Integration 131

7
Integration
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Introduction 132
7.1 Anti-derivatives 132
7.2 Rules for integration 133
7.3 Finding the constant C 138
7.4 The definite integral 142
7.5 Area between curves 148

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 132 Chapter 7

Introduction
This topic covers the fundamental relationship between the concepts of
differentiation and integration. This fundamental relationship permits the
evaluation of both indefinite and definite integrals, applications of which
abound in engineering, technology and the sciences. Indefinite integrals are
used to solve problems concerning the motion of an object in a straight line,
and definite integrals are used to find areas of regions in the plane. After
studying this topic you should be able to:
• understand the relationship between integration and differentiation;
• integrate polynomial, trigonometric, and exponential functions;
• evaluate definite integrals of polynomial, trigonometric, and
exponential functions;
• find areas contained between curves;
• understand the distinction between definite integrals and areas.

7.1 Anti-derivatives
1. If the derivative of a function is known, the original function can be
found (almost) by anti-differentiating (integrating). The anti-
derivative always contains an arbitrary constant C , which cannot be
determined unless extra information is given.
2. When applied to sketches of graphs, anti-differentiation is the process of
finding the equation to a curve from the slope of that curve. In the simple
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equation of the straight line is y = 3x + C .The same arbitrary constant
C appears in the anti-derivative of any function.
In general, given the slope of a curve, the equation of that curve is
known, except for its y-intercept. If, however, a particular point on the
curve is specified, the equation is completely determined.
3. The anti-derivative is more usually called the indefinite integral, where
the word ‘indefinite’ indicates the presence of the constant C in the
answer.

4. The notation  f  x  dx must be strictly observed. In particular, the dx

cannot be omitted.
5. After the answer to an indefinite integral has been found, it can always
2
be checked by differentiation. For instance, the answer to  3x dx is
3 d 3 2
x + C because ------  x + C  = 3x .
dx

Examples

1. Write the following statements about derivatives as statements about

indefinite integrals
d 5 4 d 2x 2x
(i) ------  x  = 5x (ii) ------  e  = 2e
dx dx

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 Integration 133

d d
(iii) ------  sin 2x  = 2 cos 2x (iv) ------  cos 3 x  = – 3 sin 3x .
dx dx
4 5 2x 2x
1. (i)  5x dx = x + C (ii)  2e dx = e + C

(iii)  2 cos 2x dx = sin 2x + C (iii)  – 3 sin 3x dx = cos 3 x + C .

Problems

1. Write the following statements about derivatives as statements about

indefinite integrals:
d 7 6 d 5x 5x
(i) ------  x  = 7x (ii) ------  e  = 5e
dx dx

d d
(iii) ------  sin 6x  = 6 cos 6x (iv) ------  cos 2 x  = – 2 sin 2x .
dx dx

Answers

6 7 5x 5x
1. (i)  7x dx = x + C (ii)  5e dx = e + C

(iii)  6 cos 6x dx = sin 6x + C (iii)  – 2 sin 2x dx = cos 2 x + C .

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7.2 Rules for integration

1. Since differentiation and integration are inverse operations, every rule
for derivatives can be converted into a corresponding rule for integrals.
In particular, since,
n+1 n
x dy x n
if y = ------------ , then ------ =  n + 1   ------------ = x , it follows that:
n+1 dx n+1
n+1
n x
 x dx = ------------ + C (provided n + 1  0 , i.e. n  – 1 ).
n+1
2. Note that, in the answer above, the power of x is the same as the
denominator, and is found by adding 1 to the original power of x.
In terms of the power of x, differentiation takes the power down,
whereas integration takes the power up.
3. The results in the table of integrals (below) can all be proved by
converting a rule for differentiation into a corresponding rule for
integration. For instance, the result:
dy 1 1
if y = ln x , then ------ = ---
dx x
leads to  --- dx = ln x + C .
x

Note that the modulus (absolute value), x ensures that the logarithm
is defined for both positive and negative values of x, as, by definition x

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 134 Chapter 7

is the distance of x from the origin, and is never negative. As examples,

– 3 = 3 ; – 8 = 8 ; and 6 = 6 .
4. More general results for integrals of trigonometric, exponential and
logarithmic functions can be derived, as follows.
–1 dy –1
Since, if y = ------ cos kx , then ------ = ------   – k sin kx  = sin kx
k dx k

–1
 sin kx dx = ------ cos kx + C .
k

1 dy 1
Similarly, if y = --- sin kx , then ------ = ---   k cos k x  = cos k x
k dx k

1
 cos k x dx = --- sin kx + C .
k

1 kx dy 1 kx kx
Also, if y = --- e , then ------ = ---   ke  = e
k dx k

kx 1 kx
 e dx = --- e + C .
k
5. In summary, the 5 major results for the indefinite integrals of the
commonly used functions are shown in the table below (k is a constant).

fx  f  x  dx
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n+1
x
------------ + C ( n  – 1 )
xn n+1
–1
sin kx ------ cos kx + C
k
1
cos kx --- sin kx + C
k
1 kx
e kx --- e + C
k
1
--- ln x + C
x

Examples

1. Find:
6 –6
(i) I = x dx (ii) I = x dx

(iii) I =  sin 6x dx (iv) I =  cos 6x dx

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 Integration 135

6x – 6x
(v) I =  e dx (vi) I = e dx .

2. Find:
5 3
(i) I =   2x + ----2 – 7 dx (ii) I =   4 x – ------ + 2 dx
 x   x 

–1  3 23
(iii) I =   2x + 5x  dx (iv) I =  3x  x – 8  dx

4
I =   --- – 5 dx .
2
(v) I =   x + 3  dx (vi)
x 

3. Find:

x
I =  5 cos  --- dx
– 9x 4x
(i) I =   3e + 8e  dx (ii)
 2

2
(iii) I =   5 sin 2x + 3 cos 8x  dx (iv) I =  -----
- dx .
3x
e

7
6 x
1. (i) I = x dx = ---- + C
7
( n = 6 ).

–5 –5
–6 x –x –1
(ii) I =  x dx = ------ + C = ---------- + C = --------5 + C
–5 5 5x
( n = – 6 ).

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–1
(iii) I =  sin 6x dx = ------ cos 6x + C
6
( k = 6 ).

1
(iv) I =  cos 6x dx = --- sin 6x + C
6
( k = 6 ).

6x 1 6x
(v) I =  e dx = --- e + C ( k = 6 ).
6

– 6x 1 –6x – 1 –6x
(vi) I = e dx = ------ e + C = ------ e + C ( k = –6 )
–6 6

5
I =   2x + ----2 – 7 dx =   2x + 5x – 7x  dx
1 –2 0
2. (i)
 x 

( n = 2 – 1 1 respectively)
2 –1 1
2x 5x 7x
= -------- + ---------- – -------- + C ( n = 2 – 1 1 respectively)
2 –1 1
2 –1
I = x – 5x – 7x + C .

3
I =   4 x – ------ + 2 dx =   4x – 3x
12 –1  2 0
(ii) + 2x  dx
 x 

1 –1
( n = --- ------ 0 respectively)
2 2

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 136 Chapter 7

32 12 1
4x 3x 2x 2 32 12
= ------------ – ------------ + -------- + C = 4  --- x – 3  2 x + 2x + C
32 12 1 3
32
8x 12
I = ------------ – 6x + 2x + C .
3

–1  3 23 –1 2
(iii) I =   2x + 5x  dx ( n = ------ --- respectively)
3 3
23 53
2x 5x 3 23 3 53
= ------------ + ------------ + C = 2  --- x + 5  --- x + C
23 53 2 5
23 53
I = 3x + 3x + C.
2 1
(iv) I =  3x  x – 8  dx =   3x – 24x  dx ( n = 2 1 respectively)

3 2
3x 24x
= -------- – ----------- + C
3 2
3 2
I = x – 12x + C
2 2 1 0
(v) I =   x + 3  dx =   x + 6x + 9x  dx

( n = 2 1 0 respectively)
3 2 1
x 6x 9x
= ---- + -------- + -------- + C
3 2 1
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3
x 2
I = ---- + 3x + 9x + C
3

4
I =   --- – 5 dx =   4x – 5x  dx ( n = – 1 0 respectively)
–1 0
(vi)
x 

1
5x
= 4 ln x – -------- + C
1

I = 4 ln x – 5x + C .
0
Note: Since the constant k can always be written as k = kx ,
1
0 kx
 k dx =  kx dx = ------- + C = kx + C
1
– 9x 4x
3. (i) I =   3e + 8e  dx ( k = – 9 4 respectively)

– 9x 4x
3e 8e
= ------------ + ---------- + C
–9 4
– 9x
–e 4x
I = ------------ + 2e + C
3

x 1
(ii) I =  5 cos  --- dx ( k = --- )
 2 2

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 Integration 137

5 x x
= ---------- sin  --- + C = 5  2 sin  --- + C
12  2   2

x
I = 10 sin  --- + C
 2

(iii) I =   5 sin 2x + 3 cos 8x  dx ( k = 2 8 respectively)

–5 3
I = ------ cos 2x + --- sin 8x + C
2 8

2 – 3x
(iv) I =  -----
- dx =
3x  2e dx ( k = –3 )
e
– 3x
2e
= ------------ + C
–3
– 3x
– 2e
I = --------------- + C .
3

Problems

1. Find
4 –4
(i) I = x dx (ii) I = x dx
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(iii) I =  sin 4x dx (iv) I =  cos 4x dx

4x – 4x
(v) I =  e dx (vi) I = e dx .

2. Find
6 1
(i) I =   4x + ----3 – 1 dx (ii) I =   6 x – ------ + 3 dx
 x   x 

–1  4 14
(iii) I =   3x + 5x  dx (iv) I =  2x  3x – 2  dx

7
I =   --- – 2 dx .
2
(v) I =   x – 2  dx (vi)
x 

3. Find

x
I =  2 cos  --- dx
– 5x 2x
(i) I =   5e + 8e  dx (ii)
 3

3
(iii) I =   7 sin 3x + 3 cos 5x  dx (iv) I =  -----
- dx .
2x
e

Answers

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 138 Chapter 7

5
4 x
1. (i) I =  x dx = ---- + C
5
–3 –3
–4 x –x –1
(ii) I = x dx = ------ + C = ---------- + C = --------3 + C
–3 3 3x

–1
(iii) I =  sin 4x dx = ------ cos 4x + C
4

1
(iv) I =  cos 4x dx = --- sin 4x + C
4

4x 1 4x
(v) I =  e dx = --- e + C
4

– 4x 1 –4x – 1 –4x
(vi) I = e dx = ------ e + C = ------ e + C .
–4 4

6 3
I =   4x + ----3 – 1 dx = 2x – ----2 – x + C
2
2. (i)
 x  x

1
I =   6 x – ------ + 3 dx = 4x – 2x + 3x + C
32 12
(ii)
 x 

–1  4 14 34 54

(iii) I =   3x + 5x  dx = 4x + 4x +C

3 2
(iv) I =  2x  3x – 2  dx = 2x – 2x + C
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3
2 x 2
(v) I =   x – 2  dx = ---- – 2x + 4x + C
3

7
(vi) I =   --- – 2 dx = 7 ln x – 2x + C .
x 

– 5x 2x – 5x 2x
3. (i) I =   5e + 8e  dx = – e + 4e + C

x x
(ii) I =  2 cos  --- dx = 6 sin  --- + C
 3  3

–7 3
(iii) I =   7 sin 3x + 3 cos 5x  dx = ------ cos 3x + --- sin 5x + C
3 5
– 2x
3 – 3e
(iv) I =  -----
- dx = --------------- + C .
e
2x 2

7.3 Finding the constant C

dy
1. If ------ = f  x  , then y =  f  x  dx .
dx
The solution for y contains an unknown arbitrary constant C, which can

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 Integration 139

only be determined if extra information is given. Such extra information

is usually given in the form of one point on the solution curve, e.g.
when x = 0 , y = 2 . The given point is sometimes written in function
notation, e.g. y  0  = 2 , where the x-value appears in the brackets.
2. For many applications of integration, the variable t (time) is used, rather
than x. In such cases, a given point on the solution curve is called an
initial condition.
dy dy
3. Equations of the form ------ = f  x  , or ------ = f  t  are called differential
dx dt
equations.
4. For motion in a straight line, with the usual notation, i.e.
s is the displacement of the object;
t is the time;
v is the velocity;
a is the acceleration.
ds dv
the relations v = ----- , and a = ------ can be re-written as:
dt dt

s =  v dt and v =  a dt .

If any one of the displacement, velocity or acceleration is known, the

other two can be found using differentiation and integration, as shown in
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the diagram below.

int. int.

s v a
diff. diff.

Examples

1. Find y given that:

dy
(i) ------ = 4x – 5 and y  2  = 3
dx

dy 2
(ii) ------ = 6x + 8x – 5 and y  0  = – 1
dx

dy – 6x
(iii) ------ = 2e and y  0  = 0 .
dx

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 140 Chapter 7

2. The acceleration of an object is given by:

a = 12t + 2 (m/sec/sec.), for 0  t  8 .
If the object is initially at rest, find the following:
(i) the velocity after 5 seconds
(ii) the distance travelled in the first 2 seconds
(iii) the acceleration when the velocity is 8 (m/sec).

dy
1. (i) ------ = 4x – 5 and y  2  = 3
dx
2
4x
y =   4x – 5  dx = -------- – 5x + C
2
2
y = 2x – 5x + C
Since y = 3 when x = 2 ,
2
3 = 2  2 – 5  2 + C = 8 – 10 + C = – 2 + C

C = 3 + 2 = 5
2
y = 2x – 5x + 5

dy 2
(ii) ------ = 6x + 8x – 5 and y  0  = – 1
dx
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3 2
2 6x 8x
y =   6x + 8x – 5  dx = -------- + -------- – 5x + C
3 2
3 2
y = 2x + 4x – 5x + C

Since y = – 1 when x = 0 ,

–1 = 0 + 0 – 0 + C

C = – 1
3 2
y = 2x + 4x – 5x – 1
dy – 6x
(iii) ------ = 2e and y  0  = 0
dx
– 6x
– 6x 2e
y =  2e dx = ------------ + C
–6
– 6x
–e
y = ------------ + C
3

Since y = 0 when x = 0 ,
0
–e –1
0 = -------- + C = ------ + C
3 3
1
C = ---
3
– 6x – 6x
–e 1 1–e
y = ------------ + --- = ----------------- .
3 3 3
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 Integration 141

2. a = 12t + 2 , for 0  t  8 .
As the object is initially at rest, v  0  = 0
2
12t
(i) Since v =  a dt =   12t + 2  dt = ---------- + 2t + C ,
2
2
v = 6t + 2t + C .

Since v = 0 when t = 0 ,
0 = 0+0+C C = 0 .
2
v = 6t + 2t .
2
When t = 5 , v = 6  5 + 2  5 = 150 + 10 = 160 .
So, the velocity after 5 seconds is 160 (m/sec).
3 2
2 6t 2t
(ii) Since s =  v dt =   6t + 2t  dt = ------- + ------- + C ,
3 2
3 2
s = 2t + t + C
Since s = 0 when t = 0 ,

0 = 0+0+C C = 0 .
3 2
s = 2t + t .
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When t = 2 , s = 2  2 + 2 = 16 + 4 = 20
So, the distance travelled in the first 2 seconds is 20 (m).
2
(iii) When v = 8 , 6t + 2t = 8 . Dividing by 2 gives
2 2
3t + t = 4 , i.e. 3t + t – 4 = 0

Using the Quadratic Formula (with a = 3 , b = 1 , c = – 4 ),

2
– 1  1 – 4  3   –4 
t = ----------------------------------------------------------
23

– 1  1 + 48 – 1  49
t = --------------------------------- = ------------------------
6 6

–17 –8 –4 6
t = ---------------- . So, t = ------ = ------ , and t = --- = 1 .
6 6 3 6

As 0  t  8 , the only permissible value of t is t = 1 .

Since a = 12t + 2 , when t = 1 , a = 12 + 2 = 14

So, the acceleration when the velocity is 8 (m/sec), i.e. after 1 sec,
is 14 (m/sec/sec).

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 142 Chapter 7

Problems

1. Find y given that

dy
(i) ------ = 8x – 1 and y  2  = 5
dx

dy 2
(ii) ------ = 9x + 12x – 4 and y  1  = 8
dx

dy 8x
(iii) ------ = 2e and y  0  = 1 .
dx
2. The acceleration of an object is given by:
2
a = 72t – 12t + 1 (m/sec/sec.), for 0  t  6 .
If the object is initially at rest, find the following
(i) the velocity after 5 seconds
(ii) the distance travelled in the first 2 seconds
(iii) the velocity when the acceleration is 109 (m/sec/sec).

Answers

2 3 2
1. (i) y = 4x – x – 9 (ii) y = 3x + 6x – 4x + 3
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(iii) y = ---------------- .
4
2
2 3 3 4 t
2. Velocity v = 36t – 4t + t ;displacement s = 12t – t + --- .
2
(i) 405 (m/sec) (ii) 82 (m)
2
(iii) When a = 109 , 72t – 12t + 1 = 109
2
12t – 72t + 108 = 0 Dividing by 12 gives
2 2
t – 6t + 9 = 0 , i.e.  t – 3  = 0 t = 3 .

When t = 3 ,
2 3
v = 36  3 – 4  3 + 3 = 324 – 108 + 3 = 219 .

v = 219 (m/sec).

7.4 The definite integral

b
1. a f  x  d x is called the definite integral of f for a  x  b . The
constant a and b are called the terminals of integration. By definition,

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 Integration 143

b b
a f  x  d x = F x 
a
= Fb  – F a ,

where F  x  is any anti-derivative of f  x  .

Note that the definite integral is a number (not a function), whose
value is obtained by evaluating F  x  at the top terminal b, and the
bottom terminal a, before subtracting in the correct order, F  b  – F  a  .
2. For definite integrals, the constant C is not needed, as it cancels after
subtraction, i.e.
b b
a f  x  dx = Fx + C
a
= Fb  + C – Fa  + C

= Fb  + C – Fa  – C = Fb  – Fa  .

b
3. It is important to note that the definite integral a f  x  d x represents an

area only if the curve y = f  x  is non-negative, i.e.

f  x   0 for a  x  b .
The relevant area is shaded in the diagram below.
y
y = f x

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o x
a b

4. In general, the definite integral may be positive, negative or zero, and

evaluating a definite integral should not be confused with finding an
area.
5. Since the definite integral is a number, the variable of integration is a
‘dummy’ variable. So,
b b b
a f  x  dx , a f  t  dt , and a f  z  dz all represent the same number.

Examples

1. Evaluate the following definite integrals

6 9
2 1
(i) I = x dx (ii) I =  ------ dx
x
0 1

3 3
2
(iii) I =   x – 4  dx (iv) I =   2 – x  dx
0 1

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 144 Chapter 7

1 6
2
(v) I =   2 – 3x  dx (vi) I =  3 dx
0 0

9 3
3
 ------ 1
(vii) I =  – 2 dx (viii) I =  ----4 dx .
 x  x
1 1

2. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

2 ln 2
4x
(i) I = 0 sin x dx (ii) I = 0 8e dx

 8
1
(iii) I = 0  2 cos x – sin 2x  dx (iv) I =  ------ dx .
4x
2

6 6
3
2 x 1 3 6
1. (i) I = x dx = ---- = ---  x 
3 3 0
0 0

1 3 3 1
I = ---  6 – 0  = ---  216 – 0  = 72
3 3

I = 72
9 9
1 –1  2
(ii) I =  ------ dx =  x dx
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1
x 1

9
12
x 12
9
I = ---------- = 2x 
12 1
1

12 12
I = 2  9 –1  = 2 3 – 1 = 22 = 4

I = 4
3 3
3
2 x
(iii) I =   x – 4  dx = ---- – 4x
3 0
0

3
3 27
I =  ----- – 4  3 –  0 – 0  = ------ – 12 – 0
3  3

I = 9 – 12

I = – 3 .
3 3
2
x
(iv) I =   2 – x  dx = 2x – ----
2
1 1

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 Integration 145

2 2
3 1 9 1
I =  2  3 – ----- –  2  1 – ----- = 6 – --- –  2 – ---
 2  2 2  2

9 1 1 9
I = 6 – --- – 2 + --- = 4 + --- – ---
2 2 2 2

9 9
I = --- – --- = 0
2 2

I = 0 .

1 3 1
2 3x
(v) I =   2 – 3x  dx = 2x – --------
3
0 0

3 1 3
I =  2x – x  = 2  1 – 1  – 0 – 0
0

I = 2 – 1 – 0 = 1

I = 1 .
6
6
(vi) I =  3 dx =  3x  = 3  6 – 3  0
0
0

[Link]@[Link] I = 18 – 0 = 18
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I = 18 .
9 9
3
 ------ – 2 dx
–1  2
(vii) I =  =   3x – 2  dx
 x 
1 1

12 9
3x
I = ------------ – 2x
12 1
12 9 12 12
I =  6x – 2x  = 6  9 – 2  9 – 6  1 – 2  1
1

I = 6  3 – 2  9 – 6  1 + 2  1
I = 18 – 18 – 6 + 2
I = – 4 .

3 3
1 –4
(viii) I =  ----4 dx
x
= x dx
1
1

–3 3 3
x 1 1
I = ------ = – --- ----3
–3 1
3 x 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26
I = – ---  -----3 – -----3 = – ---  ------ – --- = – ---  – ------
33 1  3  27 1 3 27

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 146 Chapter 7

26
I = ------ .
81
2 2
2. (i) I = 0 sin x dx =  – cos x 
0

2

I = –  cos x  = –  cos --- – cos 0
0  2 

I = –  0 – 1  = 0 + 1 = 1

I = 1 .
ln 2
4x
ln 2 4x 8e
(ii) I = 0 8e dx = ----------
4
0

ln 2 ln 2
4x 4x
I =  2e  = 2e 
0 0

4 ln 2 0
I = 2  e –e 
4
Using log. rules, 4 ln 2 = ln  2  = ln 16
4 ln 2 ln 16
e = e = 16 .
I = 2  16 – 1  = 2  15 = 30

[Link]@[Link] I = 30 .
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
(iii) I = 0  2 cos x – sin 2x  dx
 
–1 1
I = 2 sin x –  ------ cos 2x = 2 sin x + --- cos 2x
2  2
0 0

1 1
I =  2 sin  + --- cos 2 –  2 sin 0 + --- cos 0
 2   2 

1 1
I =  2  0 + ---  1 –  2  0 + ---  1
 2   2 

1 1
I = 0 + --- – 0 – --- = 0
2 2

I = 0 .
8 8
1 1 1
(iv) I =  ------ dx = ---  --- dx
4x 4 x
2 2

1 8 1
I = ---  ln x  = ---  ln 8 – ln 2 
4 2 4

1 1 8 1
I = ---  ln 8 – ln 2  = --- ln  --- = --- ln 4
4 4 2   4

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 Integration 147

1
I = --- ln 4 .
4

Problems

1. Evaluate the following definite integrals

4 16
3 2
(i) I = x dx (ii) I =  ------x dx
0 4

6 2
2
(iii) I =   2x – 9  dx (iv) I =   3 – 2x  dx
3 1

2 2
2 1
(v) I =   1 – 6x  dx (vi) I =  ----3 dx .
0 1 x

2. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

2 ln 2
2x
(i) I = 0 cos x dx (ii) I =  4e dx
0

 9
1
(iii) I =   3 cos 3x – sin x  dx (iv) I =  ------ dx .
0
5x
3
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Answers

4 4 4
3 x
1. (i) I = x dx = = ----
4
= 64
0 0

16
2 1  2 16
(ii) I =  ------x dx = 4x  = 12
1
4

6 3 6
2 2x
(iii) I =   2x – 9  dx = -------- – 9x = 99
3
3 3

2
2 2
(iv) I =   3 – 2x  dx =  3x – x  1
= 0
1

2
2 3 2
(v) I =   1 – 6x  dx =  x – 2x  = – 14
0
0

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 148 Chapter 7

2 –2 2
1 x 3
(vi) I =  ----3 dx = ------
x –2
= --- .
8
1 1

2 2
2. (i) I = 0 cos x dx = =  sin x  = 1
0

ln 2 ln 2
2x
2x 4e
(ii) I =  4e dx = ----------
2
= 6
0 0

 
(iii) I =   3 cos 3x – sin x  dx =  sin 3x + cos x  = –2
0
0

9
1 1 9 1
(iv) I =  ------ dx = ---  ln x  = --- ln 3 .
5x 5 3 5
3

7.5 Area between curves

b
1. Given the curve y = f  x  , the definite integral a f  x  d x represents an

area only if f  x   0 for a  x  b .

b
If, however, f  x   0 for a  x  b , the definite integral a f  x  dx is
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negative, and does not represent an area.
b
In general, evaluating a f  x  dx is not the same as finding the area

contained between the curve y = f  x  and the x-axis, for a  x  b .

To find a required area, the curve (or curves) must be sketched first,
before forming the definite integral corresponding to the area.
2. The area contained between two curves can be found using the
following rule.
AREAS
The area enclosed between y = f  x  and y = g  x 

(where f  x   g  x  for a  x  b ) is given by:

b

A =   f  x  – g  x   dx .
a

The formula is derived by subtracting the area underneath the curve

y = g  x  from the area underneath the curve y = f  x  , as shown in the
following diagram.

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 Integration 149

y y = fx

y = gx

o x
a b .
b b

i.e. A =  f  x  dx –  g  x  dx
a a

A =   f  x  – g  x   dx .
a

3. The above integral determines the required area in all cases where
f  x   g  x  for a  x  b , irrespective of whether f  x  and g  x 
themselves take negative values. Provided f  x   g  x  , the difference
b

f  x  – g  x  is positive, and the area is given by A =   f  x  – g  x   dx ,

a
as shown below.

y
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y = f x
b
a x

y = gx 

4. Once the curves y = f  x  and y = g  x  have been sketched,

the function to be integrated is simply the difference between the y
value on the top curve and the y value on the bottom curve.
5. When sketching the curves y = f  x  and y = g  x  , all intersections
should be found. Often, the terminals of integration are determined by
the intersections of the curves.

Examples

2
1. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x – 4 and the x-axis for
0  x  2.
2
2
2. (i) Evaluate I =   1 – x  dx
0

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 150 Chapter 7

2
(ii) Find the area bounded by the curve y = 1 – x and the x-axis for
0  x  2.
2
3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 6x + 7 and the x-axis
for 1  x  3
2
4. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 3x and the straight line
y = 6x
2
5. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x + 2x + 1 and the straight
line y = 5x + 1 .

2
1. The curve y = x – 4 is a cup shaped parabola with a y-intercept of – 4 .
2 2
For the x-intercepts, x – 4 = 0 x = 4 x =  2 .

y 2
y = x –4

x
-2 2
A
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2
The top ‘curve’ is y = 0 , and the bottom curve is y = x – 4 .
2 2
So, f  x  – g  x  = 0 –  x – 4  = – x + 4 .
b 2
2
A =   f  x  – g  x   dx =   – x + 4  dx
a 0

3 2 3
–x –2
A = -------- + 4x =  -------- + 4  2 –  0 + 0 
3  3 
0

–8 – 8 + 24 16
A = ------ + 8 = ------------------- = ------
3 3 3

16
A = ------
3
2 2
3
2 x
2. (i) I =   1 – x  dx = x – ----
3
0 0

3
2 8 6–8
I =  2 – ----- –  0 – 0  = 2 – --- = ------------
 3 3 3

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 Integration 151

–2
I = ------
3
2
(ii) The curve y = 1 – x is a frown shaped parabola with a
y-intercept of 1 .
2 2
For the x-intercepts, 1 – x = 0 x = 1 x =  1 .

y 2
1 y = 1–x

A1
x
-1 1 2
A2

The area consists of 2 distinct areas, A 1 (for 0  x  1 ), and A 2

(for 1  x  2 ).
2
For 0  x  1 , the top curve is y = 1 – x , and the bottom ‘curve’ is
y = 0.
2 2
So, f  x  – g  x  = 1 – x – 0 = 1 – x .
[Link]@[Link] 1 3 1
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2 x
A 1 =   1 – x  dx = x – ----
3
0 0

3
1 1 2
A 1 =  1 – ----- –  0 – 0  = 1 – --- = ---
 3 3 3

For 1  x  2 , the top ‘curve’ is y = 0 , and the bottom curve is

2
y = 1–x .
2 2
So, f  x  – g  x  = 0 –  1 – x  = – 1 + x .
2 2
3
2 x
A 2 =   – 1 + x  dx = – x + ----
3
1 1

3 3
2 1 8 1
A 2 =  – 2 + ----- –  – 1 + ----- = – 2 + --- + 1 – ---
 3   3 3 3

7 –3+7 4
A 2 = – 1 + --- = ---------------- = --- .
3 3 3

2 4 6
A = A 1 + A 2 = --- + --- = --- = 2
3 3 3

A = 2 .
2
3. The curve y = 6x + 7 is a cup shaped parabola with a y-intercept of 7 .

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 152 Chapter 7

2
As y = 6x + 7  0 for all values of x, there are no x-intercepts.

y 2
y = 6x + 7

7
A
x
1 3
2
The top curve is y = 6x + 7 , and the bottom ‘curve’ is y = 0 .
2 2
So, f  x  – g  x  = 6x + 7 – 0 = 6x + 7 .
3 3 3
2 6x
A =   6x + 7  dx = -------- + 7x
3
1 1

3 3 3 3
A =  2x + 7x  = 2  3 + 7  3 – 2  1 + 7  1
1

A =  54 + 21  –  2 + 7  = 75 – 9 = 66

A = 66 .
2
4. The curve y = 3x is a cup shaped parabola with a y-intercept of 0 .
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2 2
For the x-intercepts, 3x = 0 x = 0 x = 0 .

The straight line y = 6x has slope 6, and passes through the origin.
2
The curve and the straight line intersect when 3x = 6x , i.e. when
2
3x – 6x = 0 3x  x – 2  = 0 x = 0 and x = 2 .
The graphs can be sketched without finding the corresponding y-values
at the points of intersection, but can be found easily using either
equation. When x = 0 , y = 6  0 = 0 , and,
when x = 2 , y = 6  2 = 12 .

2 y
y = 3x

y = 6x
12

A
x
2

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 Integration 153

From the diagram, the terminals of integration are x = 0 and x = 2 .

2
The top ‘curve’ is y = 6x , and the bottom curve is y = 3x .
2
So, f  x  – g  x  = 6x – 3x .
2 2 3 2
2 6x 3x
A =   6x – 3x  dx = -------- – --------
2 3
0 0

2
2 3 2 3
A =  3x – x  = 3  2 – 2  – 0 – 0
0

A = 12 – 8 = 4

A = 4 .
2
5. The curve y = x + 2x + 1 is a cup shaped parabola with a y-intercept
of 1 .
For the x-intercepts,
2 2
x + 2x + 1 = 0  x + 1  = 0 x = – 1 .

The straight line y = 5x + 1 has slope 5, and a y-intercept of 1 .

–1
When y = 0 , 5x + 1 = 0 5x = – 1 x = ------ .
5
2
The curve and the straight line intersect when x + 2x + 1 = 5x + 1 ,
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2 2
i.e. when x + 2x = 5x x – 3x = 0 x  x – 3  = 0 ,

i.e. x = 0 and x = 3 .

When x = 0 , y = 0 + 1 = 1 .

When x = 3 , y = 5  3 + 1 = 15 + 1 = 16 .

So, the intersections are  0 1  , and  3 16  .

2 y
y = x + 2x + 1 y = 5x + 1
16
12
A

x
-1 3

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 154 Chapter 7

From the diagram, the terminals of integration are x = 0 and x = 3 .

2
The top ‘curve’ is y = 5x + 1 , and the bottom curve is y = x + 2x + 1 .
So,
2 2
f  x  – g  x  = 5x + 1 –  x + 2x + 1  = 5x + 1 – x – 2x – 1 .
2
f  x  – g  x  = 3x – x
3 2 3 3
2 3x x
A =   3x – x  dx = -------- – ----
2 3
0 0

2 3
33 3 27 27 – 18
A =  -------------- – ----- –  0 – 0  = ------ – 9 = ------------------
 2 3 2 2

9
A = --- .
2

Problems

2
1. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 3x + 1 and the x-axis for
1  x  3.
3
2
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0

2
(ii) Find the area bounded by the curve y = 4 – x and the x-axis for
0  x  3.
2
3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 12x + 5 and the x-axis
for 1  x  2
2
4. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x and the straight line
y = 4x – 3

Answers

1.

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 Integration 155

y 2
y = 3x + 1

1
A
x
1 3
3
2 3 3
A =   3x + 1  dx = x + x A = 28 .
1
1

3 3 3
2 x
2. (i) I =   4 – x  dx = 4x – ---- I = 3 .
3
0 0

(ii)

y 2
1 y = 4–x

A1
x
-2 2 3
A2
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2 3 2
2 x
A 1 =   4 – x  dx = 4x – ----
3
0 0

16
A 1 = ------ .
3
3 3 3
2 x
A 2 =   – 4 + x  dx = – 4x + ----
3
2 2

7
A 2 = --- .
3

16 7 23
A = A 1 + A 2 = ------ + --- = ------
3 3 3

23
A = ------ .
3

3.

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 156 Chapter 7

y 2
y = 12x + 5

5
A
x
1 2
2
2 3 2
A =   12x + 5  dx =  4x + 5x 
1
1

A = 33 .

4.

2 y
y = x

y = 4x – 3
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12

(1,1) (3,9)
A
x

3 3
3
2 x2
A =   4x – 3 – x  dx = 2x – 3x – ----
3
1 1

4
A = --- .
3

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