to get the result.
Steps to Find the Inverse Function

Step 1: Replace f(x) with y

Write the function as:
y = f(x)

Step 2: Swap x and у

Interchange x and y. This step reflects the function across the line y = x.

Step 3: Solve for y

Rearrange the equation to express y in terms of x.

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Step 4: Replace y with

The new function y is the inverse, so write it as .

Example 1: Linear Function

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Find the inverse of f(x) = 2x +3.

Solution:

1. Replace f(x) with y:

y = 2x+3
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2. Swap x and y:
x = 2y +3

3. Solve for y:
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x -3 = 2y
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4. Replace y with :
Questions & Solution:

1.

A.​ √2
B.​ 5
C.​ 2
D.​ √5

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2. Find the domain of the function f(x) = √(x² - 4x +3)

A.​ X≤3
B.​ 1≤X≤3
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C.​ X≥3 or x≤1
D.​ None of above
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3. If A and B are two sets, and the complements of A and B are A' and B’ respectively, then
A’ - B' is

A.​ A-B
B.​ A∩B
C.​ A ∩ B’
D.​ B-А
4. If three roots of f(x) =0 are 1,-1,2 the roots f(2x) = 0 are -

A.​ -1/2, 1/2, 1

B.​ 1/2, -1/2, -1
C.​ 2,-2, 4
D.​ 0, 1, -2

5.

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A.​ -1
B.​ 2
C.​ -2
D.​ 1 ag
6. Which of the following is even function -
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A.​

B.​
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C.​

D.​ f(x) = sin x

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