UNIT IV-FUNCTION IN PYTHON

Unit IV Function in Python.

4.1 Function:
o A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
o You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
o A function can return data as a result.
o Python Functions is a block of statements that return the specific task.
o The idea is to put some commonly or repeatedly done tasks together.
o writing the same code again and again for different inputs.
o we can do the function calls to reuse code contained in it over and over
again.

Introduction to Function:-
 Function help to organize code into logical blocks that perform specific
tasks.
 Functions in Python are fundamental building blocks that allow you to
encapsulate code into reusable segments.
 They help organize your code, making it more readable, maintainable,
and efficient.

 Benefits of Using Functions

a. Code Reuse
b. Reduced code length
c. Increased readability of code

 Why Use Functions?

1) Reusability: Write a function once and use it multiple times
throughout your code, which reduces redundancy.
2) Modularity: Break your code into smaller, manageable pieces, making
it easier to understand and maintain.
3) Abstraction: Hide complex logic behind a simple interface.

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4) Testing and Debugging: Functions can be tested independently,

making it easier to isolate and fix bugs.

 Types of Functions in Python

Below are the different types of functions in Python:
1) Built-in library function: These are Standard functions in Python that
are available to use.
2) User-defined function: We can create our own functions based on
our requirements.

 Python Function Declaration

The syntax to declare a function is:

4.2 Function definition and calling :

• We can define a function in Python, using the def keyword.
• We can add any type of functionalities and properties to it as we require.
• By the following example, we can understand how to write a function in
Python. In this way we can create Python function definition by using def
keyword.

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 UNIT IV-FUNCTION IN PYTHON

 Basic Syntax:
def function_name(parameters):
#statement
return function/expression
Example:
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
my_function()
OUTPUT: Hello from a function

 Calling a Function in Python: -

To run (or "call") the function, use its name followed by parentheses () and
pass required arguments.
Example:
def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

greet("Alice") # Output: Hello, Alice!

4.3 Function parameters :

In Python, function parameters are the variables listed in a function definition
that accept values (called arguments) when the function is called.

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Basic Function Parameters:

#Function Define
def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
#Function Calling
greet("Alice") # Output: Hello, Alice!
#Function Parameters
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

 Types of Function Parameters

Python supports several kinds of function parameters:
1. Positional Parameters
Arguments are assigned to parameters in the order they appear.
def add(a, b):
return a + b
add(3, 4) # a=3, b=4
2. Default Parameters
You can provide default values.
def greet(name="Guest"):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
greet() # Hello, Guest!
greet("Alice") # Hello, Alice!

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4.4 Default argument function:

Function Argument:
Arguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function.
A function can have any number of arguments separated by a comma.
In this example, we will create a simple function in Python to check whether
the number passed as an argument to the function is even or odd.
Example:
def evenOdd(x):
if (x % 2 == 0):
print(“Even")
else:
print(“Odd")

# call the function

evenOdd(4)
evenOdd(3)
Output:
Even
Odd

 Default Argument:
In Python, default argument values allow you to define functions that can be
called with fewer arguments than they are defined to accept. You do this by
assigning a default value to one or more parameters in the function definition.
Syntax:
def function_name(arg1, arg2=default_value):
# function body
...
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Example:
def greet(name, message="Hello"):
print(f"{message}, {name}!")
greet("Alice") # Output: Hello, Alice!
greet("Bob", "Hi") # Output: Hi, Bob!
 message has a default value of "Hello".
 If greet() is called with only one argument, message will default to
"Hello".

4.5 Variable argument function:

• In Python, variable argument functions allow you to pass a varying
number of arguments to a function. This is done using:
a) *args for positional arguments
b) **kwargs for keyword arguments

a) *args – Variable Positional Arguments

It allows a function to accept any number of positional arguments as a
tuple.
Example:
def print_numbers(*args):
for num in args:
print(num)
print_numbers(1, 2, 3)
Output:
1
2
3

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b) **kwargs – Variable Keyword Arguments

It allows a function to accept any number of keyword arguments as a
dictionary.
Example:
def print_info(**kwargs):
for key, value in [Link]():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
print_info(Name="Alice", Age=30)
Output:
Name:Alice
Age:30

4.6 in built functions in python:

Python provides a wide variety of built-in functions that are always available
without needing to import any libraries.

These functions help perform common tasks like type conversion, data
manipulation, mathematical operations, and more.

Here’s a categorized list of the most commonly used Python built-in

functions:

Type Conversion Functions

1. int() – Converts to integer

2. float() – Converts to float
3. str() – Converts to string
4. bool() – Converts to boolean
5. list() – Converts to list
6. tuple() – Converts to tuple
7. set() – Converts to set
8. dict() – Converts to dictionary
9. complex() – Converts to complex number
10. ord() – Converts character to Unicode code
11. chr() – Converts Unicode code to character

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12. hex() – Converts integer to hexadecimal

13. bin() – Converts integer to binary
14. oct() – Converts integer to octal

Iteration & Functional Programming

1. range() – Returns a sequence of numbers

2. enumerate() – Adds counter to an iterable
3. zip() – Aggregates elements from iterables
4. map() – Applies function to every item
5. filter() – Filters items by a function
6. reduce() – (from functools) Reduces iterable to a single value
7. any() – Returns True if any item is True
8. all() – Returns True if all items are True
9. sorted() – Returns a sorted list
10. reversed() – Returns a reversed iterator

Input/Output

1. print() – Prints to console

2. input() – Takes user input
3. format() – Formats a string

Mathematical Functions

1. abs() – Absolute value

2. pow() – Power (xⁿ)
3. round() – Rounds a number
4. divmod() – Returns quotient and remainder
5. sum() – Sums iterable
6. max() – Largest item
7. min() – Smallest item

Type Checking

1. type() – Returns the type of an object

2. isinstance() – Checks object type
3. id() – Returns identity of an object

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4.7 Scope of variable in python:

• Python Scope:
A variable is only available from inside the region it is created. This is
called scope.
• Local Scope:
A variable created inside a function belongs to the local scope of that
function, and can only be used inside that function.

Example:
A variable created inside a function is available inside that function:
def myfunc():
x = 300
print(x)
myfunc()
Output:300
• Function Inside Function
As explained in the example above, the variable x is not available outside
the function, but it is available for any function inside the function:
Example:
def myfunc():
x = 300
def myinnerfunc():
print(x)
myinnerfunc()

myfunc()
Output:300

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• Global Scope
A variable created in the main body of the Python code is a global
variable and belongs to the global scope.
Global variables are available from within any scope, global and local.
• Example
A variable created outside of a function is global and can be used by
anyone:
x = 300
def myfunc():
print(x)

myfunc()
print(x)
output: 300,300

4.8 Files: Introduction, File path, Types of files, Opening and Closing
files, Reading and Writing files.

Introduction to modules-Creating and using Modules, standard

library modules, Importing modules in python program

Files in Python
Introduction

 A file is used to store data permanently on a disk.

 Python allows you to create, read, write, and delete files using built-in
functions.
 Files are essential for saving program output, logs, configurations, or
large data.

File Path

 File paths tell Python where to find or save the file.

 Types:

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o Absolute path: Full path from root (e.g.,

C:\Users\John\[Link])
o Relative path: Relative to the current working directory (e.g.,
data/[Link])

Types of Files

1. Text files – .txt, .csv, .log, etc.

o Contains readable characters.
2. Binary files – .exe, .jpg, .mp3, etc.
o Contains binary data, not human-readable.

Opening and Closing Files

Syntax:

file = open("filename", "mode")

# Do file operations
[Link]()

Common Modes:

 'r' – read (default)

 'w' – write (overwrites)
 'a' – append
 'b' – binary mode
 'x' – create file (error if exists)
 'r+' – read and write

Reading and Writing Files

Reading:

[Link]() # Reads entire file

[Link]() # Reads one line
[Link]() # Reads all lines into a list

Writing:

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[Link]("Hello!") # Writes a string to the

file
[Link](["One\n", "Two\n"]) # Writes a list
of strings

Modules in Python
Introduction

 A module is a file containing Python definitions and functions.

 Helps organize and reuse code efficiently.

Creating and Using Modules

1. Create a module (e.g., [Link]):

# [Link]
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Use in another file:

import mymodule
[Link]("Alice")

Standard Library Modules

Python has many built-in modules you can use directly:

 math – math functions

 datetime – date and time
 random – random number generation
 os – file and directory operations
 sys – system-specific functions

Example:

import math
print([Link](16)) # Output: 4.0

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Importing Modules

Ways to import:

import math # Full import

from math import sqrt # Specific function
from math import * # All functions (not
recommended)
import math as m # Alias

Description
Topic
File handling Reading/writing data to files
File modes 'r', 'w', 'a', 'b', etc.
Modules Reusable Python files with functions or variables
Standard modules Built-in: math, os, random, etc.
Import styles import, from, as

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