EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT – 1 BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS

Define Potential Difference & State its unit

Ans: Potential difference between two points is defined as the work done to transfer unit positive
charge from one point to other. OR The difference in electric potentials of two charged bodies is
called potential difference. Its unit is volts.

Define EMF (Electro-motive force) & state its unit

Ans: it is defined as the electric force or pressure that causes the electrons to move in a particular
direction is known as EMF. Its unit is volts. & it is denoted by V or E.

Define Current & state its unit: 9

Ans: it is defined as the flow of electrons inside a conducting material. It is denoted by I. its unit is
Amperes. (A)

𝑸
I= where, Q= total charge, t = time in seconds
𝒕

Define Electric Potential & state its unit.

Ans: the work done against the force of repulsion to bring a charge closer to the other one is
called as Electric Potential its unit is Volts.

Define Direct Current: It is the current whose magnitude and direction do not change with
respect to time.

Direct Current

Define Alternating Current: It is the current whose magnitude and direction continuously
changes with respect to time.

AC Current
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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering

 EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Compare AC & DC

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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering

 EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

State the effect of temperature on resistance.

Ans: The resistance of a conductor increases with an increase in temperature. The resistivity (and
resistance) of a metal (conductor) increases as the temperature is increased. The resistance of a
semiconductor decreases, and its conductivity increases, as the temperature is increased. Insulators
have the same kind of temperature dependence as semiconductors.

List any four types of resistors. Give one application of each.

Ans: Types of resistors with their applications:

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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering

 EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Define Work & State its unit

Ans: It is defined as an electric work is the work done to transfer a charge from one point to the other.

Its unit is Joules. W= Q x V Joules

OR W= V x I x t Joules

Define Power & state its unit

Ans: It is defined as the product of Voltage & current. Its unit is Watts

(Power) P = V x I Watts 9
𝑽𝟐
Or P = Watts or P = 𝑰𝟐 x R Watts
𝑹

Define Energy & state its unit

Ans: It is defined as the product of Power & time. Its unit is Watt- second OR Joules.

Energy (E) = Power (P) X Time (t)

Or E = V x I x t Joules (Practically it is expressed in watt- hour or kwh)

Define Resistance & state its unit

Ans: It is defined as the opposition to the flow of electric current. Its unit is ohm (Ω). It is denoted by
𝒍
R. R= ρ 𝒂 where, ρ= resistivity of a material& its constant., l= length of conductor, a=

cross sectional area.

Define Resistivity & state its unit.

Ans: it is defined as the resistance of the piece of that material which is 1-meter long &
cross-sectional area. Its unit is Ω-m. it is denoted by ρ.

Resistivity is also called as specific resistance.

Define Conductance & state its unit.

Ans: it is defined as the reciprocal of Resistance. It is denoted by G. its unit is Siemens or

𝟏
Ω−𝟏 . G=𝑹
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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering

 EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Define Conductivity & state its unit.

Ans: it is defined as the reciprocal of Resistivity (ρ) It is denoted by σ. its unit is

𝟏
Siemens/meter or (Ω𝒎)−𝟏 . σ =
𝜌

State & explain the effects of Electric current.

Ans: there are various effects if electric current.

A. Magnetic Effects B. Chemical Effects C. Heating Effects 9

1) Magnetic Effects: Whenever a conductor carries electric current, the magnetic field
is produced. If the conductor is a straight conductor, the magnetic field is produced
round the conductor itself. If the conductor is in the form of coil or winding (solenoid)
wound over the core, the magnetic field is produced in the core.
Applications: Electric motors, Electric generators, Electric bell, Analog electrical
measuring instruments, Relays, Contactors etc.
2) Chemical Effects: Whenever a DC current is passed through a chemical solution, the
solution is decomposed into its constituent substances.
Applications: It is utilized in the electrolytic processes such as electro-plating,
electro-refining, production of different chemicals
3) Heating Effects: When an electric current flows through a conductor, the flow of
electron is opposed by the resistance of conductor and heat is produced. The heat (H)
produced is directy proportional to:
• Square of the current,
• Resistance of the conductor
• Time of flow of current

H α 𝑰𝟐 Rt
Applications: Electric iron, Electric water heaters, Hot plates, Electric lamps, Electric
ovens etc.
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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering

 EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE & PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCE.

Ideal current source:

The above diagram shows symbol of ideal current source.

Characteristic:

When the load resistance is connected between the output terminals as shown in Fig. 1.5.2(a), a constant
current I flows through the load i.e. IL = I. The voltage across the load i.e. VL= I*RL
If irrespective of change in the load, the current remains constant but the terminal voltage will change.
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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering

 EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

❖ State the Application of Alternating current.

Ans: 1) Ac supply 2) transformer 3) Ac generator 4) Ac fans.

❖ State the Application of Direct current.

Ans: 1) Dc motor 2) batteries 3) Dc generator 4) torch

❖ State the classification of Electric Current.

Ans: following is the classification of Electric current 9

a) Alternating current b) Direct Current

❖ Advantages of Ac over Dc
Ans: it is possible to use transformer.
Distribution efficiency is high
Generation is easy
Design of ac machine is easy.

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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering

 EE-2-K

VDF SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC, LATUR SUB: FEE (312310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Practical current source:

The above diagram shows symbol of practical current source. The practical current source will have a
9 it.
finite internal shunt resistance. If the load R is connected, the load current I will start flowing through
But due to the presence of shunt internal resistance Rsh the source current I gets divided between Rsh
and RL. Hence the current through R₁ is less than I.

Characteristic:

As the value of RL increases IL decreasing as shown in fig. the load current is equal to I only. When RL
= 0 i.e.
When the output terminals are short circuited.
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Prepared by: Mr. Nikambe A. A. Lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering