LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

1. Define the following terms

a) Habitat
b) Ecosystem
c) Niche
d) Ecology
e) Population
f) Community
g) sampling
2. State two ways of nitrogen fixation
3. Distinguish symbiotic bacteria from non-symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen.
4. Explain how lightning contributes to nitrogen fixation
5. How do animals acquire nitrogen in the ecosystem?
6. Name one human waste product that is nitrogenous in nature
7. Define putrefaction
8. What is nitrification?
9. Give two examples of nitrifying bacteria
10. How do the denitrifying bacteria contribute to soil infertility?
11. Where can we likely find denitrifying bacteria?
12. Mention three ways in which nitrogen is released back into the atmosphere
13. Define carbon cycle
14. Describe the following methods of estimating population
a. Quadrant
b. Line transect
15. Mention two places where you can find carbon dioxide in the environment
16. What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
17. Briefly explain how carbon circulate in the ecosystem

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 18. Describe three ways in which carbon is released back into the atmosphere
19. Draw a well labeled diagram of carbon cycle
20. With the aid of a well labeled diagram explain the nitrogen cycle
21. Describe the four processes of the hydrological cycle
22. Discuss two ways in which animals release water into the atmosphere
23. Define nutrient cycle
24. Where can we find symbiotic bacteria?
25. How do plants contribute to water cycle?
26. Describe the three components of the ecosystem
27. Give five examples of abiotic factors of the environment
28. Identify and describe the four groups of animal communities depending on the way they
obtain food in the environment
29. What is the other name for edaphic factors?
30. Give three ways in which soil influences the ecosystem
31. Explain how the following physical factors influence the ecosystem
a) Water
b) Oxygen concentration
c) Temperature
d) Light
e) Atmospheric pressure
f) Wind
g) Salinity
h) pH
i) Humidity
32. Describe three divisions of aquatic habitats
33. Outline any five physical factors of the fresh water
34. What is meant by fresh water?

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 35. Give two examples of animal communities and two examples of plant communities that
are found at the shore ecosystem
36. Give examples of plants and animal communities that you can find in shallow water
37. Why do we have fewer animal and plant communities in deeper waters?
38. What do you understand by terrestrial ecosystems?
39. Why is it difficult for man to live in the aquatic ecosystems?
40. Give three examples of animal communities that are found in the terrestrial ecosystems
41. Describe the following groups of plants
A. Hydrophytes
B. Halophytes
C. Mesophytes
D. Xerophytes
42. How are hydrophytes adapted to their living community? Give five points
43. Outline two adaptations of the halophytes in their habitat
44. Discuss four adaptations of the xerophytic plants that enable them to conserve water
45. outline six adaptations of the mesophytes in their habitats
46. outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using quadrant method of estimating
population
47. state two advantages and two disadvantages of using capture recapture
48. what is the first source of energy in the ecosystem
49. Why plants are called producers?
50. Define food chain
51. What differentiate primary consumers from secondary consumers?
52. What are saprophytes
53. Give any three examples of saprophytes
54. What do you call the levels energy must pass through in the food chain?
55. Mention any three levels of nutrients
56. Why is it difficult to find quaternary level of the food chain?

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 57. Define food web
58. What are detrivores?
59. Give three ways in which consumed energy is lost in organisms
60. Define pyramid of numbers
61. What does upright pyramid of number indicate or imply
62. Draw a well labeled diagram of inverted pyramid for organism of your choice
63. What does pyramid of biomass show?
64. What is biomass
65. What is the pyramid of energy?
66. Explain briefly hoe energy flows in the ecosystem
67. Draw a food chain of the following birds, man, rice and rice
68. Ecosystem is self-sustaining. What does this mean?
69. Name one group of saprophytes that is capable of breaking a nitrogen molecule
70. Why is it impossible for plants to absorb nitrogen direct from the atmosphere?
71. Define nitrogen cycle
72. How important is nitrogen to plants?
73. Mention two forms of nitrogen that are used by plants
74. Define nitrogen fixation.
75. Outline six characteristics of living things
76. What do you call organisms made up of many cells?
77. Mention any five organelles that are present in both plant and animal cell as seen through
the microscope
78. Give three organelles that are present in plant cell and are absent in animal cell
79. What is biodiversity
80. Define classification
81. Why is classification important? Give three points
82. Discuss three groups of living things depending on their feeding methods
83. What is dichotomous key?
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 84. Define binomial nomenclature
85. What are the uses of starch and proteins in plants
86. What is the difference between grazers and browsers?
87. What is the function of enamel in teeth?
88. Discuss types of teeth and their functions
89. What is the formula for estimating population of insects using capture recapture method?
90. What three things can happen to plants if it has no nitrogen?
91. How are the carnivorous birds adapted to their habitat?
92. Explain two adaptation that you would expect to find in animals that live close to the polar
regions where the climate is harsh and weather very cold
93. What two adaptations can you find in animals that live in hot places?
94. Discuss six adaptation of a Carmel to its environment
95. Discuss six adaptation of a goat to its environment
96. Discuss six adaptation of a polar bear to its environment
97. What four adaptations do the aquatic animals have?
98. Discuss six adaptation of a shark to its environment
99. Give six sources of water pollution
100. List four causes of air pollution
101. Outline three human activities that can lead to land degradation
102. How can you control soil pollution? Give four ways
103. Discuss three ways of mitigating climate change
104. Outline three causes of climate change
105. Study the figure below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

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 a) From the figure above choose any three organisms and construct the following
i. Food chain
ii. Pyramid of energy (given that the producer has 1000Kj, primary consumer has
100Kj and secondary consumer has 10Kj)
106. Study the nutrient cycle below and answer the questions related to it.

i. Name the nutrient cycle above

ii. Identify the processes labelled A, B and D
iii. Identify the organism represented by letter C
iv. Explain in detail how organism C contribute to the nutrient cycle discussed in
107. Below is the diagram of a group of plants living in a certain environment, Study it
and answer the questions that follow.

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 a) What is the name of plants above?
b) Explain the climatic conditions do the plants grow
c) Of what importance is the presence of the spines on the plants above?
d) Apart from the presence of spines state three adaptations of the plants above in their
habitats

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Write down the word equation for photosynthesis
2. Write a balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis
3. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?
4. What is the main product of photosynthesis of photo synthesis and how is it used?
5. Draw a well labeled diagram of a guard cell
6. Outline four functions of the cuticle.
7. What is the significance of the epidermis being one cell thick?
8. Why is the epidermis important? Give three points.
9. In which layer of the leaf does the photosynthesis take place?
10. Outline three differences that exist between palisade mesophyll and sponge mesophyll
11. State two functions of the stomata
12. Why is it important for the guard cells to change their shape?
13. Which vessel of the vascular bundle will transport the main product of the
photosynthesis?
14. Discuss the structure of the vessel you have mentioned above.
15. What differentiate xylem from phloem? Give two points.
16. What do you understand by the term photosynthetic cells?
17. Mention any two photosynthetic cells you know?
18. Which photosynthetic cells will carry out more photosynthesis and why?
19. Give four necessary conditions for photosynthesis.
20. Define concentration gradient
21. Through what means (process) does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?
22. Discuss two ways in which water is taken up into the plant.
23. Between palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll which one traps more light and why?
24. Describe three pigments that are available in a leaf.

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 25. How would carry out an experiment that shows the presence of different pigments in the
leaf?
26. Discuss the two stages of the photosynthesis
27. What is photolysis of water?
28. State the source of raw material of dark stage of the photosynthesis
29. Why glucose that is produced during photosynthesis is converted to starch? Give two
reasons.
30. Through what process does the water move from the soil into plants?
31. What is photophosphoration?
32. Define reduction.
33. Design two different experiments that you can carry out to show that light is necessary
for the process of photosynthesis.
34. A leaf is a photosynthetic organ or part of the plant. Discuss how the leaf is adapted to
this function. Provide not less than six points in your answer.
35. Discus the fate of glucose in plants. Your answer must have not less than five points.
36. Mention three places where we can find starch in plants
37. Design an experiment that demonstrated starch test in a plant leaf.
38. Give two reasons why the leaf is boiled in hot water when tested for starch
39. What is the use of methylated spirit or ethanol in the starch test experiment?
40. Why is it necessary to soak the leaf in water after boiling it in ethanol? State two points.
41. What experiment will use variegated leaf? Or what experiment will be suitable to use
variegated leaf?
42. How would you prove experimentally that carbon dioxide is a necessity for
photosynthesis?
43. Discuss the importance of photosynthesis
44. The diagram below shows the structure of an organelle found in the leaf. Study it
critically and answer the questions that follow

a. Identify the organelle

b. Name the parts labeled a and b
c. In which part does the light stage of photosynthesis takes place
d. How is the structure adapted to its work
e. Name any one place in the leaf where the structure is FOUND

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TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
1. How many transport systems are there in plants?
2. Mention the names of these systems.
3. Which transports system will have companion cells and sieve tubes?
4. Draw a well labeled diagram of the longitudinal section of the transport systems in
plants.
5. What is the difference between tracheids and vessels in xylem?
6. Outline two cells that are present in phloem tubes.
7. State two functions of xylem vessels.
8. What is the role of phloem tubes?
9. Give five differences that exist between xylem and phloem.
10. Define vascular bundle
11. What is the site for cell division in the vascular bundle?
12. Describe the arrangement of vascular bundle in monocotyledonous plants
especially in the leaf, stem and root.
13. Describe the arrangement of vascular bundle in dicotyledonous plants in the
leaf, stem and root.
14. Explain any function of the root cap.
15. Describe the meristem tic zone of the root.
16. What is the zone of cell elongation and how different is it from zone of cell
division functionally?
17. How important is the zone of differentiation in plants?
18. Discuss how cells are separated to a specific function at the zone of differentiation.
19. Why is root hair cell important?
20. How is root hair cell adapted to its function?
21. Discuss the following means by which water is taken up in the xylem against the
force of gravity.
a) Cohesion force
b) Root pressure
c) Capillarity
d) Transportation pull
22. What is the use of the following minerals that are taken up by active transport into
plants?
i. Nitrate
ii. Phosphate
iii. Magnesium
23. Suggest the reason why root hair cells will have more mitochondria.
24. Under what conditions does the cell become
i. Flaccid
ii. Turgid
25. Distinguish between turgidity and flaccidity.
26. Design and experiment that demonstrates osmosis in Irish potato
27. Define the following terms
a) Solute
b) Solvent

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 c) Solution
d) Hypertonic solution
e) Hypotonic solution
f) Isotonic solution
28. Explain how each of the following factors affects the rate of transpiration
a) Temperature
b) Humidity
c) Water supply
d) Light intensity
e) Wind speed
29. What is the apparatus used to measure water uptake in plants?
30. Define transpiration stream
31. Explain the importance of transpiration
32. Define transpiration
33. Describe the following processes
i. Osmosis
ii. Diffusion
iii. Active transport
34. Explain five factors that affect the rate I diffusion
35. Discuss the significance of the following processes that take place in plants
a) Diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Active transport
36. Discuss how translocation occurs.
37. The figure below shows the longitudinal view of one of the transport system in plants.
Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow

a) Identify the structure above

b) Explain its role of the structure you have mentioned above

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 c) How is the structure adapted to its function? Give three points
d) Why does the structure require the mitochondria?
e) Suggest the reason why the direction of manufactured food in plants change in the
structure above
38. The diagram below shows the section through of a leaf. Study it and answer the questions
that follow.

a) Name the parts labeled a, b, c, d, e, f, h and i

b) Explain the roles of the parts you have mentioned in Q51aabove
c) Of what importance is the arrangement of cells labeled d?
d) What would happen if cells labeled d were tightly packed?
e) From which part does much photosynthesis occur and why?
f) Through what process does the air enter into leaf through part labeled f?
g) Discus the composition part labeled i
h) Explain in detail how the opening and closing of part labeled f is brought
about.
39. Below is the diagram showing the leaf of acacia plant. Study it and answer the questions
related to it.

a. Name all the labeled parts of the leaf above

b. Explain the functions of all the parts you have mentioned in the question above
c. To which group of flowering plant does the leaf belong?

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 d. Give the reason for your answer in Q52c above
e. What advantage will the leaf have if it has:
i. Long part labeled A
ii. Broad part labeled D

VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES

40. Study the figure below that shows an invertebrate and use it to answer the questions that
follow

a) To what group of invertebrate does the animal above belong?

b) Give the reason for your answer
c) Name the parts labeled M, K and P
d) Give the functions of part labeled P
e) How is the animal adapted to its environment? Give two points
41. The figure below shows one of the invertebrates Use it answer the questions that follow

a) To what group of arthropods does the animal above belong?

b) Give the reason for your answer

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 c) Discuss the feeding method of the animal above.
42. Study the figure below which shows the vertebrate animal. Use it to answer the questions
that follow.

a) Identify the group of vertebrate to which the animal above belong

b) What is the habitat for that animal?
c) How is the animal above adapted to live in the habitat you have mentioned
above?
d) Discus the mode of reproduction by the organism above.
e) Give three characteristics of the group of animals that you have mentioned
in above
43. Study the figure below which shows types of arthropods and answer the questions that
follow.

a) Identify the animals above as chilopods or dilopods.

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 b) Give the reason for your answer.
c) In what environment do the animals above live?

44. The figure below shows types of swimming if fish. Analyze it and answer questions
related to it.

a. Identify the types of movements of fish labeled A, B and C from the figure above
b. Discuss how each of the movement you have mentioned above is brought about in
fish
c. Explain the role played by myostoles to bring about movement in fish
d. Apart from the movements above name other movement in fish and explain how
that movement is brought about.

45. Study the structure of the fish gill below and answer the questions related to it.

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 a) Name the parts labeled a, b and c
b) Name any three adaptations of fish gill
46. The diagram below shows the type of flight in a bird. Use it to answer the questions that
follow

a) Identify the type of flight above

b) How is the type flight brought about?
c) Discuss the role played by the pectoralis minor and pectrolalis major in that type of
flight.

47. Study the diagram below and answer the questions related to it.

a. Name all the labeled parts of the diagram above

b. How the vertebrate above is adapted to its habitat? Give two points
c. Give any three observable features from the diagram above that make the vertebrate above
to be adapted to its mode of locomotion

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 d. Apart from the observable feature of the vertebrate above mention any other two things
that you cannot see from the diagram above but it adapts the vertebrate for locomotion.
e. What do you call the muscles of the vertebrate above?
48. The figure below shows two vertebrates. One is aquatic and another one is both aerial
terrestrial. Study it and answer the questions that follow

a) Name any two common adaptation that are found in both vertebrates A and B
that adapts them to locomotion in their respective habitats.
b) To what group of vertebrate A belong
c) To what group of vertebrate B belong

DIGESTION
1. Discuss the role of the tongue in digestion
2. How is the tongue adapted to its functions?
3. Explain what happens in the mouth during digestion
4. Discuss the content of saliva and its function
5. How is food and water mixed in the stomach?
6. What food will be digested in the mouth and in what form will be converted into?
7. Which part of the digestive system is responsible for churning?
8. What is the other name for digestive system?
9. What is the importance of the activities in the mouth?
10. Why it is important for the food to be broken down before swallowed?
11. Give three pairs of salivary glands and their location.
12. What is the function of the following stomach enzymes?
 Renin
 Pepsin
13. What can happen if the stomach does not produce hydrochloric acid?
14. Discuss two functions of the bile

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 15. Discuss the role of the following
 Pancreatic lipase
 Pancreatic amylase
 Trypsin
16. Explain the content of intestinal juice and their function
17. Name the vitamin that is produced in the colon
18. What are enzymes?
19. What similarity is there between pepsin and trypsin?
20. Complete the table below
Enzyme Substance digested End product
Sucrose
Maltase
Lactase
Peptidase
Lipase

21. Explain any four properties of enzymes

22. Give two types of enzymes
23. Explain what happens to enzymes under the following temperatures
 40OC
 35OC
 0O C
24. Give two enzymes that work better under acidic and other two that work better under
alkaline condition. Mention also the location of these enzymes.
25. Write an essay that explains how ileum is adapted to its function.
26. What end product of digestion is absorbed through lacteal?
27. Mention three places where vitamins are absorbed
28. Apart from salts and water what else is absorbed in the colon?
29. Draw a well labeled diagram of a villus
30. What do you call the using of the digested food for building up of the body?
31. Mention two forms that excess glucose is converted into.
32. Discuss the functions of the end products of digestions.
33. Explain the six functions of the liver in relation to digestion
34. Describe any five problems associated by digestion.
35. Which organ stores gall or bile?
36. Where is gallr produced?
37. Apart from in the mouth where else does physical digestion take place?
38. Outline two secretion s that take place in the duodenum
39. Explain how the following factors affect the activities of the enzymes
 pH
 Temperature
 Size of particles
 Nature of substance
40. Discuss the end products of the following
 Carbohydrates

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  Lipids
 proteins
41. Discuss the process of food absorption
42. Outline two functions of the colon
43. What is assimilation?
44. How is the following food substances used in the body?
 Glucose
 Amino acids
 Fatty acids
45. How can you prevent the problems associated with the digestive system?
46. Outline five parts of the alimentally canal
47. What is ingestion?
48. What is the significance of the alimentally canal?
49. Define the following terms
 Digestion
 Absorption
 Emulsification
 substrate
50. What is the difference between intracellular and extra cellular enzymes?
51. Mention any three substrates you know
52. Outline any five enzymes that digest carbohydrates
53. Mention the location of the enzymes you have mentioned above
54. What differentiate physical digestion from chemical digestion?
55. What is importance of physical digestion? Give two points
56. What type of digestion will lead to the formation of new substances?
57. Explain why chemical digestion is important
58. Mention the three sphincter muscles that are found along the alimentally canal/
gastrointestinal tract/ digestive system.
59. How important are the sphincter muscles that are found along the alimentally canal?
60. What two processes will take place along the digestive system?
61. There are three major movements of food along the alimentally canal. Describe these
movements.
62. Outline 6 parts of the digestive system and explain their role in digestion.
63. Discuss the composition of saliva and the role of each
64. What polysaccharide will be digested in the mouth?
65. What is peristalsis?
66. What are rugae and what is its importance?
67. What adaptations do the stomach has for its function?
68. What two enzymes are found in the gastric juice?
69. Differentiate hydrochloric acid from gastric juice based on where they are produced
70. Why is stomach hydrochloric acid important? Give four points
71. How is stomach protected from the action of the hydrochloric acid that is found in it?
72. Of all the six parts of the digestive system which one is the largest and how advantageous
is this?
73. Describe the two divisions of the small intestine.

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 74. The figure below shows the human digestive system. Use it to answer the questions that
follow

a) Name the parts labeled A, B, C, D, E, F and G

b) What type of digestion will take place at A?
c) How is part labeled F adapted to its function? Give four points
d) Explain any five roles played by part G in relation to digestion
e) Outline three roles of part E
f) What vitamins are found in part E
g) Explain the roles of enzymes secreted by organ D
h) Mention the enzymes and chemicals secreted by organ C and their roles
i) Outline four enzymes secreted within the part labeled f and their functions
j) From the diagram above where do the following take place?
i. Peristalsis
ii. Elmusfication
iii. Churning
iv. Transamination
v. Bile production
k) Mention three things that happen in the part A in relation to digestion

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 l) In which part is digestion under acidic condition?
75. The diagram below shows one of the features found along the gastrointestinal tract. Study
it carefully and answer the questions that follow.

a. Identify the feature above

b. How does the feature you have identify in question 49a above makes the
gastrointestinal tract efficient for its function? (Give two points)
c. Name the parts labeled x, y, z and q
d. Explain the roles played by the parts labeled x, y, z and q
e. Mention any five adaptations of the feature above that help it to perform its function
efficiently.
f. Mention any one enzyme produced by the feature above
g. What is the role of the enzyme you have mentioned in question 49f above

76. The diagram below shows one of the features found along the gastrointestinal tract. Study
it carefully and answer the questions that follow

a. Identify the feature above

b. Where along the gastrointestinal tract is the feature above found.
c. How does the feature you have identify in question 50a above makes the
gastrointestinal tract efficient for its function? (Give two points)
d. Mention any two adaptations of the feature above that help it to perform its function
efficiently

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HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Study the heart below and use it to answer the questions that follow

a. Name the parts labeled 1-15

b. Which vessel has the highest pressure?
c. Of what importance is structure 14 having thicker muscle?
d. State functional difference between vessel 2 and 8
e. From which structure can one fill the pulse and why?
f. Name any structure that helps the flowing of blood in structures two and 8
g. Explain how blood flows from structures 2 and 8 to structure 15
h. Why structures are labeled 6, 12 and 13 important?
i. Why is there no back flowing of blood in structure 15 despite having no valves?
j. Differentiate the content of blood in structure 8 from content of blood in 1
k. What is the technical name for the contraction of structures 5 and 11?
l. Name the structure that will bring deoxygenated blood from the head
m. Outline any three structural differences you can find between structures 8 and 15
n. Name any two structures from the diagram above where diastole and systole occur
o. Differentiate the roles played by structures 1 and 3
p. Explain the functional difference between structure 4 and structure 10
q. Name any three abnormal conditions associated with the heart
2. The figure below shows types of blood cells use it to answer the questions that follow

A B C
a. Name the cells A, B and C
b. Outline the functional difference that exist among the three types of cells above
c. Explain the adaptations for each cell

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 d. How does cell C work to bring about blood clotting?
e. Which cell has haemoglobin?
f. Name the genetic disorder that is associated with blood cell A
g. What cancer affects blood cell labeled B?
h. What do you call the condition where cells A are not sufficient in the body?
i. How can you deal with the problem you have mentioned in 2h above?
j. Give two classifications of cell B
k. Of what significance is the shape of the nucleus of cell B?
l. How advantageous is the shape of cell A?
3. Mention any three useful substances that are carried by the circulatory system
4. Why is circulatory system important? Give 5 points
5. Mention any three components that make up the human circulatory system
6. Mention any five features that you can see if the heart is dissected longitudinally
7. Draw the longitudinal section through of the heart and label the following parts: septum,
descending aorta, semilunar valve, bicuspid valve and pulmonary artery.
8. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the heart?
9. What is the role of the septum?
10. Why do the atria have thin walls if compared to ventricles?
11. How many chambers does the human heart has?
12. In what way is the cardiac muscle special?
13. The heart is said to be myogenic. What does this mean?
14. Which side of the heart do we find tricuspid valve?
15. The blood that passes through arteries has high pressure. How do the arteries withstand
this pressure? Give five points.
16. What is an endothelium?
17. Define the word pulse
18. What directs the blood in the arteries to be moving in one direction?
19. What are the structural differences between arteries and capillaries?
20. Outline two things that make diffusion in the capillaries possible?
21. Why is it important for capillaries to form a dense network?
22. What are portal veins?
23. What two veins will carry deoxygenated blood?
24. How is one direction movement of blood achieved inside the veins?
25. Name the blood vessel that carries blood and food substances from small intestines to the
liver.
26. Describe the structure of the arteries
27. Describe the structure of the capillaries
28. Distinguish veins from arteries based on the following
a) Pressure of blood
b) Pulse
c) Lumen
d) Valves
29. Describe the composition of blood
30. What is shape of Red blood cell and how does this shape adapts the cell for its function?
31. Why is it important for Red blood cells to be small in size?
32. Red blood cells have no nucleus. How important is this?

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 33. Where exactly on the red blood cell does oxygen attach itself?
34. Mention the organ that destroys old red blood cells
35. How is iron from destroyed Red blood cells used by the body?
36. Outline two functions of the red blood cells
37. Which organ will convert weak carbonic acid in the blood to CO2 before being
eliminated?
38. What circumstances will lead to increase in number of white blood cells?
39. Describe two types of white blood cells
40. How advantageous is the shape of the nucleus of the phagocytes?
41. Where in the human body are the phagocytes produced?
42. Name the sites where lymphocytes are made
43. Why is blood clotting important?
44. What is coronary thrombosis?
45. What type of WBC contains granules?
46. Why is it difficult for lymphocytes to twist themselves and diffuse across the capillaries
to go at the site of infection?
47. Describe three actions of the lymphocytes that lead to destruction of germs
48. Both lymphocytes and phagocytes provide protection against pathogen but their mode of
their action differs. Explain modes used by these two leukocytes.
49. Give any four differences between RBC and WBC
50. Briefly describe the properties of haemoglobin
51. Discuss the role of haemoglobin in the circulatory system
52. Outline five things that are present in blood plasma
53. Draw a flow diagram that shows the process of blood clotting
54. Describe the process of blood clotting
55. Which organ produces/ forms prothrombin which is used in blood clotting?
56. What is thrombosis and how hazardous is it to human life?
57. Describe any five problems associated with circulatory system and explain how they are
treated
58. Explain the role of the lymphatic system
59. Outline three components of the lymphatic system
60. What is lymph?
61. At what point does the lymph drains back to the blood?
62. Describe the structure of lymph capillaries
63. Explain how muscle contraction helps the flowing of the lymph
64. Apart from the help of skeletal muscle what other two things help the flow of the lymph
in the lymph vessels?
65. Explain how the lymph is formed
66. Give four examples of lymphatic organs
67. Name the largest organ of the lymphatic system?
68. Where exactly along the lymphatic system does the blood get filtered?
69. Name the organ that filters the lymph as if flows through the lymph vessels
70. Draw a comparison of plasma, tissue fluid and lymph
71. What five differences do we find between lymphatic and blood circulatory system?
72. The figure below shows the nodes of the lymphatic system and other organs. Use it to
answer the questions that follow.

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 a. Name the nodes labeled a, b, e and f
b. Name organs c and d
c. What role does organ labeled c play in relation to immunity against HIV?
d. What other role does organ labeled c play within the lymphatic system?
e. Explain two role played by lymphatic organ labeled d?
73. Use figure below which shows the human circulatory system to answer the questions
related to it

a. What is the name of organ labeled 3 and what role does it play in relation to circulatory
system?
b. Mention two roles that are played by ogan labeled 6 in relation to the blood circulatory
systemStudents of a certain school conducted an experiment with their biology teacher. And
they used the apparatus as shown below. Use the figure below which shows the setting
that the students had to answer the questions that follow.
74. The diagram below shoes the cross-sections of three different blood vessels. Use it to
answer the questions related to it

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 i. Identify the blood vessels a, b and c above
ii. Give the reasons for your answer in I above
iii. Which vessel carries blood under highest pressure?
iv. Which vessel has valves present?
v. Give not less than two adaptations of each of the vessels above
75. On the diagram below which shows one of the blood vessel draw an arrow indicating the
direction of blood.

76. Study the figure below and answer the questions that follow

a) Identify the Organ in the figure above

b) Name the parts labeled A, B and C
c) Explain the role played by part labeled A
d) What do you call the condition when the part labeled A is blocked?
e) What can happen if part labeled A is blocked such that it is not functioning properly
f) Discuss any human habit that can lead to blockage and malfunction of part A

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THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Describe any three natural birth control methods
2. Explain any three adaptations of the human sperm
3. The sperm is basically divided into three regions. Name these regions and the structures
that are found in any of the two regions
4. The vagina is acidic in nature how the sperm survive in that context?
5. The urine that is present in the urethra can kill the sperm. How does this urine get cleaned
and neutralized?
6. What is semen?
7. Outline four contents of the semen
8. Discuss any four artificial contraception methods
9. Of all the contraceptive methods which one is 100% reliable?
10. Outline any three causes of maternal mortality
11. Describe any four abnormal conditions associated with the human reproductive system
12. Study the figure below and use it to answer the questions that follow

a. Name parts labeled a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i and their functions

b. If the doctors would like to carry out vasectomy which part will they cut?
c. Which part is mostly attacked by prostate cancer?
d. Give two parts from the diagram above that are also part of the human urinary system.
e. In which part is testosterone produced?
f. What would be the result if part labeled d was located inside the abdomen?
g. Why is it necessary for spermatozoa to stay in part labeled i for some time before
ejaculated?
14. Study the figure below which shows the human sperm and use it to answer the questions
related to it

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a) How does part labeled A enhance fertilization?
b) Name the parts B and C and explain their role.
c) What is the normal chromosomal number does the cell above has?
15. How is a penis adapted to its reproductive function? Give two points.
16. Study the human reproductive system below and answer the questions that follow

a. Name the parts labeled a, b, c, d and e and discuss their function

b. Apart from wave like movement that takes place in part labeled a, what other thing
helps in the movement of an ova?
c. Which part is responsible for producing sex hormones during the menstrual cycle?
d. Give two adaptations of the fallopian tube
e. In which part does fertilization take place?
f. Which organ is the target organ for oxytocin?
g. From the diagram above name the part that is urino-genital in nature.
h. From which part does meiosis occur?
i. In which part do we find the endometrium?
j. Why is it important for part d to be sealed by mucus during pregnancy?
k. To which part is the fertilized ova supposed to implant itself?
l. What can happen if the fertilized egg implants itself to part a?
17. What is fertilization?
18. Define menstruation
19. Describe the four main events of the menstrual cycle
20. What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?
21. Explain the roles of the following hormones during the menstrual cycle
a. Follicle stimulating hormone
b. Oestrogen
c. Luteinizing hormone
d. Progesterone
22. What causes the change of follicle cell to graafian follicle?

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23. What hormone will trigger the release of luteinizing hormone?
24. How does the corpus leteum develop?
25. What will happen during the menstrual cycle when the levels of luteinizing hormone and
oestrogen rise?
26. Name the hormone that inhibits the release of luteinizing hormone during the menstrual
cycle.
27. Why is it important for luteinizing hormone to be inhibited after fertilization has taken
place?
28. Apart from swimming what are other female structures that help the movement of the
sperms inside the woman?
29. Define fertilization
30. In which part of the human reproductive system does fertilization take place?
31. Describe the process of fertilization
32. Why is it important for the membrane of the fertilized ova to change in structure?
33. What is conception and how does it occur?
34. Discuss how the multiple birth of both identical and fraternal twins occurs
35. What is blastocyst?
36. Why is it important for the blastocyst to develop finger like projections?
37. What is the placenta made up of?
38. Explain three roles of the placenta
39. How is the placenta adapted to its functions? Give four points
40. What would have happen if the mother’s circulatory system is directly connected to
foetal (foetu’s) circulatory system?
41. Distinguish the contents of umbilical vein from contents of umbilical artery.
42. How long is the human gestation period?
43. Explain the role of the chorion and amnion
44. Discuss the two roles played by the amniotic cavity
45. How does progesterone produced by the placenta ensure the sustenance of pregnancy?
46. What happens to the levels of progesterone towards the end of pregnancy and how does
that affect the production of oxytocin?
47. Explain the role of oxytocin
48. Discuss the process of birth in human beings
49. Name any two things available in the colostrum
50. Why is breast feeding important? Give five points
51. What is exclusive breastfeeding and what is its significance?
52. The figure below shows one of the methods of feeding a baby. Use it to answer the
related questions that follow.

a) The method above is generally regarded not good to babies. Outline three challenges
associated with this method of feeding the baby.

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 b) How important is that method of feeding when it comes to prevention of mother to child
transmission?
53. Distinguish internal from external fertilization
54. The diagram below show the human pregnancy stage. Use it to answer the questions that
follow

a. Name the parts labeled a, b, c and

b. How is part labeled a adapted to its functions?
c. What happens to part labeled d when birth is approaching?
d. Outline two roles of part labeled c
55. The figure below is one of the contraceptives. Study it and answer the questions that
follow

a. Identify the contraceptive above

b. To what methods of contraceptive does it belong?
c. Explain how the contraceptive you have identified in 48a above works
d. What are the limitations of using that contraceptive

GENETICS
1. Define genetics
2. Who is the father of modern human genetics?
3. Define the following terms
a) Gene
b) DNA
c) Chromosome,

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 d) Dominant allele,
e) Recessive allele,
f) Homozygous dominant,
g) heterozygous
h) Homozygous recessive,
i) Genotype,
j) Phenotype
4. Describe any two of Mendelian principles of genetics
5. What does the law of segregation in genetics state?
6. Of all the plants why did Mendel choose peas to work with in his experiments? Give points
7. What is monohybrid inheritance?
8. Fill the Punnet square below

Male male
Parental phenotype Black White
Parental genotype Bb bb

Male gamete
Female gamete

8b. what is the phenotypical and genotypical ratio from the crossing above?
9. What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
10. How many pairs of autosomes does the human being have?
11. How many types of sex chromosomes does a human being have?
12. Define sex linked genes
13. What is the composition of sex chromosomes in the female human gamete?
14. Why is X sex chromosome larger than X sex chromosome?
15. Briefly describe how sex is determined in human beings
16. Why is a woman referred to as homogametic whereas man is referred as heterogametic?
17. Prove by the means of crosses that the sex ratio in human beings is 1:1
18. Define the term linkage
19. Distinguish linkage from sex linked genes
20. Give three examples of sex linked characteristics

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21. Work out the genotypical ratio of F1 offsprings from the cross between haemophilic woman
(XhXh) and normal man (XHY)
22. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

a) Which process will take place in the gonads?

b) Of what importance is process Y? Give two points
c) Name processes X and Y
d) From the figure above which process will lead to haploid condition?
e) Why is process X important?
23. Study the diagram below which shows the cell organelle and use it to answer the
questions that follow.

a. Identify the organelle

b. Where in the cell do you find the organelle?
c. What is the importance of the organelle?
d. Name the part labelled x

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 e. If part labelled t is thymine what will be part labelled g

ANSWERS FOR LIVING THINGS

IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT
1.
a. A habitat is where an organism lives
b. Interaction between living things and their environment
c. Role played by an organism in an ecosystem
d. Study of the ecosystem
e. A total number of organisms living in a given area
f. Different species of organisms living in the same area
g. A technique of choosing few organisms to represent the total population
2. By lightning (abiotic fixation) and by bacteria (biotic fixation)
3. Energy from lightning during rain split nitrogen gas into nitrogen atoms. These combine
with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. These dissolve in rain to form nitrous acid. When
nitric acid goes into the soil it reacts with metallic ions then it forms nitrites then nitrates
which the plant absorb to make proteins
4. It splits nitrogen gas into nitrogen atoms which combine with oxygen and will later
dissolve into the soil where they are fixed
5. By consuming plants
6. Urine and sweat
7. This refers to the breaking down of dead matter either plant or animals by the action of
saprophytic organisms such as fungi and bacteria
8. Converting of ammonium compounds to nitrates
9. Nitrobacter and nitrosomonas
10. They convert ammonia and nitrates into nitrogen gas hence depleting ammonia nitrates
which are two forms that plant can use from the soil. This makes it infertile
11. Swampy area and poorly aerated soil
12. Decomposition, volcanic activities and through denitrifying bacteria

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 13. Flow of carbon from atmosphere into the oceans, soil, bodies of organisms and back into
the atmosphere

14.
a) It is a framework that is used to estimate population by simply by throwing
it at random. The organisms that are found inside are counted.
b) It uses a line cutting across the area where organisms to be studied are
found. Then the quadrat is placed at a regular interval and the organisms
inside the quadrat at each station are counted
15. Atmosphere and dissolved water
16. 0.03%
17. It moves from atmosphere into the plants where it is used for photosynthesis to make
glucose. When the animal consumes the producer it gets this carbon compound. The carbon
compound is released back into the atmosphere through ways like decomposition,
respiration and combustion.
18. When an organism dies bacteria or fungi break its matter down into simple matter. This is
what is called decomposition, decay or purification. In the process of decaying the dead
matter releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere. The glucose that plant produces enters the
cell of either the plant itself or an animal when consumed. It combines with oxygen to
release energy in a process called respiration. Carbon dioxide which I produced as a bi-
product during respiration is removed from bodies of animals into the atmosphere through
breathing out. It also diffuses out of the leaf via stomates. When burning fossil fuel carbon
in form of carbon dioxide or monoxide is released into the atmosphere.
19.

20.

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The nitrogen that is in the atmosphere is if splitted by lightening. Into nitrogen atoms which reacts
with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. The nitrogen dioxide is mixed with water to form nitrous
acid. Nitrous acid enters the soil and reacts with metallic ions to form nitrates which are used by
the plants to make proteins. Later on the denitrifying bacteria will help the nitrogen to go back into
the atmosphere through denitrification.
21. Precipitation_ this is the coming down of water droplets in form of rain. Percolation_ this is
the horizontal movement of underground water through a permeable rock. Transpiration_ this is
the loosing of water from the leaf surface in a form of vapor. Condensation_ this is the cooling of
water vapor into water droplets.
22. Excretion e.g. Sweating_ when the animals are sweating part of the sweat is water. This water
evaporates from the skin into the atmosphere. Breathing out. The air that animals breathe out
contains some moisture. This moisture evaporates into the atmosphere
23. It refers to the circulation of nutrients from the atmosphere into the body of organisms and
back into the atmosphere.
24. Root nodules
25. through transpiration and by increasing infiltration rate
26. Plant community_ this is made up of plants different species and all organisms that carry out
photosynthesis. Animal community_ this is made up of animals of different species. Physical
factor this is made up of non-living things such as soil, temperature, water among others
27. Soil, water, oxygen concentration, light, temperature and atmospheric pressure.
28. Herbivores_ these are animals that eat plants only e.g. goats. Carnivores_ these are animals
that eat animals only e.g. lion. Omnivires_these are animals that eat both plants and animals e.g.
human beings. Parasites are animals that survive by living in the body of another organism and get
nutrients from it. E.g. tape worm
29. Soil factor
30. It is a habitat for organism, it supports plant growth and it influences food production

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31
a. Water is essential for life. And it is a habitat for aquatic animals. As such place that have water
attract a lot of both plant and animal species Commented [SPS1]:

b. Oxygen concentration affects distribution of organisms. Places that have good amount of oxygen
concentration but places whose oxygen concentration is low like in mountains and in the deep
water the organisms are few.
c. Places with moderate temperature have a number of organisms but those that have hot and very
cold temperature have few organisms
d. Light is necessary for food production in autotrophs. Places with good light intensity therefore
have many organisms.
e. Atmospheric pressure affects oxygen concentration. The higher the air pressure the high the
oxygen concentration and vice versa. Places with high pressure will have more organisms
f. Wind helps in seed dispersal and it carries moisture which brings about rainfall.
g. Salinity affects the distribution of organisms. Some animals and plants like salty places e.g.
Sharks while some cannot live or grow in salty places.
h. pH refers to the alkalinity or acidity of a thing. pH will affect the fertility of the soil. Neutral
pH attracts more organisms.
I. Humidity affects the temperature as well as distribution of organisms. Some organisms like
centipede lives in more humid places. Humidity also affects rainfall.
32. Fresh water habitat is the water that has a very low salt concentration. Marine habitat is the
water that has high salt concentration e.g. oceans. Eusterine habitat is found where a river with
fresh water empties into a salty water or sea
33. pH, temperature, light intensity, oxygen concentration and nutrients concentration
34. Water that has low concentrations of salt
35. Earth worms, leaches and crustaceans. Reed's, sedges and salvinia.
36. Planktons, fish, crustaceans, water insects and hippo
37. Because deep water has low oxygen concentration
38. It refers to the ecosystem on land.
39. Because the lungs are not adapted to work in water. Moreover the body is not designed to live
in water.
40. Goats, pigs and snakes
41.

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a- Hydrophytes are plants that live in water.
b- Halophytes are plants that grown in very salty places
c- Mesophytes are plants that grow under the average conditions such as water and
temperature
d- Xerophytes are plants that grow in very dry place like the deserts
42. They have little xylem to support them since water support them , their roots are not well
developed since water is plenty, they have more air spaces for gaseous exchange, their cuticle is
thin and this makes them to lose water easily. Submerged plants have no stomates
43. They have salt absorbing cells that help them to create high osmotic pressure thereby absorbing
more water. They excrete excess salts
44. They have long roots that absorb water from the soil. They have water storage tissue that help
them to keep water. Their leaves have thick cuticle to reduce transpiration in the hot desert. Their
leaves are thin to reduce the rate of transpiration
45. Their leaves have broad lamina for absorption of sunlight and diffusion carbon dioxide. They
have stomates for gaseous exchange. They have chlorophyll which traps sunlight for
photosynthesis, they have thick cuticle to avoid unnecessary water loss. They have transparent
cuticle which allows sunlight to penetrate easily to the cells. Their roots system is well developed
for water absorption
46. Quadrat is easy to make. It is easy to count organisms using quadrat. However It can only
be used to estimate plant population. It is also disadvantageous because it cannot be used in every
area such as steep terrain
47. Easy to estimate population. Can be used to show how organisms are distributed in an area.
However it cannot be used to estimate plant population. It also interfere with the environment.
48. The Sun
49. Because they make their own food
50. The feeding relationship between producers and consumers.
51. Primary consumers feed directly from producers while secondary consumers feed on primary
consumers.
52. Saprophytes are organisms that decompose the dead matters
53. Bacteria, yeast and fungi
54. Trophic level
55. Producers, primary consumers and secondary consumers

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56. Because as energy flows to the higher level it is reduced so it is difficult to reach the fourth
consumer
57. It is a network of food chains
58. Organisms that eat the dead plant and animal materials that are decomposing
59. Heat, excretion and during energy transfer
60. It I a diagrammatic presentation of numbers of organisms at a tropic level
61. It implies that the organisms transferring energy to the next level are more than that the
organisms to which energy is transferred to.
62.

63. Mass of organisms at each trophic level

64. Total dry mass of an organism
65. A graphical presentation of amount of energy of organisms at trophic level.
66. Energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy and is used by plants to make glucose.
When primary consumers eat plants they get energy from them. When secondary consumer feeds
on primary consumer they get energy. The third consumers will also tap energy from
secondary consumer by feeding on them.
67. Rice bird man
68. It means that nutrients are never lost they circulate around within the ecosystem always.
69. Nictobacter or nitrococcus
70. It is inert or non-reactive
71. It is the movement of nitrogen in the environment from the atmosphere and through organisms
and back into the atmosphere
72. It is used for the making of proteins by plant.
73. Nitrates and ammonium
74. Converting of nitrogen to nitrates
75. Breathing, irritability, growth, Excretion, movement and feeding

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76. Multicellular organisms
77. Mitochondria, cell membrane, nucleus, centriole and ribosomes
78. Chloroplast, cell wall Stroma and plasmidesmata.
79. Variety of living organisms
80. It refers to putting organisms in groups depending on differences and similarities.
81. It makes it easy to study organisms that have been put in groups, it is easy to identify
relationships between organisms and it provides universal grouping of organism
82. Herbivores_ these are animals that eat plants only e.g. goats. Carnivores_ these are animals
that eat animals only e.g. lion. Omnivires_these are animals that eat both plants and animals e.g.
human beings.
83. A set of instructions used to identify organism
84. It is a system of naming an organism using two scientific names.
85. Starch for future use and making cell wall. Proteins for repairing of cells
86. Grazers feed on grass browsers eat grass and barks if trees and soft branches of trees
87. It protects the inner parts of the tooth from physical damage as well as bacteria. It also provide
hard surface for grinding or cutting
88. Incisor for cutting. These are very share teeth that are in front of the mouth. Canine for biting
or piercing. These are closer to incisor. Premolar and Molar are for grinding. They have large
surface area for grinding.
89. Number of organisms captured for the first time and marked multiply by number of organisms
captured second time divide by number or organisms captured second time but marked.
90. It cannot make proteins, it can't photosynthesize because nitrogen is part of chlorophyll. It can
die.
91. They have strong beak for tearing meat, they have sharp eye sight that helps them to see their
prey while in the sky. They have curved craws for holding the captured prey.
92. It will have thick fatty layer below its skin for insulation. It will have more fur to keep it warm
93. Long loop of Henle for reabsorption of more water so that it does not lose water anyhow.
Ability to take in more water
94. It can drink more water at one drinking session which it can use for a long time without drinking
water. It has thick lips that it can use to eat thorny desert bush, it has thick fur that keeps it warm
in the cold desert nights. It has thick and tough leather on its knees as such it can kneel in the hot
sand in the desert. It has nostrils that can close to protect it from blowing sand. It has a hump of
fat on its back which can be metabolized to give water when water is scarce.

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95. The hind leg have more muscles which help in movement. Their teeth can regrow after being
worn out. They are four chambered which makes regurgitating possible. They have rectangular
pupil which makes them to have sharp sight during the night. They have flexible hooves for
balancing when they step on in even going. They are browser. They can eat barks of trees and
small branches of a tree
96. It has stiff hair between feet pads to keep the warm and to prevent them from slipping when
walking on ice. It has fur that traps air to make it buoyant and light for swimming. It has small
earlobe to prevent water from entering into it. It has thick fatty layer under the skin to keep them
warm. It has black skin under its fur for heat retention.
97. Streamlined to reduce water resistance when swimming. They have gills for breathing. Some
have fins some have webbed feet for swimming. Their bodies have mucus like substance to make
them slippery as they move in water. Some fish have swim bladder for buoyance.
98. It his pointed at both end to make it streamlined for easy swimming. It has sharp scales on its
body for protection. It has cartilage instead of bones for easy swimming since cartilage is flexible
that bones. The nose and mouth have sensitive cells that can sense the presence of a prey. It has a
modified pelvic fin that it uses for sperm transferring.
99. Sewage, industrial waste, oil spill, detergents, hit water from industries, agricultural practices
like applying too much fertilizer.
100. Poor disposal of human excreta, industrial smoke, burning bushes and chemicals like those
sprayed to crops
101. Deforestation, poor farming practices, deposing plastics in the soil.
102. Avoid throwing plastic papers anyhow, avoiding using two much chemicals like fertilizer.
Good farming practices. Avoid deforestation.
103. Afforestation. Planting trees will help to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is a
greenhouse gas and it contributes to global warming. Using of clear energy such as solar energy
can also help to reduce pollution which has led to climate change. Avoiding deforestation can also
help in mitigating climate change.
104. Deforestation, poor farming practices, urbanization and industrialization
105. a. i. Carrot rabbit fox
ii.

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 106.
i. Carbon cycle
ii. A-combustion. B-respiration D-decomposition
iii. Plants
iv. Organism C is a plant ant it will use carbon dioxide which it gets from atmosphere for
photo synthesis to produce glucose and oxygen. Glucose is used for respiration a
process which also releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. When the plant
is also burnt it releases carbon into the atmosphere and so as when it is decomposing
107.
a) Cacti
b) Desert climate
c) It protects the plants rom 5their predators
d) They have long roots for water absorption, they have stomates in the sinking pits to reduce
transpiration rate. They have stems that keep water

PHOTOSYNTESIS
Sunlight
1. Carbon dioxide +water Glucose +Oxygen
Chlorophyll
Sunlight
2. 6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 +6O2
Chlorophyll
3. Carbon dioxide and water
4. Glucose and is used for the process of respiration

5.
6. It is transparent to allow light to pass into the leaf.
It protects the leaf from attacks by bacteria.
It prevents excess loss of water from the leaf.

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 Some have thorns which protect leaf from being eaten

7. It allows light to enter into the leaf for photosynthesis.

8.
 It encloses the leaf contents.
 It protects the cells that carry out photosynthesis
 It allows light to enter into the leaf for photosynthesis.

9. Mesophyll
10.
PALISADE MESOPHYLL SPONGE MESOPHYLL
It has tall, rectangular cells It has cells that are irregular in shape
cells are compacted together Not tightly parked.

The cells contain a lot of chloroplasts. Cells contains few chloroplasts

[Link] gaseous exchange and transpiration
[Link] them to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaves but also to allow excess water to get
out of the leaf through the process of transpiration
[Link]
[Link] has living cell and has companion cells
15.
They have no lignin Has no lignin
Has sieve plates Sieve plates are absent
16. These are cells that can carry out photosynthesis
[Link] cell and spongy cells
[Link] cells
[Link] dioxide
Water
Chlorophyll
Sunlight
[Link] difference in concentration between two points
[Link]
[Link] is absorbed by root hair cells but it is also up taken through the transpiration stream
[Link] cells because they have more chloroplast
[Link]
Chlorophyll is a green pigmentation. It captures sunlight for photosynthesis in order to produce
simple sugars needed for the growth and development.
Anthoncyanins
Anthoncyanins carry red and purple pigments. They develop primarily during late summer months.
They are in fruits such as cranberries, plums, and strawberries.

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 Carotenoids
Carotenoids carry yellow, orange, and brown pigments. You can find them in carrots, bananas,
and egg yolk. This pigment is often found in chloroplast and it helps in the process of
photosynthesis.
25. By using paper chromatography see the steps 0n page 61 of excel and succeed.
[Link] stage uses sunlight which is captured by chlorophyll in plants. Sunlight is converted into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)) which is chemical energy. This chemical energy (break down
water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Oxygen molecules arrange themselves to form
oxygen gas. Some of oxygen gas remain in the plant for respiration. However a lot of oxygen
gas is released into the atmosphere since is a by-product.

Dark stage is called dark stage because it does not use sunlight. It is also called carbon stage
because it uses carbon dioxide as its raw material Carbon dioxide combine (react) with hydrogen
gas produced in the light stage to produce glucose. Glucose is soluble in water therefore a plant
cannot store it in this form. It is converted to starch which is insoluble in water. Glucose molecules
combine to form starch for future use. Therefore carbon dioxide is raw material in dark stage and
glucose is the product in dark stage

[Link] refers to the splitting of water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen atom
[Link]
[Link] it is soluble in water so it cannot be stored. It is converted for future use when there is
a shortfall of glucose
[Link]
[Link] is the process whereby chlorophyll absorb sunlight and convert it to
chemical energy (ATP)
[Link] is the breakdown of starch with aid of oxygen gas to produce glucose for immediate
Use
33.

34.
A leaf has chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll that capture sunlight for photosynthesis.
A leaf has broad, thin and flat lamina to absorb more sunlight.

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 A leaf has a petiole or leaf stalk it expose the leaf to sunlight and attach the leaf to the stem for
support.
A leaf has stomata for gaseous exchange.
A leaf has a network of veins to supply water to the leaf.
A leaf has air spaces in spongy mesophyll to allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and
out of cells respectively.
A leaf has transparent epidermis to allow sunlight to penetrate into the cells
[Link] is used for respiration a process of getting energy from food.
It is used for formation cellulose of cell wall.
Some of glucose combines with minerals to produce proteins
It is converted into lipids
It is converted to starch and stored for future use
36. Leaves, roots and stems
[Link]
Flesh leaves, iodine solution (brown in colour), methylated spirit or ethanol (alcohol), white tile
and warm water.
Setup the apparatus as shown below

Leaf is boiled to kill its cells and to make it more permeable to iodine solution.
Ethanol or methylated spirit removes chlorophyll - for easy identification of any colour
change since green colour can mask blue black colour.
A test tube containing ethanol and leaf is heated over water basin - to prevent it from
catching fire since ethanol is flammable.
When chlorophyll has been removed the leaf is soaked in water - to soften it and to rinse
or remove alcohol (ethanol).A white tile is used because it is easy to see any colour
change.
RESULTS
If starch is present a blue-black colour is observed. If starch is absent, brown colour of
iodine remain on the leaf.
[Link] is boiled to kill its cells and to make it more permeable to iodine solution.
[Link] or methylated spirit removes chlorophyll - for easy identification of any colour change
since green colour can mask blue black colour.
[Link] soften it remove alcohol
[Link] experiment that investigate if chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
[Link] will have to conduct the following experiment.

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 .
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO2) solution produces carbon dioxide
Sodium hydroxide (KOH) solution removes/absorbs carbon dioxide.
RESULTS
After starch test leaf in conical flask containing NaHCO2 shows the presence of starch.
The other leaf in conical flask containing KOH shows no starch.
CONCLUSION
Therefore carbon dioxide is necessary condition for photosynthesis
[Link] helps plants to make their own food. It produces oxygen which supports animal life. It removes
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere which is a greenhouse gas
44.
a. Chloroplast
b. a is Stroma b are grana
c. Part b
d. It contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which traps sunlight for photosynthesis
e. In the palisade mesophyll and in the spongy mesophyll

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
1. Two systems
2. Xylem and phloem
3. Phloem
4.

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 5. Tracheid are long and have tapered end while vessel elements are short and have no tapered
end.
6. Companion cells sieve plates
7. Transport of water and mineral salts. Support plants to stand upright
8. Transport manufactured food to the sink
9. The following are the differences that exist between xylem and phloem
PHLOEM XYLEM
Has nucleus Has no nucleus
Has living cells Has dead cells
They have no lignin Has no lignin
Has sieve plates Sieve plates are absent
Has cytoplasm Has no cytoplasm

10. It’s the composition of plant veins (both xylem and phloem)
11. Cambium
12. Leaf has parallel venation, stem has scattered vascular bundle,
and root has a ring shaped arrangement.
13. Leaf has network venation, stem has ring arrangement of vascular bundle, root has a xylem
with a star shape at the centre and phloem between the spaces
14. Protect the delicate parts of the root as it grows/ it has mucus like substance which softens
the soil
15. It has young cells that have not been given task. These cells are arranged randomly. This
is where cell division happens
16. Zone of elongation is where the cells elongate or increase in size while zone of cell division
has young cells that have not been given task. These cells are arranged randomly. This is
where cell division happens
17. That’s where mature cells are given different tasks
18. Outermost cells arrange themselves into epidermis, middle cells form cortex ad innermost
form the vascular bundle
19. It helps water absorption in the soil
20. (i)It has thin wall for easy diffusion in water (ii) it has semipermeable membrane to allow
the materials to enter and leave the root cell

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 21. (a) this is a force by which water molecules attract and stick to each other thereby
preventing the column of air to break
(b) this happens due to increase in osmotic pressure that is caused
when there is accumulation of solutes in the xylem of the roots
(c)this tendency of the water to rise inside the narrow tube due
to the ability oc water molecules to cling to the tube
(d)as water a sucking force is created this causes water
to move in xylem
22. (i) it becomes component of chlorophyll molecule, it is used to form amino acids and
proteins when combined with glucose, it becomes part of the DNA
(ii) used for photophosphoration
(iii) it forms component of chlorophyll molecule, it is used in the formation of ribosomes,
it activates enzymes
23. To provide more energy for water reabsorption from the soil.
24. (i) when the cell loses water (ii)when the cell takes in two much water
25. Turgidity is when the cell swells up due to taking in much water and flaccidity is the
shrinking of a cell membrane due to water loss
26. See page 71 of excel and succeed biology book 3

27. (a) substance that dissolves in solvent

(b)a liquid in which solute dissolves
(c) a mixture of a liquid and some particles dissolved in it
(d)a solution that has much solutes
(e)solution that has much solutes
(f) a solution that has equal concentration
28. (a)when the temperature is high the rate of transpiration increases because more stomata
on the leaves open and more water is released into the atmosphere in form of vapor and
when the temperature is low the rate of transpiration decreases because less stomata on
the leaves open and less water is released into the atmosphere in form of vapor.
(b) when humidity is high the rate of transpiration reduces because in the atmosphere
there is more water vapor and the atmosphere cannot take more vapor whereas when the
amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is low the rate of transpiration increases

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 (c) when the water supply is high the rate of transpiration increases because the plants will
also have a lot of water in it while when the water supply is low the rate of transpiration
also reduces (d) rate of transpiration increases with the increase in sunlight intensity
because when there is much sunlight more stomates open up leading to the loss of water
from the leaves (e) transpiration increases with increase with wind speed because the
wins carries the water particles from the leaf’s surface. And when wind speed is low the
transpiration rate reduces.
29. Potometer
30. The movement of water from the roots to the leaves
31. The following are the importance of transpiration
a. It cools plants
b. It helps the distribution of minerals in plants
c. It helps water uptake in plants
d. It contributes to the hydrological cycle
32. It refers to the water loss from the leaf surface in a form of vapor
33. i. Movement of water molecules from area of high to low concentration across a semi
permeable membrane
ii. Movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration.
iii. Movement of particles from area of low concentration to area of high concentration
34.
i. Size of particles
Smaller particles diffuse faster than the larger particles. This is so because smaller particles can
pass through the membranes easily.
ii. Temperature
Temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles. Therefore the rate of diffusion increases with
an increase in temperature.
iii. Concentration gradient. The bigger the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of
diffusion and vice versa.
iv. State of substance
Diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids. In liquids the rate of diffusion is higher than in
solids.
v. Thickness of diffusion membrane
Diffusion is faster on thinner surface than thick surface. This is so because particles move for a
short distance.
35. a. it help in gaseous exchange in plants
b. it helps roots to absorb water but it also helps opening and closing of the guard cells and stomates
c. it helps Plants to absorb mineral ions from the soil.

36. Manufactured food move from cell to tubes by active transport supported by companion
cells. Water moves by osmosis and enters the tube this causes pressure which creates the
movement of substances.
37.
a. Phloem
b. It transports manufactured food from leaves to other parts of plants

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 c. It has companion cells that assist in transport, it has sieve tubes which helps in the
transportation of sucrose. It has a mitochondria which provides energy for active
transport.
d. It provides energy for active transport.
e. Because sometimes the manufactured food will move from their storage organs to
the places where new leaves are growing
38. .
a) a-cuticle b-upper epidermis layer c-palisade mesophyll, d-spongy mesophyll e-
guard cells f-stomata h- lower epidermis i-vascular bundle
b) Part a prevents entry of water, parts b and h protects the inner parts of the leaf, parts
C and d carries out photosynthesis. Parts e and `f helps in gaseous exchange
c) The irregular arrangement of cells labelled d allows water and air to circulate freely
in the leaf.
d) Air would not have been circulating in a free manner as it does
e) Part c because there is much chlorophyll
f) Diffusion
g) It is composed of xylem which transport water and mineral from the soil to the
leaves. It is also composed of phloem which responsible for transporting the
manufactured food to other parts of the plant.
h) When the guard cells are turgid they bend there by creating an opening and when
it is flaccid it straightens and the stomata is closed

39.
a. A is petiole B is apex C is leaf margin D is lamina E is
midrib
b. Petiole exposes the leaf to the sun so that it receives maximum sunlight. The
function of apex is unclear, the function of leaf margin is not clear lamina absorbs
sunlight. Veins of the midrib take water from the soil to the leaf and transfer sucrose
from the leaf to the other parts
c. Dicotyledonous plants
d. Because the leaf has network venation
e. i. When part labelled A is long the leaf becomes more exposed to the sun so that it
receives maximum sunlight for photosynthesis.
ii. When part D is broad the surface area for the absorption of sunlight is increased

VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES

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40.
a. Mollusks
b. It has a shell and a muscular foot
c. M is shell K antenna muscular foot
d. For movement and anchoring
e. It has a shell for protection, it has foot for anchoring
41.
a. Arachnids
b. It has four pairs of legs and two main body regions
c. It feeds through parasitism
42.
a) Amphibians
b) Both land and water
c) It has webbed feet for swimming, it has double eyelid one of which is transparent to cover
eyes in water. They produce a poisonous fluid from their body which protect them from
their predator
d) Sexual reproduction. They are involved in external fertilization where male frog produces
sperms that fertilize the jelly eggs
e) Amphibians spend part of their lives on water and part of their lives on land. They have
permeable skin, which gases and some molecules penetrate; they also have gills for some
portion of their lives. They are four legged
43.
a) a is a chilopod b is a dilopod
b) A has one pair of legs per segment while b has two pairs of jointed legs per segment
c) They live in terrestrial environment which is humid

44.
a. A is rolling B is yawing C is pitching
b. Yawing is brought about by pectoral fins. To turn to the left the pectoral fin of the left side
is spread and the right side pectoral fin is held close to the body, to turn to the right the
pectoral fin of the right side is spread and the right side pectoral fin is held close to the

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 body. Pitching uses dorsal and ventral fins. It also used swim bladder to change level in
water
c. When they contract they pull the bones of the vertebral column and when the relax the
bones of the vertebral column straightens and this creates movement in fish
d. Propulsion which is brought about by the tail and mystomes to create force that pushes the
fish forward

45.
a. a is a full bar or Gill bone, b is gill filament and c is gill racket
b. It has many capillaries through which inhaled oxygen diffuses from the girls to the body,
they are firmly attached to the Gill bone which make them strong. They are highly folded
so as to increase surface area for gaseous exchange

46.
a) Flapping
b) For the wings to be flapped up the pectoralis minor contract puling the wings up. At
the same time the pectoralis major relax. For the wings to be flapped down the
pectoralis major contract puling the wings down. At the same time the pectoralis minor
relax.
c) When the pectoralis minor contract they cause upstroke while when the pectoralis
major contract they bring about down stroke.
47.
a. a-lateral line, b-dorsal fin c-tail fin, d-pelvic fin e-ventral fin f-pectoral fin
b. It has gills for breathing in water. It has streamlined body to overcome dragging force
of water.
c. It has streamlined body to overcome dragging force of water, it has a very powerful
muscles called myostomes which helps in locomotion, it has find used for different
types of swimming. The scales are arranged pointing one direction to reduce dragging
force of Esther when swimming
d. It has swim bladder for buoyance. The body is covered with mucus which reduce
friction between water and the fish.
e. Myostomes

48.
a) Both have streamlined body to reduce drag when moving. Both have powerful muscles
that help in movement.
b) Fish
c) Birds

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ANSWERS FOR DIGESTION
1. The role of the tongue is to roll food so as to xix it with saliva. It also pushes the food back
to the esophagus. The tongue has also taste buds that are responsible to taste the food
2. The tongue is adapted to its functions by the means of its taste buds that help in testing the
food
3. During digestion in the mouth the food is broken down into small particles. It is rolled by
the tongue so as to be mixed with the saliva so as to be softened and made slippery for easy
swallowing.
4. Saliva is composed of mucus which makes the food to be slippery for easy swallowing, it
also has water which softens the food. Saliva has also an enzyme called salivary amylase
which digest starch into maltose
5. By the churning action of the stomach walls
6. Starch which is converted into maltose
7. Stomach
8. Gastrointestinal tract
9. It makes swallowing easy. It also increases the surface area on which the enzymes work
on
10. It makes swallowing easy. It also increases the surface area on which the enzymes work on
11. Sublingual located below the front of the tongue, submandibular located beneath flow
of the mouth and parotid gland located in the front of the ears
12. Renin digest milk protein/ casinogen while pepsin digest proteins into polyptides
13. The swallowed bones will not be dissolve. And if foreign bacteria that enters the
gastrointestinal tract will not be killed. At the same time the enzymes that work well under
the acidic condition will not be able to work.
14. Bile gives the feacal matter its colour. This is done when the undigested food mixes with
bile. Secondly bile emulsifies fats by breaking them down into small particles
15. Pancreatic lipase digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol, pancreatic amylase digest
starch into maltose while trypsin digest proteins into peptides
16. Intestinal juice has sucrose which digest sucrose into glucose and fructose, maltase which
digest maltose into glucose, lactase which digest lactose into glucose and galactose. It also
has peptidase into polyptides into amino acids
17. Vitamin K
18. Enzymes are chemicals that are produced in the alimentary canal and facilitate digestion
by breaking food substances into simple substances.
19. Both digest proteins into peptides
20.
Enzyme Food substance digested End product
sucrase sucrose Glucose + fructose
maltase maltose glucose
lactase lactose Glucose + galactose
peptidase polyptides Amino acids
Lipase Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol

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 21. Enzymes are protein in nature, this means that they are made up of proteins, they work
under specific pH. Some work better in alkaline conditions while others work better in
acidic conditions. Enzymes are also specific in their action it means that they speed up
particular chemical reaction, each enzyme binds itself to particular substrate. They also
work best within the narrow temperature range. They work best at 370C. At low
temperature they are inactive at high temperature they are denatured.
22. Carbohydrases, protease and lipase
23. At 400C the enzymes are denatured, at 350C they work properly at 00c the enzymes are
inactive
24. Pepsin and renin are the enzyme that work better under acidic condition, these are located
in the stomach. maltase and sucrase work better under alkaline condition and are located
in the small intestine.
25. They are long to increase surface area for digestion and absorption. They have villi that
increase the surface area for absorption. They have thin epithelia for quick diffusion of
digested food. They are surrounded by dense network of capillaries which carry digested
food into the blood stream. They have more mitochondria in the epithelial cells which help
in active transport of digested food substrates.
26. Fatty acids and glycerol
27. In the stomach,in the colon and in the ileum
28. Vitamin K
29.

30. Assimilation
31. Glycogen and fats
32. Glucose is used for respiration. Amino acids are reassembled to make proteins which are
used for growth, repairing of worn-out tissue but also making of enzymes and hormones.
Fatty acids recombine to form fats which give energy and act as shock absorbers.
33. The liver is involved in deamination which is the breaking down of excess amino acids. It
is also involved called transamation. The second role is transamination which involves
making amino acids by transferring amino group from available amino acids and combine
with sugar. The liver also control lipids such as cholesterol which can cause harm to the
body if it is in excess. The liver also produce bile which emulsify fats. The other thing that
the liver does is to act as storage organs for vitamins like A, D, E and K. The liver also
control blood sugar level by converting excess glucose to glycogen under the influence of
a hormone called insulin.

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 34. Stomach ulcers- this is the development of wounds along the alimentally canal especially
the epithelial walls, stomach and gullet. It can be a result of bacterial infection, too much
production of acid in the stomach but also stress among other factors. Diarrhea _this is the
passing out of watery feaces. Heart burn- this is a burning feeling on the lower part of the
chest and bitter or sour taste on the throat when belching. Nausea and vomiting_ this is
an uncomfortable feeling that comes just before vomiting. Vomiting happens when the
cardiac sphincter opens causing the food in the stomach to be forced out of the mouth
through esophagus. Constipation this is a disorder where an individual takes too long to
defecate. The feaces are hardened and this makes it hard for one to defecate.
35. Gallbladder
36. In the liver
37. In the duodenum
38. Bile and pancreatic juice
39. pH. Some enzymes will not work better under acidic condition while others will work
better under acidic conditions. Others will not work better under alkaline conditions while
others will. Temperature_ higher temperature denatures enzymes, low temperature will
make enzymes inactive optimum temperature which is 370c will make enzymes to work
better. When particles of the food substance are larger the enzymes do dog work better but
when the particles are smaller the enzymes work better because small particles increase the
surface area on which enzymes work on. When it comes to nature of substance we must
know that each enzyme has specific food substance that it works on. Eg lipase will work
on lipids only
40. Carbohydrates__Maltose> glucose. Sucrose_glucose +fractose. Lactose_glucose
+galactose. Lipids> fatty acids and glycerol. Proteins>amino acids
41. Food absorption involves the movement of digested food substances from the alimentally
canal into the blood across the walls of small intestines. It is aided by the presence of the
finger like projections found along the alimentally canal called villi and the capillaries that
surround the ileum and the colon. Amino acids and glucose are absorbed into the capillaries
though two means diffusion and active transport. Fatty acids are absorbed into both
capillaries and lacteal.
42. Absorption of water, absorption of vitamins, and temporary storage of feacal matters.
43. Assimilation is the making use of that absorbed food substance to make new body parts
44. Glucose is used to give energy through the process called respiration, amino acids
reassemble to make proteins which are used for growth, repairing of worn out tissue,
making enzymes and hormones. Fatty acids recombine to form fats that are used for energy
and shock absorbing.
45. Physical Exercise, taking of anti-acid, avoiding stress etc.
46. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, ileum, colon.
47. Ingestion is the taking in of food
48. It is where digestion and food absorption takes place
49. Breaking down of substances into small particles that can be used by the body.
50. Breaking down of fats into small particles by the action of bile.
51. It refers to food substance.
52. Intracellular enzymes are found inside and work within the cell. And they are metabolical
in their mode of work. Extracellular are the ones that work outside the cells after being
produced by glands it walls of the alimentally canal.

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 53. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
54. Salivary amylase, sucrase, lactase ,maltase and pancreatic amylase
55. Salivary amylase is located in the mouth, pancreatic amylase is found in the pancreas, while
sucrase, maltase and lactase are located in the ileum.
56. Physical digestion involves the use of physical force while chemical digestion uses
enzymes
57. It breaks food substances into small particles for easy swallowing. At the same time by
breaking down food substance it increases surface area for enzymes to work on
58. Chemical substance
59. It makes absorption easier by breaking the food substance further into very small particles
that can be absorbed by the body.
60. Cardiac located above the stomach ,pyloric located below stomach and anal sphincter at
the end of the colon
61. They prevent the back flowing of food along the alimentally canal. At the same time the
help to control the coming out of feacal matter anyhow
62. Digestion and absorption
63. Peristalsis. This is wave like movement along the alimentally canal and it helps to push the
food down the esophagus. Diffusion this is the movement of particles from where they are
highly concentrated to where their concentration is low. Active transport _this is the
movement of particles form area of low concentration to area of high concentration
64. Mouth site of physical digestion , it is also where food is moistened and softened, ileum is
a site of food absorption, colon site of water and vitamin absorption, stomach where acid
to kill bacteria and dissolve bones is produced. Anus_ passage of feaces
65. Starch
66. Peristalsis is a wave like movement along the alimentally canal and it helps to push the
food down the esophagus.
67. Rugae are the folds found inside the stomach wall. They help in the churning of food so as
to mix it with saliva. It also produces hydrochloric acid.
68. Pepsin and chymotrypsin
69. Hydrochloric acid is produced by stomach walls while gastric juice is produced by gastric
glands
70. Provide acidic condition for enzymes that work better under acidic pH. It kills foreign
bacteria. It dissolves bones that are taken in a meal. It activated pepsinogen to pepsin
71. It's walls produce mucus which protects the walls from acid attack
72. Small intestine are the longest and this is advantageous because it increases surface area
for digestion and absorption
73. Duodenum_ this is the very first part of the intestine. It is located just after the stomach. It
is very short. It is where secretion of bile and pancreatic juice take place. Ileum this is the
longest part of the intestine. It I is highly folded and has the epithelial layer that is one cell
thick. This is a site of absorption. It is also surrounded by dense network of capillaries. It
has villi which helps to increase surface area for absorption
74.
a) A mouth B-esophagus C-stomach D-pancreas E-colon F-ileum G-liver
b) Both physical and chemical digestion

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 c) They are long to increase surface area for digestion and absorption. They have villi that
increase the surface area for absorption. They have thin epithelia for quick diffusion
of digested food. They are surrounded by dense network of capillaries which carry
digested food into the blood stream. They have more mitochondria in the epithelial
cells which help in active transport of digested food substrates.
d) Part labelled G is involved in deamination which is the breaking down of excess amino
acids. The second role is transamination which involves making amino acids by
transferring amino group from available amino acids and combine with sugar. The liver
also control lipids such as cholesterol which can cause harm to the body if it is in excess.
The liver also produce bile which emulsify fats. The other thing that the liver does is to
act as storage organs for vitamins like ADE and K. The liver also control blood sugar
level by converting excess glucose to glycogen under the influence of a hormone called
insulin.
e) Absorption of water, absorption of vitamins, temporally storage of undigested food
before egestion
f) Vitamin K
g) Pancreatic amylase digest uncooked starch into maltose. Pancreatic lipase digest fat
droplets to fatty acids and glycerol
h) Part c secrets HCl which kills bacteria that are ingested with food. It also dissolves
bones taken in a meal. Part c also produces pepsin and chymotrypsin which digest
proteins to polypeptides.
i) Maltase digest maltose into glucose, sucrase digest sucrose into glucose and fructose,
lactase digest lactose into glucose and galactose, peptidase digest peptides into amino
acids
j) Peristalsis takes place in part B, Emulsification takes place in part H, churning takes
place in part C, transamation and bile production take place in part G
k) Food is broken down into smaller particles, food is soften for easy swallowing and
starch is digested to maltose
l) Part c
75.
a. A villus
b. It increases the surface area on which food is absorbed. It also has glands that secrets
enzymes for digestion
c. X-epithelial cells, y-lacteal z-capillaries q-enzyme gland
d. X enhances quick diffusion of digested food z carries digested substance into blood
stream, y absorbs fatty acids and glycerol q produces maltase digest maltose into
glucose

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 e. It has tiny fold called microvilli to increase surface area for food absorption, it has
glands that secret maltase that digest maltose into glucose, it has thin epithelial layer
for quick diffusion of food. It has goblet cells that produce mucus that protects the guts
against digestion by body’s own enzyme. It has capillaries that supply blood to the
villus and transports glucose and amino acids
f. Maltase
g. Maltase digest maltose into glucose
76.
a. tooth
b. Mouth
c. It crushes food into small particles for easy swallowing at the same time increasing
surface area on which enzymes work on.
d. It has flat surface for grinding, it has tough outer coat that does not get worn out easily

ANSWERS FOR HUMAN CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
1. a. 1. Aorta [Link] venacava [Link] pulmonary artery [Link] pulmonary vein 5. Right
atrium [Link] valve [Link] ventricle [Link] venacava [Link] pulmonary artery 10.
Left Pulmonary vein [Link] atrium 12. Bicuspid valve [Link] valve 14. Left ventricle
[Link] aorta
b. vessel 1
c. it helps the heart to be able to push blood on a longer distance
d. vessel 2 brings blood from upper part of the body e.g. head into the heart while vessel 8 brings
blood from the lower parts of the body such as legs into the heart
e. vessel 1 because it has high blood pressure
f. valves
g. blood enters right auricle and when the auricle is full it is pushed into right ventricle. When the
right ventricle is filled it squeezes the blood to the heart through the pulmonary artery. When the
blood reaches the lungs and gets oxygenated it gets back to the left auricle heart through pulmonary
veins. When the left auricle gets filled by blood, it squeezes blood into the left ventricle. When the
left ventricle gets filled it squeezes the blood to the rest of the body through the aorta.
h. they prevent the back flowing of blood as the flow through the heart.
i. because there is high pressure
j. blood in vessel 8 has low oxygen while blood in vessel 1 has high oxygen content
k. atrial systole
l. (structure 2) superior venacava
m.
STRUCTURE 8 STRUCTURE 15
Has valves No valves

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 Has Wider lumen Has narrow lumen
Has thin connective tissue Has thick connective tissue
n. structures 5,7, 8 and 14
o. Structure 1 takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body while structure 3 takes
the blood away from the heart to the lungs
p. structure 4 takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart while structure 8 takes
deoxygenated blood to the heart
q. cardiac arrest. Heart attack and coronary thrombosis

2. a. A. is red blood cell B. white blood cell C. platelets

b. cell A carries respiratory gases cell B provides protection while cell C helps in blood clotting
c. RBC have biconcave shape to increase the surface area for carrying respiratory gases. RBC
have also hemoglobin on which oxygen is carried. White blood cells have lobed nucleus that enable
them to squeeze through to an area of infection. Platelets produce a chemicals called platelets
factor necessary for blood clot to take place
d. it produces thromboplastin which helps in blood clotting
e. cell A
f. sickle cell anemia
g. leukemia
h. anemia
i. blood donation, good diet rich in iron
j. phagocytes and lymphocytes
k. it enable them to squeeze through to an area of infection
l. it increases the surface area on which the red blood cells carry respiratory gases
3. hormones, oxygen and digested food substances
4. it transports oxygen, it transports hormones, it is involved in defense against disease, it
distribute heat in the body, it carries digested food substances to the cells of the tissue
5. the heart, blood and blood vessels
6. septum, valves, auricles,ventrical and heart muscles
7.

8. Pericardium
9. It prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
10. Because auricles push blood to a shorter distance while ventricles push blood at a longer distance
11. Four
12. It doesn’t get tired. Its myogenic

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13. It means that the contraction and relaxation of the heart is started by the heart itself
14. right side
15. it has thick muscular wall to resist pressure, they are located deep within the skin, they have
fibrous outer coat which helps to resist pressure, it has thick elastic layer to resist pressure, they
have narrow lumen which helps them to withstand high pressure
16. this is the inner lining of the arteries
17. it is the pumping of blood that can be felt by putting a finger on an artery
18. pressure
19. arteries have thick walls capillaries have thin walls, capillaries have pores while arteries have no
pores
20. presence of pores, they have thin walls and are semipermeable
21. to increase surface are on which diffusion to take place
22. portal veins are veins that carry blood from one organ to another and have capillaries at both ends
23. pulmonary vein and umbilical vein
24. by presence of valves that prevents back flow of blood
25. hepatic portal vein
26. Arteries have narrow lumen and thick elastic fiber and fibrous coat. All these help them to
withstand pressure.
27. Capillaries are blood vessels that that are one cell thick and have pores. They are found between
arteries and veins
28.
VEINS ARTERIES
Blood has low pressure Blood has high pressure
No pulse arteries have pulse
Have wider lumen Have narrow lumen
Have valves Has no valves

29. Blood is made up of plasma which is the liquid part of blood. It has water as part of its content.
Blood has also red blood cells that are responsible for transporting respiratory gases. Red blood
cells have biconcave shape which helps them to have a large surface area on which the gases are
carried. The other component of blood is platelets these are like fragments that are made from the
manufacturing of other blood cells. Platelets are responsible blood clotting.
30. Red blood cells have biconcave shape which helps them to have a large surface area on which the
gases are carried
31. In order for them to be many/ numerous so as to increase the surface area to carry respiratory gases
32. The absence of nucleus in red blood cells increases the surface area on which respiratory gases are
carried
33. A protein called haemoglobin
34. The liver
35. It is reused to make haemoglobin in the red blood cells
36. They carry oxygen from lungs to the cells of the body tissue, They carry carbon dioxide from cells
of the body tissue to the lungs where it is expired
37. Lungs
38. Infection by pathogen
39. Lymphocytes and phagocytes

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40. It is able to twist itself and squeeze itself through capillary walls and go to the site of infection to
engulf the pathogen
41. Bone marrows
42. In the bone marrows and the thymus
43. It prevents the entry of bacteria into the body it also prevents loss of blood.
44. Coronary thrombosis is the unnecessary clotting in the heart arteries
45. Phagocytes
46. Their nucleus is not lobed
47. They produce chemicals called antibodies that fight against pathogen, they produce the chemical
that neutralize the toxin from the pathogen, they produce the chemical that dissolves the pathogen
48. Unlike lymphocytes that produce chemicals called antibodies that fight against pathogen, they
produce the chemical that neutralize the toxin from the pathogen, they produce the chemical that
dissolves the pathogen phagocytes work by engulfing the pathogen and digest
Lymphocytes work by engulfing the pathogen then it produces enzymes that digest the pathogen.
On the other hand lymphocytes act through the use of antibodies which attaches and attack
pathogen. It also produce antitoxic substance that neutralize poison produced by pathogen
49. RBC have biconcave shape and have irregular shape, RBC have no nucleus while wbc have
nucleus, RBC have haemoglobin WBC do not contain Haemoglobin, RBC are small in size and
are large in size.
50. Haemoglobin is a protein. This protein contains iron and it is the one that gives RBC it's colour

51. The role of haemoglobin is to carry oxygen. It does this by allowing oxygen to attach itself to it
until it reaches the cells of the body tissue. When oxygen reaches the tissue cells it is disassociated
from haemoglobin and enters into a cell where it is used in the process of respiration
52. Glucose, RBC, WBC, protein, hormones
53.

54. When the blood vessel is cut platelets release thromboplastin which converts prothrombin to
thrombin. Thrombin converts plasma protein called fibrinogen to fibrin. It is fibrin that get tangled
up to form a mesh like structure which prevents the coming out of blood.
55. The liver
56. It is blockage of capillaries caused by unnecessary by blood clotting. It is hazardous because it can
cause stroke
57. Heart attack- this is a condition where the heart tissue becomes damaged and stops function. It is
a result of blocked coronary artery which makes it impossible for the heart tissues to stop receiving

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 oxygen and nutrients. Cardiac arrest-this conditions comes in when the heart’s electrical system
called pulse makers malfunctions as a result the heart stops to pump blood. Hypertension-this is
a condition where the flowing of blood in the vessels is higher than normal. It results from
conditions like stress, smoking etc. Heart failure, this is a condition where by the heart muscle
fails to pump enough blood as required by the body. Varicose veins, in this condition the veins
become enlarged and the valves do not work properly.
58. It transports excess water back to the blood circulatory system
59. Lymph, lymph vessels lymph organs
60. It is the tissue fluid that has joined the lymph vessel
61. Subclavian veins on the neck
62. Lymph capillaries have endothelium. They also have valves which prevent back flow of the lymph
and they are blind ended.
63. When the muscle contract they squeeze the lymph vessel which cause the lymph colour to flow
64. Breathing
65. It is formed when the plasma that leaks in the capillaries does not join the blood circulatory system.
It formed tissue fluid and then joins the lymph vessel.
66. Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils And Lymph Nodes
67. Spleen.
68. Spleen
69. Lymph node
70. [Link] a liquid part of blood, tissue fluid is the plasma that leaks from capillaries while lymph
is the tissue fluid that enters the lymph vessels. Plasma is found in blood vessels tissue fluid is
found between tissues whereas lymph is found in lymph vessels
71. Blood circulatory system has red blood cells, lymphatic circulatory system has no RBC. Blood
flow through blood vessels lymph flows via lymph vessels. Blood has red colour lymph is below
in colour. Blood circulatory system has a heart that pumps blood yet lymphatic system has no
pump
72. a. a-tonsils b-cervical e-mesenteric lymph nodes f-groin
72. b C-thymus d-spleen
72.c It produces lymphocytes called killer T cells which fights against HIV
72. d It produces thymosin which stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes
72. e It filters blood by the use of lymphocytes present in them. The lymphocytes engulf the
pathogens. It also acts as a place where blood is kept. It also removes the damaged RBC
from. Blood
73. a. It is a lung and it is involved in oxygenating of blood. For blood to carry oxygen it must [Link]
the lungs where it gets oxygenated
b. It destroyed old red blood cells but also it produces prothrombin which is involved

74.
i. a is vein b is capillaries c is an artery
ii. a has wider lumen b has poles and c has narrow lumen and thick elastic fibre
iii. Vessel c
iv. Vessel a

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v. a has valves to prevent back flowing of blood, it has a wider lumen to enable the blood to be
entering the heart at low pressure. B has poles through which plasma and other food substances
diffuse through. It is also one cell thick to enhance quick diffusion of food substances, oxygen and
plasma. C has narrow lumen to resist pressure. It has also a very thick and tough elastic fibre to
withstand the pressure.
75.

76.
a) The heart
b) A_ coronary artery B-aorta C-pericardium
c) It brings oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
d) Coronary thrombosis
e) Heart failure of heart attack
f) Eating of food with too much fat

ANSWERS TO HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1) Abstainance this involves not involving in sexual intercourse, rhythm_ this is a calendar
based method where by people use the calendar for menstrual cycle. They can have sexual
intercourse on unfertile days and abstain on fertile days of a woman to avoid pregnancy. Coitus
interruptus- this method involves withdrawal of the penis he wants to ejaculate during sex.
2) A sperm has mitochondria on its neck which supplies energy to the sperm enabling bit to
swim. It also has acrosome on this head which contains enzyme Thad disperse follicle cells around
the ovum so that the sperm should penetrate into the nucleus of the [Link] also has a tail which
aids the sperm to swim.
3) Head has acrosome, neck has mitochondria and tail
4) The acidity of the vagina is neutralized by the semen which is alkaline in nature
5) Urine is cleaned and neutralized by semen
6) Semen is the combination of sperms and other secretions
7) Sperm, sugar, mucus and alkaline substances

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8) Vasectomy which involves the cutting and tying up of sperm duct so that even if one
ejaculates the sperms won't come out. Condoms these are rubber that is worn on the penis so
sheath that the sperms should not enter the vagina. Norplant is a capsule that is inserted in the arm
of a woman. It secrets the medicine inside it into the body. To prevents ovulation to happen.
Diaphragm is a curved rubber sheath that is placed at the cervix to prevent the entry of sperm into
the uterus.
9) Abstainace
10) Excess bleeding at birth. Unsafe abortion. Infection during pregnancy.
11) Sterility. This is inability to conceive or impregnate after having sex for at least a period
of 1 year. STIs-these are diseases that are transmitted through sex whether vaginal oral or annal.
Maternal mortality is the death that is related to or happen pregnancy it the one that happen at
birth. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that is caused by human papilloma found in men.
12) a. A_Urinary bladder, b_seminal vesicle, c_prostate gland, d-scrotum, e-testes, f-urethra,
g-sperm duct h-penis.
b. Part g (sperm duct)
c. Part c (prostate gland)
d. Part a (bladder) and part f (urethra)
e. Part e (testes)
f. It would have been under high temperature which would kill the sperm because sperms need
moderate temperature.
g. In order for them to get matured.
14. A. It has an enzymes that digest and disperse follicle cells to allow the sperm to penetrate
the egg so that fertilization takes place.
b. B is tail and it helps the sperm to swim c is a mitochondrion it supplies energy needed for
the sperm to work properly.
c. 23
15. It has erective tissue that will help it to erect so as to work well. It has sensitive cells that will
make the penis to erect but also for a person to have a sense of tactility. It has urethra through
which the sperms pass through. It is long for easy entering of vagina canal and for easy
depositing of sperm into vagina
16.
a. a-Oviduct, b-ovary, c-uterine wall, d-cervix, e-vagina canal
b. The beating of the cilia found inside the fallopian tube

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 c. Part b (ovary)
d. It has cilia which helps the movement of the ovum, it is funnel shaped at the end so as to
direct the moving ovum from ovary into the tube

e. Part a (fallopian tube)

f. Part c _ uterine wall

g. part e _ vagina

h. part b. ( ovary)
i. Part uterine wall
j. To protect the entry of bacteria during pregnancy hence protecting the baby

k. Part c
l. One can have what is called ectopic pregnancy and this leads to death
17. Fusion of male and female gametes
18. It is the passing out of uterine wall and blood through vagina in females
19. Healing of endometrium. This happens with the secretion of the estrogen that helps the
previous uterine wall that was shed to be replaced, repair and heal, ovulation is the release of an
ovum from the ovary. It happens as the LH reaches its peak. Thickening of endometrium happens
when the grafian follicles releases progesterone and estrogen causing the uterine wall to be
enriched with capillaries. It is done so that the embryo can be implanted in the uterine wall.
Menstruation this is the shedding off of the uterine lining that takes place when the progesterone
levels drop.
20. 28 days
21.
a. FSH stimulates the development of follicle cells
b. Oestrogen is responsible for repairing of the uterine wall that was she'd during menstruation
but also it triggers the production of luteinizing hormone which enables ovulation to happen
c. LH helps ovulation to take place but also it makes the grafian follicle into corpus Leteum
d. Progesterone helps in thickening of the endometrium so that the pregnancy is sustained
22. Progesterone
23. Oestrogen
24. It develops when the grafian follicle has been changed by the action of luteinizing hormone

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25. Rapturing of grafian follicle which results into releasing of an egg called Ovulation
26. Progesterone
27. To make sure that another ovulation doesn't take place
28. Movement within the uterine wall but also the beating of cilia of the uterine wall
29. Fusion of male and female gametes
30. Oviduct
31. After ejaculation the sperms will swim into the uterus and make their way into the Oviduct to
meet the ovulated ovum. When the sperm s meet the egg the enzymes found in the acrosome
disperses the follicle cells. Only one sperm will enter into the ovum. When the head of the sperm
which also contains nucleus enters the egg, the tail is cut. The head moves and fuse with the nucleus
of the ovum. In this way 23 chromosomes from man fuses with other 23 chromosomes to make
one cell which starts to divide through mitosis to form a foetus
32. To prevent further entering and fusion of the ovum with other sperms which can give rise to a
child with more chromosomes than usual.
33. Conception is the development of the fertilized egg. It happens when the fertilized egg starts
to undergo a series of cell division called mitosis.
34. Identical twins come about when one fertilized ovum divide into two and star to develop.
Fraternal twins are a result of two different ova getting fertilized by two different sperms and each
develop on its own.
35. Blastocyst is a mass of cells that are undergoing mitosis
36. Because finger like projections help it attachment of the foetus to the mother but also for
nutrients absorption from the mother.
37. Tissue and blood capillaries
38. Placenta helps in exchange of materials between foetus and mother. It also produces oestrogen
which sustains pregnancy by thickening the endometrium. It also protect the baby from harmful
substances
39. It has selective membrane which allows other substances to pass while others do not pass. It
has special cells that produce oestrogen which sustains pregnancy. It has also a tin membrane
which allows the nutrients to diffuse through. It is also highly folded to increase surface area on
which fetal to Mother material exchange takes place
40. Immunity of the baby would have been compromised but also the fetal blood vessels would
have bursted because mother will have high blood pressure
41. Umbilical vein has nutrients and oxygenated blood while in umbilical artery we find low
nutrients and deoxygenated blood

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42. 38_40 weeks
43. They contain amniotic fluid which cushions the unborn baby but also provide good
environment for the foetus
44. Amniotic cavity has amniotic fluid which cushions the unborn baby but also provide good
environment for the foetus
45. It enhances further thickening of the endometrium to which the foetus attaches itself.
46. It goes down and this triggers the production of oxytocin
47. Oxytocin causes the contraction of the uterine walls which helps the unborn baby to be
squeezed out
48. Towards the end of gestation period progesterone levels drop and this triggers the production
of oxytocin. When oxytocin level s rise the uterine wall will start to contract giving a severe pain
called labor pain. The contraction of the uterine wall will cause the amniotic sack to burst to release
amniotic fluid. The cervix will also widen so as to allow the baby to pass through. The contraction
of the uterine walls will squeeze the baby out and the baby is born heard first and then the rest of
the body. After the baby is born the uterine walls and the placenta are shed off as what is called
afterbirth.
49. Proteins and lactose
50. It provide natural passive immunity to the baby, it cleans the alimentally canal, it helps the
baby to have strong bones, it reduces infant mortality rate. Reduces illnesses in the child.
51. Exclusive breastfeeding refers to the breast feeding of the baby for six months without food. It
is important because it helps in mental growth of the baby
52. a Cow milk has more proteins as such it is difficult to digest. This can lead to constipation it
is unhygienic when handling the bottle. Cow milk for babies is expensive
52. b It enhances prevention mother to child transmission of HIV
53. Internal fertilization happens inside the body while external happens outside the body
54.a a-placenta b-umbilical cord c-amniotic fluid d-choroin
54.b. It has selective membrane which allows other substances to pass while others do not pass. It
has special cells that produce oestrogen which sustains pregnancy. It has also a tin membrane
which allows the nutrients to diffuse through. It is also highly folded to increase surface area on
which fetal to Mother material exchange takes place
54. c. It bursts
54. d Part c cushions the un born baby but also provide good environment for the foetus. It also
contains nutrients that the baby suck
55.

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 a. Condom
b. Barrier method
c. Condom as a rubber sheath it works by preventing the sperms from entering into the vagina
canal and the uterus. Hence preventing fertilization
d. It is not 100, % because it can burst, some feel irritation after use

ANSWERS FOR GENETICS

1. Genetics is the study of genes, genetic
variation, and heredity in organism
2. Gregoire Mendel
3.
a. A section of the DNA that codes for particular information
b. DNA is a double stranded material or molecule that is found inside the nucleus and it carries
the genes which carry information for development and other bodily activities
c. A material that is formed by the coiling of the DNA strand
d. An allele that influences the character in the presence of other allele
e. A gene that cannot express itself in the presence of dominant allele
f. A genetic makeup which has dominant alleles only
g. A genetic makeup that has a dominant allele and recessive allele
h. A genetic makeup with two alleles which are both recessive
i. Genetic makeup of an organism
j. Outward appearance of an organism or observable characteristics of an organism.
4. Law of segregation
5. It says that during the process of meiosis two chromosomes of the same type must separate into
different gametes
6. They were easy to work with and they were plenty
7. It is type of inheritance where one trait only is considered.
8. a

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8.b. Phynotype Black 2: white 2. Or 1:1. Genotype Bb 2: bb2. Or 1:1
9. Autosomes are chromosomes that control bodily characteristics of an organism while sex
chromosomes are chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
10. 22 pairs
11. 2 types i.e. X and Y sex chromosomes
12. These are genes that are carried on the sex chromosomes but they do not determine sex of an
organism
13. It is composed of two X sex chromosomes (XX)
14. It carries more genes than Y sex chromosome
15. When X sex chromosome from a male gamete meets X sex chromosome from a female gamete
the baby to be born is a girl with a genetic makeup of XX. When a Y sex chromosome meets an X
sex chromosome the baby to be born has a genetic makeup of XY and it a boy.
16. Because she has similar or same sex gametes
17.

18. Linkage refers to how genes are arranged or connected in a chromosome

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19. Linkage refers to how genes are arranged or connected in a chromosome while sex linked
genes are genes that are carries on a sex chromosome
20. Hair in the nose, hemophilia and baldness
21.

22.
a. Process X
b. It helps in growth and it helps in replacing warn out tissues
c. X is meiosis and Y is mitosis
d. Process X
e. It leads to the formation of sex gametes which are involved in fertilization and
reproduction.
f. So that the half of the number of chromosomes from male and female gametes meet the
normal chromosome numbers is maintained in the offspring so that it has the same
chromosome number as that of parents.
23.
a. DNA
b. Inside the nucleus
c. It carries the genetic information which controls traits of an organism and is inherited from
parent to offspring
d. It is a sugar-phosphate strand

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 e. Adenine

TRPOPISMS
1) Define tropisms
2) Describe four types of tropisms
3) Discuss the role of auxins in geo tropism and photo tropism
4) How different is nastic movement from tropisms
5) Give any two plants that show nastic movements
6) state any two carnivorous plants you know
7) Explain how nastic movements take place in flytrap and mimosa pudica
8) Define a stimulus
9) What difference is there between positive tropism and negative tropism?
10) What is the other name for thigmotropism?
11) Which part of a plant will show the following?
a) Negative phototropism
b) Positive phototropism
c) Positive geotropisms
d) Negative geotropism
e) Positive hydrotropism
f) Negative hydrotropism
12) Design an experiment that you would carry out to investigate positive phototropism in
plants
13) Design an experiment that you would carry out investigate geotropism in plant roots?
14) Give two points on why phototropism is important
15) What is the stimulus foe geotropism?
16) Why is geotropism important? Give three points
17) Design an experiment that demonstrate hydrotropism in roots
18) Discuss the importance hydrotropism
19) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

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 i. Suggest the aim of the experiment
ii. Why did the plants in the stational clinostat had to bend downwards after three days?
iii. Why were the seeds in rotating clinostat not bending after 3 days?
iv. What conclusion can you draw from the experiment?
v. Explain the role played by auxins in the seeds that were in the clinostat that was not
rotating?

ANSWERS TO TROPISMS
1. Tropisms refers response of biological organisms towards the environmental stimulus

2. Photo-Tropisms is growth or response towards light as stimuli. Most stems/shoots will give a
positive photo tropism whereas roots will give negative phototropism. Positive tropism in shoots
is very important because it enables plants to manufacture their own food through the photo
synthesis because it is able to obtain light. The growth towards sunlight is what is called positive
phototropism whereas the growth away from light is called negative phototropism.

Geo-Tropisms is also known as the gravitropism. It is the growth or movement in response to the
gravity. Gravity refers to the pulling force of the earth. In this type of tropism plants or fungi grow
in response to the gravity. The roots of plants will show positive geotropisms (they grow towards
the pulling gravity as a stimulus) the stem on the contrary will show negative geo/gravitropism
(they grow away from the gravitation

Thigmo-Tropism is the growth or movement in response to a touch stimulus. It is typically found

in twining plants and tendril. The growth on the touching side is slower than the free side. Some
plants will need support of either a plant or any object like a wall. As such they attach themselves
to it or cur around that particular object

Hydro-Tropism is a movement or growth in response to water. In plants the root cap can sense
the water moisture in the soil and can signal to elongating cells of the root, in the end the root can
curve towards the area where moisture is high

3. During phototropism in the stems cells will grow more where as in the roots cells will grow
less. In a plant stem the shaded side contains more auxins and grows longer. The side that faces
the sun has less auxin because auxins are sensitive to light. This causes the stem to bend

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 towards light. The opposite takes place in the roots. Auxins will have the opposite effect on
the root cells. Unlike the shaded part of the stem that grows long and bend towards the light
the shaded part of the root will contain more auxins but it will grow less and it will bend away
from the light.

When it comes to geotropism if a seedling is growing horizontally the bottom side will contain
more auxin and it will grow less because elongation of cells is suppressed, as a result it will bend
towards the force of gravity. Yet in the stem which is horizontally placed the bottom side will as
well have more auxins however unlike the root that burnt towards the gravitation pull this will turn
away from gravity which means it will grow upwards
4. Nastic responses are non-directional movements of plants Tropisms refers response of
biological organisms towards the environmental stimulus
5. Mimosa pudica and Carnivorous Plants)
6. Pitfall traps (pitcher plants and venus fly trap
7. Venus flytrap. It traps the insect and later own digest it. When an insect eg house fly lands on
it the hair like structures detects and quickly roll its leaf the insects is enclosed inside and
pierced by the hairs and when it dies and then digested
Mimosa pudica- the pudica word comes from Latin meaning shy, bashful or shrinking. So the
mimosa pudica (khwinyata) is a plant whose compound leaves fold inward and droop rapidly when
touched or shaken defending themselves from harm. They re-open few minutes later
8. Stimulus is the change in the environment
9. Positive tropism is the growth towards the stimulus while negative tropism is the growth away
from stimulus
10. haptotropism
11. a. Roots
b. Shoots
c. Roots
d. Shoots
e. Roots
f. Shoots
12.
Aim: to investigate positive phototropism in plants

Materials
Maize seedlings in pots at least 3 (coleoptiles should be intact), aluminum foil or dark
paper, razor blade, source of light.
Procedure

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Take pots or tins of growing maize seedlings, pit aluminum foil to the growing seed of
one pot, cut the top of the seedlings and leave another pot with intact coleoptiles. Place
then in a carton or box with an opening facing the source of light.
Observation
You will observe that at the end of 6-24 hours seedlings with bare coleoptile will bend
towards the source of light those that had aluminum foil will not respond because it
couldn’t sense the light and those with no coleoptile will not be response
Conclusion
The plant shoots respond to the light positively while roots will respond negatively

13.

14.
a. It ensures plant shoots to grow towards sun light which is very vital in the process
of photosynthesis
b. In climbing plants it helps the plant to identify the object to climb hence getting
support

15. Gravity

16.
a. It allows the roots to grow into the soil where they access water and mineral salts
for their survival as well as growth
b. It enables the plant to firmly anchor itself to the soil hence it survives some physical
damage
c. Negative geotropism also helps the shoot to grow upwards in the end the leaves are
exposed to light making it possible for the plant to photo synthesize.
17.

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 18. Hydro tropism is important in plants because it enables the plant to access water which is
necessary for growth as well as photosynthesis.

19. i. To investigate geotropism in roots

ii. In the stational clinostat the bottom side of the radicle contains more auxins and it will
grow less because elongation of cells is suppressed, as a result it grows towards the
force of gravity

iii. The roots were not bending because as the clinostat is rotating all sides had equal
diffusion of auxins which made it not to have one side concentrated with auxins for
bending to take place

iv. The roots are the ones that respond positively to the gravity while the shoots shows
negative geotropism

v. In the clinostat which was not rotating the bottom side of the radicle contains more
auxins which suppressed cell elongation this made the lower cells of the roots to grow
less. On the centrally the upper part of the radicle had less auxins and this made the
cells of that side to elongate as a result radicle bended downwards where cells are
short. Hence it grows towards the force of gravity

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. What challenges does anaerobic respiration have?
2. What are the features that are needed for efficient diffusion of respiratory gases to take
place in the respiratory surface?
3. State four components of the human respiratory system
4. What is the role of human respiratory system?
5. Explain the human breathing mechanism
6. Explain how you can carry out resuscitation
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 7. Draw a well labeled diagram of the human respiratory system
8. In which structure of the cell does complete breaking down of glucose takes place?
9. Outline any five adaptations of human respiratory structures
10. Draw well labeled diagrams one for expiration process and another inhalation process
11. State five activities within the body that require energy
12. Why is it advisable to use nose when breathing rather than the mouth?
13. How do the following features of respiratory system function?
a. Alveoli
b. Bronchi
c. Diaphragm
d. Pleural membrane
e. Ribs
f. Incomplete rings of cartilage
14. What is metabolism?
15. What two molecules must be brought to the cell for respiration to happen?
16. Design an experiment that you would carry out to show that water is present in the
exhaled air
17. How can you demonstrate breathing mechanism in human beings using a lung model?
18. In what ways is the lung model limited as a way of demonstrating breathing
mechanism?
19. What are alveoli?
20. Distinguish lymph from tissue fluid
21. Explain the similarities between gaseous exchange in the lungs and in the tissue.
22. What is the percentage of oxygen in exhaled air?
23. How would you show experimentally that heart is produced during respiration?
24. Describe two groups of anaerobes
25. What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants?
26. Give three of each of the following:

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 a) Short term effects of smoking
b) Long term effects of smoking
27. Write a word equation and chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in plants
28. Outline four differences between gaseous exchange in lungs and gaseous exchange in
the tissue
29. Of what importance are the goblet cells of the respiratory tract?
30. How can you show that carbon dioxide is produced during yeast fermentation?
31. Why does breathing rate increase with physical exercise?
32. What three enzymes will catalyze aerobic respiration?
33. Why is breathing important?
34. Write a word equation for anaerobic respiration in human beings
35. State three similarities that exist between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
36. How is anaerobic respiration applied in our day to day life? State four points
37. Describe the process of tissue respiration
38. Explain how muscle cramps develop
39. Write a balanced chemical equation of lactic fermentation/ anaerobic respiration in
animal
40. How is energy that is produced during aerobic respiration used? Give three points
41. Explain how tissue respiration takes place
42. Describe any four abnormal conditions of the respiration system
43. How does the exercise affect the breathing rate?
44. How is human breathing rate affected by the following factors?
i. CO2 concentration
ii. Haemoglobin concentration in the body
iii. Atmospheric pressure and O2 concentration
iv. Bodily emotional change
v. Healthy condition of a person
45. Define the term breathing

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 46. Describe what happens during:
a) Inhalation
b) Expiration
47. What role does medulla oblongata has on the breathing process?
48. Define the following terms
a) Inspiratory capacity
b) Vital capacity
c) Residual volume
d) Tidal volume
e) Expiratory reserve volume
f) Inspiratory reserve volume
g) Total lung capacity
h) Full residual capacity
49. How would you calculate the following?
a. Inspiratory capacity
b. Vital capacity
c. Residual volume
d. Tidal volume
e. Expiratory reserve volume
f. Inspiratory reserve volume
g. Total lung capacity
h. Full residual capacity
50. How different is aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration? Give six points
51. Discuss how oxygen debt comes about
52. Distinguish facultative anaerobes from obligate anaerobes
53. Discuss the process of gaseous exchange in the following places
a) Lungs
b) Tissues
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 54. How are alveoli adapted to their function?
55. How would you take care of a person who is suffering from carbon monoxide
poisoning?
56. Discuss how you can prevent carbon monoxide poisoning
57. Discuss the effects of smoking on the respiratory system
58. What is the significance of pleural membranes?
59. In what form is carbon dioxide when is dissolved in blood?
60. In what way is carbon monoxide dangerous to human healthy?
61. Explain how physical exercises affect
i. Depth of breathing
ii. CO2 concentration
iii. O2 concentration
62. What is the difference between Krebs cycle and glycolysis?
63. Where in the body can you find chemoreceptor cells?
64. What do you understand by the term diffusion gradient?
65. Write a balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration
66. How would you investigate the effects of exercise on breathing rate?
67. Distinguish gaseous exchange from tissue respiration
68. Write the word equation for aerobic respiration?
69. What is the relationship between gaseous exchange and tissue respiration?
70. How are respiratory system, circulatory system and digestive system linked?
71. Draw a longitudinal section through of a mitochondrion
72. What is the difference between Krebs cycle and glycolysis in terms of energy?
73. How is the surface area for respiration increased in the mitochondrion?
74. What five conditions are needed for aerobic respiration to take place?
75. Why do the kidney, sperm, heart muscle and skeletal muscle need more mitochondria?
76. Differentiate Krebs cycle from glycolysis based on the place where they take place
77. How are mitochondria adapted to their functions? Give two points
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 78. Give two types of cellular respiration
79. Why does glycolysis produce less energy?
80. What is glycolysis and where does it take place?
81. Into what form is glucose split when it is in the cytoplasm of the cell?
82. The figure below shows the lung model. Use it to answer the questions that follow

a) Name the parts labeled A and D

b) Name what the apparatus labeled A, B, C and D represent on the human breathing
system
c) What is the limitation of the apparatuses below when it comes demonstrating the
human breathing system
83. The figure below shows the process of gaseous exchange in the alveoli. Use it to
answer the questions that follow.

a. Name the parts labeled A and B

b. How is part labeled A adapted to its function of gaseous exchange. Give four points
c. Give any adaptation of part labeled B that makes it efficient in gaseous exchange
d. Explain in detail how gaseous exchange take place between parts labeled A and B

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 84. The figures below shows the phases in human breathing. Study it carefully and
answer the questions that follow.

a. Which figure represents the phase of inhalation?

b. Give the reason for your answer above
c. Explain how the phase of breathing represented by figure A comes about
d. Which phase from the figure below is passive?
e. Discuss the movement of the following respiratory structures during the phase of
breathing represented by figure B
i. Ribs
ii. Diaphragm
85. The figure below shows the cell organelle. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

a. Identify the organelle

b. Name the parts labeled a, b, c and d
c. Explain its role in respiration
d. Name three enzymes that are found inside the organelle above and are responsible
for respiration
e. Apart from the presence enzymes in the organelle above mention other adaptation
that it has for its efficiency in respiration.
f. Outline any four places in the human body where we have abundant of these
organelles.

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 86. Study the figure below which shows an experiment by some students and use it
answer the questions that follow

a) What aspect is being investigated?

b) What are the expected results?
c) Which diagram is acting as the control?
d) Why are the flasks invented?

ANSWERS TO HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. It does not produce much energy. It brings about muscle cramp
2. Mucus, thin layer of alveoli,
3. Lungs, ribs, respiratory tract, diaphragm and intercostal muscle.
4. Bringing in oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide
5. Breathing occurs in two phases that is inhalation/ inspiration/ or breathing in and
exhalation/expiration or breathing out. During breathing in diaphragm contracts and flattens.
External intercostal muscles contract and internal intercostal muscles relax. When the external
intercostal muscles contract they pull the ribs this causes the ribs move upwards and outwards to
increase volume of chest cavity. The pressure inside the lungs becomes lower than the atmospheric
pressure outside. As a result, air rushes in, because of the lower pressure in the lungs. During
expiration diaphragm relaxes and springs (domes) upwards. External intercostal muscles relax and
internal intercostal muscles contract. When the internal intercostal muscles contract they will pull
the ribs and ribs move downwards and inwards to reduce the volume of the chest [Link] a result
pressure inside the lungs becomes higher than the air pressure outside. The air the moves outwards,
because of the higher pressure in the lungs
6. Remove any object from the mouth and loosen any tight fitting clothes covering the chest. Lay a
person on his back on a flat surface and tilt the head backwards. Pinch the person’s nostrils together
with your fingers then a deep breath in your mouth. Seal your lips around the patient’s mouth and
breathe into the lungs of that person. When the chest rises it means that the lungs are filled. Repeat
this process until the person starts breathing on his own.
7.

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 8. Mitochondrion
9. Alveoli have thin walls (one cell thick)> to increase the rate of diffusion. Alveoli are surrounded
by a network of blood capillaries >to take away carbon dioxide gas and to bring oxygen gas. Alveoli
are covered by a layer of moisture > oxygen dissolves in this liquid for easy diffusion across the
gas exchange surface. Alveoli have many/numerous > to increase the surface area for diffusion.
They are permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water. Alveoli have a diffusion gradient > for
easy gas exchange.
10.

11. Growth, active transport, impulse transmission, cell division, protein synthesis
12. The air that is breathed in via mouth is not filtered
13. Alveoli is where gaseous exchange takes place. Bronchi is the passage of air from trachea to lungs.
Diaphragm flips up and down to create pressure and volume for air to move in or out of the body.
Pleural membranes contain pleural fluid which reduces friction between lungs and ribs. Ribs helps

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 to keep the respiratory tract open. They also move in and out , up and down to create volume and
pressure to enable the air to move in and out of the body
14. The processes that take place inside the cell
15. Oxygen and glucose
16. In your experiment you can focus on blowing on a mirror and the mirror will have foggy stuff
which can be observed.
17. By using a lung model as shown below

18. It does not demonstrate the movement of ribs

19. These are tinny air sacks that are in the lungs and that is where gaseous exchange takes place
20. Lymph is fluid that joins the lymph vessel tissue fluid is the fluid that is found between tissues of
the body
21. In both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse along their concentration gradient. In both the
haemoglobin is the transporting agent of oxygen
22. 16%
23. Your experiment set up should be shown as below.

24. Obligate anaerobes are animals that can respire without oxygen are called anaerobes.
Some can even be poisoned by the presence of oxygen. Facultative anaerobes are animals
respire both aerobically and anaerobically
25. Ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy
26. (a) coughing, irritation of the trachea and lungs and breathlessness
(b) Respiratory infection, addiction and heart diseases
27. Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
28.
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE TISSUE
It is quick It takes much time
Gas must dissolve in moisture first Gas is already dissolved in plasma
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the air Oxygen diffuses into body cell

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 gases are exchanged between air and red blood gases are exchanged between tissue fluid and tissue
cells cells

29. They produce stick mucus that traps bacteria and dust
30. The following experiment is to be done to show that carbon dioxide ifs produced during yeast
fermentation

31. To eliminate more carbon dioxide that is produced in the cell during vigorous exercise
32. Decarboxylase, dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase
33. It brings in oxygen which is needed for respiration and take away carbon dioxide which can be
poisonous if it accumulates in the body.
34. Glucose lactic acid + energy
35. Both produce energy, both do not require O2 in the first stage. Both use glucose
36. Brewing beer, production of synthetic acid, vinegar production and production of biogas energy
37. This is the process by which organic food substances are broken down in the cell to release energy.
Glucose which enters the cell is broken down and combined with oxygen to leases energy.
38. muscle cramps develops when Lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration has builds up in
the tissue of the muscles
39. C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + ENERGY
40. It is released as heat. It is used during bodily metabolic processes. It is converted to ATP
41. Tissue respiration occurs when organic food substances are broken down in the cell to release
energy. Glucose which enters the cell is broken down and combined with oxygen to leases energy
42. Asthma, bronchitis, TB and carbon monoxide poisoning
43. When one is exercising breathing rate increases so as to eliminate more carbon dioxide that is
produced in the cell during vigorous exercise and compensate for oxygen needed for respiration
44.
i. Carbon dioxide concentration: when one has more co2 in the body the breathing rate
increases to take in much oxygen.
ii. Haemoglobin concentration in the blood: when RBC/haemoglobin level is low in blood
oxygen is also low as a result breathing increases to trap much oxygen to compensate for the short
fall
iii. Atmospheric pressure and oxygen concentration: the higher you go the decrease in oxygen
concentration in the air. As such breathing increases in order to gain the needed oxygen necessary
for the body to function well.
iv. Emotional changes in the body: when one is having emotions such as stress, fright, angry
breathing rate increases because these need much energy and for much energy to be released more
oxygen is needed hence increased breathing.
v. Health conditions of a person: many people breathe fast when they are unhealthy. However
some breathe very slowly when sick.
45. Breathing refers to the process of taking air into and outside the lungs
46.

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 a) Breathing occurs in two phases that is inhalation/ inspiration/ or breathing in and
exhalation/expiration or breathing out. During breathing in diaphragm contracts and flattens.
External intercostal muscles contract and internal intercostal muscles relax. When the external
intercostal muscles contract they pull the ribs this causes the ribs move upwards and outwards to
increase volume of chest cavity. The pressure inside the lungs becomes lower than the atmospheric
pressure outside. As a result, air rushes in, because of the lower pressure in the lungs.
b) During expiration diaphragm relaxes and springs (domes) upwards. External intercostal muscles
relax and internal intercostal muscles contract. When the internal intercostal muscles contract they
will pull the ribs and ribs move downwards and inwards to reduce the volume of the chest [Link]
a result pressure inside the lungs becomes higher than the air pressure outside. The air the moves
outwards, because of the higher pressure in the lungs
47. It regulates the breathing rate in a person. It also detects the concentration of carbon dioxide in
blood.
48.
a) Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired
b) Vital capacity is the total amount of air that can be expired after full inhalation
c) Residual volume (RV) is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a
maximum expiration.
d) Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air inspired and then expired during a normal
breathing cycle
e) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the maximum amount of air that can be
forcibly expired after a normal Inspiratory reserve volume
f) (IRV) refers to the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal
inspiration
g) Total lung capacity (TLC) is the total amount of air that can fill the lungs
h) Functional residual capacity (FRC) the amount remaining in the lungs at the end
of a normal expiration
49.
a. Total Lung Capacity = (TV+IRV+ERV+RV)
b. Functional Residual Capacity =ERV + RV
c. Inspiratory Capacity =VT + IRV
d. Vital Capacity = ERV+TV+IRV
50.
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
Oxygen is used It does not use oxygen
Produces more energy Produces less energy
Happens in the mitochondria Happens in the cytoplasm
It has one route It has two metabolic routs
Water is produced Does not produce water
Its byproducts cannot further broken down Its byproducts can be further broken down

51. It comes about when lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration builds up in the muscle. This
demands for more oxygen for the acid to be broken
52. Facultative anaerobes can breathe both aerobically and anaerobically while obligate anaerobes
cannot respire in the presence of oxygen because oxygen can poison them. They respire
anaerobically only
53.
a. The alveoli have blood capillaries wrapped closely around them. Deoxygenated blood is brought to
these capillaries along the pulmonary artery from the heart. The concentration of oxygen in the air

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 inside the alveoli is greater than the concentration of oxygen in the blood. As a result oxygen diffuses
from the air into the blood. Then it moves into the red blood cells, where it combines with
hemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin which is bright red in color. Then the oxygenated
blood returns to heart through pulmonary vein, where it gets distributed to rest of the body
b. Tissues are made up off cells which are bathed by the fluid known as the tissue fluid. This fluid
comes from the leakage of plasma in the arterioles. Some of this fluid returns to join the rest of the
blood at the venule while some cannot return. The one that fails to return makes what is known as
the lymph. The tissue fluid has high concentration of oxygen than the cell as such the dissolved
oxygen in the tissue fluid diffuses into the cell. At the same time the cell is highly concentrated in
carbon dioxide as a result carbon dioxide diffuses into the tissue fluid and then joins blood in the
venules going back to the heart then to the lungs where it gets expelled by the process of exhalation

54. Have thin walls (one cell thick)> to increase the rate of diffusion.
They are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries >to take away carbon dioxide gas and to bring
oxygen gas.
They are covered by a layer of moisture > oxygen dissolves in this liquid for easy diffusion across the gas
exchange surface.
Have many/numerous > to increase the surface area for diffusion.
They are permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water.
They have a diffusion gradient > for easy gas exchange.
55. Take him to the place with plenty air lay him down and start fanning him with a material such as
exercise book. Then we take him to the hospital
56. Avoid using charcoal burner in a poorly ventilated room because when the combustion is taking
place where there is no plenty air one can be poisoned by the carbon monoxide produced when the
thing is burning
57. Addiction, lung cancer respiratory infection
58. They contain pleural fluid which reduces friction between lungs and ribs
59. Weak carbonic acid
60. When it enters into the blood it attaches itself to haemoglobin which makes it impossible for the
oxygen to attach itself to the RBC as a result one will run out of oxygen which makes one to
suffocate
61. When one is doing exercises he breathes deeply so as to remove more carbon dioxide and take in
more oxygen. Exercises also increases carbon dioxide concentration in blood due to increased rate
of respiration. Physical exercises also increase the oxygen concentration because more oxygen is
taken in for respiration
62. Krebs cycle is the further breaking down of glucose or pyruvate why glycolysis is the splitting of
glucose into pyruvic acid
63. In the hypothalamus
64. It refers to the difference in concentration between two places
65. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
66. In your answer concentrate on: count number of breathes per minute before exercise then do an
exercise such as jumping or running. Then count number of breathes per minute after exercise
67. Gaseous exchange refers to taking in and out of air from the body whereas tissue respiration is the
breaking down of food substance inside the cell to release energy.
68. Glucose +oxygen carbon dioxide +water + energy
69. The oxygen taken in during gaseous exchange is used in tissue respiration to release energy. And
the gases produced during respiration is excreted through the process of gaseous exchange
70. Respiratory system uses gas that is carried by the circulatory system and digestive system provides
food substance that are combined by oxygen which comes in with the aid of respiratory system to
release energy
71.

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 72. Glycolysis produces less energy while Krebs cycle produces more energy
73. By having the folds called cristae which increase the surface area for respiration
74. Glucose, oxygen, respiratory enzymes, favourable temperature and constant removal of end
products of respiration
75. Because they require much energy to carry out their duties well and this energy is supplied by
mitochondria
76. Krebs cycle takes place inside the mitochondria while glycolysis takes place inside the cytoplasm
77. They have folds called cristae to increase surface area for respiration. They also have catalytic
enzymes sucha as decarcoxlase which fasten the process of respiration.
78. Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
79. Because glucose is not completely broken down
80. It is the splitting of glucose into two pyruvates and it takes place in the cytoplasm
81. Pyruvic acid or pyruvates.
82. a. A is balloon B is a Y tube
b. A represents lings, B represents trachea, C represents bronchus while D represents diaphragm
c. it does not show movement of the ribs
83. a. A is alveolus B is capillary
b. Have thin walls (one cell thick)> to increase the rate of diffusion.
They are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries >to take away carbon dioxide gas and to bring
oxygen gas.
They are covered by a layer of moisture > oxygen dissolves in this liquid for easy diffusion across the gas
exchange surface.
Have many/numerous > to increase the surface area for diffusion
84. a. figure A
b. it shows flattened diaphragm which happens when someone is inhaling air
c. During breathing in diaphragm contracts and flattens. External intercostal muscles contract and
internal intercostal muscles relax. When the external intercostal muscles contract they pull the ribs
this causes the ribs move upwards and outwards to increase volume of chest cavity. The pressure
inside the lungs becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure outside. As a result, air rushes in,
because of the lower pressure in the lungs
d. phase B
e. i. ribs move downwards, ii. Diaphragm moves upward
85. a. mitochondrion
b. a is outer membrane, b is inner membrane, c are cristae d is matrix
c. it is where Krebs cycle takes place
d. Decarboxylase, dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase
e. it is highly folded inside to increase surface area for respiration
f. sperms, heart muscle, kidney and skeletal muscle

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86. a. heat production in germinating seed
b. temperature of flask B will rise
c. diagram A
d. to prevent heat from escaping.

EXCRETION
1. Define metabolism
2. Explain how kidney of desert animals are adapted to cope with lack of water available for
drinking
3. Outline any three waste products that the body excretes and the site where they are
produced
4. What is osmoregulation?
5. Mention any four organs that are involved in excretion and the waste product they remove
6. Which organ in the body is responsible for osmoregulation?
7. In which body organ does deamination occur?
8. Mention two things that help ultrafiltration to take place
9. What is the structure difference between afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole of the
kidney?
10. How do afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles of the kidney differ functionally?
11. Describe the content of the filtrate.
12. What is the name of the tube that drains urine from pelvis to the bladder?
13. Which part of the nephron is affected by the hormone called aldosterone?
14. Discuss the link between availability of salts in the blood and the blood pressure
15. Name three constituents of blood plasma which do not become part of urine.
16. Outline five parts of the human urinary system and how each part functions.
17. Draw a well labeled diagram of the longitudinal section through of the human kidney
18. One of the processes that take place in the kidney is ultrafiltration explain how is the
kidney adapted to its function of ultrafiltration?
19. Why so much blood does has to pass through the kidney?
20. What is the difference between osmoregulation and excretion?
21. What can happen to a person whose sphincter muscles below the bladder are loose?
22. In what form are nitrogenous wastes products are excreted by the kidney?
23. How are the kidneys protected from mechanical and physical force?
24. Which blood vessel will supply blood to the kidney?
25. Mention any three parts that can be seen if the kidney is cut through longitudinally
26. Which part of the nephron becomes more permeable when ADH is released
27. Where exactly are osmoreceptor cells located in our body?
28. What is the function unit of the kidney?
29. Which part of the nephron is located in the cortex region?
30. Where exactly does ultrafiltration take place?
31. How is a nephron adapted to its function?
32. Why is it important for the distal tubule and proximal tubule to be convoluted/ twisted?
33. What two main processes are involved in urine formation in the nephron?
34. Why is selective reabsorption important?

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 35. Describe the process of ultrafiltration
36. What importance does the difference in diameter between afferent arteriole and efferent
arteriole?
37. Where in the nephron is the filtrate collected?
38. Apart from proteins what other two things cannot pass through capillary walls in the
glomeruli?
39. Mention two things that are reabsorbed at PCT by active transport.
40. Explain how taking less water or too much water affects quality and quantity of urine.
41. What is the link between taking too much proteins and kidney stone?
42. Explain the role of ADH in osmoregulation
43. Draw a flow diagram of how urine is formed. The process must start from the liver
44. Where in the body is ADH produced?
45. What is aldosterone and what is its role in balancing water and salt levels in the body?
46. Where is aldosterone produced?
47. What three similarities would you draw between dialysis machine and the kidney?
48. Discuss how the dialysis machine work
49. State four differences that exist between dialysis machine and the kidney
50. Compare the composition of urine and that of glomerular filtrate
51. Describe the following diseases of the kidney
a) Gout
b) Kidney stone
c) Uremia
d) Proteinuria
e. Glomerular nephritis
f. Pyelonephritis
g. Kidney failure
52. Why is excretion important
53. When it is cold people urinate frequently and they produce clear urine while when it is
hot people have infrequent urination and the urine is often coloured. Explain these
observations.
54. Briefly explain why glucose does not normally appear in urine
55. The diagram below shows one of the structures founs inside the kidney. sthudy it and
answer that follow

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 a) Identify the structure
b) What is the function of the structure
c) Name the parts labeled A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I and J
d) Mention any two substances that are reabsorbed at D
e) What hormone will affect part labeled H
f) Why does part D require energy to reabsorb food substances back to the blood
velssels?
g) Name the structural difference between vessel A and B
h) Of what significance is the structural difference between vessels A and B?
i) In which region of the kidney is part j located
j) How is part G adapted to its function of ultrafiltration
k) From the diagram above mention two places where reabsorption of water takes
place
56. Study the figure below which shows the human urinary system and answer the questions
that follow

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 i. Name the parts labeled a, b, c, d, e and f
ii. Explain the role played by each of the parts of the human urinary system you have
mentioned above
iii. How is organ labeled a adapted to its functions

ANSWERS FOR EXCRETION

1. These are different processes that take place inside the cell.
2. They are very long to enable much water reabsorption and hence reduce the water loss
3. CO2 is produced in the cells of the tissue
Urea> produced in the kidney
Sweat produced in the body
4. It’s a process through which the body through the kidney regulates the blood concentration.
5. Body removes sweat
Kidney removes urine
Liver removes bile pigments
Lungs remove carbon dioxide
6. Kidney
7. Liver
8. High blood pressure created by the difference in sizes between afferent and efferent
arterioles.
The permeability of the capillaries of the glomeruli
9. Afferent arterioles are bigger and wider while the efferent arterioles are small and narrow
10. Afferent arterioles bring blood to the glomerulus while efferent arterioles take the blood
away from the glomerulus
11. Filtrate contains glucose, sodium salts, potassium salts and water
12. Ureter
13. Loop of Henle

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14. If there are more salts in the blood there is high osmotic pressure as such much water is
reabsorbed into the blood and this makes the blood volume to increase. When the volume
increases the pressure also increases.
15. Red blood cells , proteins and glucose
16. (A )Kidney>excrete urine, (B)ureter drains urine from renal pelvis to bladder (C)urinary
bladder stores urine (D) urethra which is the passage of urine from bladder to outside
(E)sphincter muscle to control flow of urine
17.

18. It has a dense network of semipermeable capillaries called glomeruli which allow other
substance to pass through
It has afferent and efferent arterioles which have different sizes thereby creating pressure which
forces some substances out as they pass through the glomeruli.
19. To be filtered
20. Osmoregulation is the process of regulating the blood concentration while excretion is the
removal of metabolic waste products from the body
21. He will not be able to control the urine as such the urine will be coming out unnecessarily
22. Urea
23. They are cushioned by the layer of fats
24. Renal artery
25. Cortex, medulla and pelvis
26. Distal collecting tube and loop of Henle
27. In the brain especially hypothalamus
28. Nephron
29. Bowman’s capsule and glomeruli
30. In the bowman’s capsule
31. It has a dense network of semipermeable capillaries called glomeruli which allow other
substance to pass through
It is highly folded at DCT and PCT to increase surface area for reabsorption
It has a collecting duct for further reabsorption of water
It has some parts that are semi permeable to allow the reabsorption of water and some mineral salts
32. To increase surface area for reabsorption water and mineral salts respectively
33. Ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption
34. It helps in taking back the water and mineral salts that the body needs when they are not
sufficient
35. The blood that comes to the kidney comes with high pressure through afferent arterioles. Due
to the narrowing of arterioles there is creation of high pressure which forces water, glucose
and other mineral salts out of the glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule. The collection of the
things that are forced out of glomeruli due to pressure is called filtrate. The filtrate is then

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 collected by the Bowman’s capsule and passes through its permeable into the walls into the
tube which leads to PCT.
36. It creates high pressure which enables the ultrafiltration to happen.
37. Bowman’s capsule
38. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
39. Glucose , potassium ions, sodium ions and amino acids
40. When someone takes in much water he produces much urine which is also clear because there
is excess water after some water has been reabsorbed back into blood whereas when one has
taken in less water much of the water will be reabsorbed back into blood making the urine to
be more concentrated but also to be less
41. When one takes in too much proteins the excess proteins are converted into urea which may
solidify to form a hard stuff called kidney stone
42. Antidiuretic hormone enables the reabsorption of water bay making the DCT and loop of Henle
more permeable and hence regulating the concentration of urine
43.

44. Pituitary glands

45. It is a hormone that regulate salt levels in the blood. It enhances salt reabsorption when salts
are not enough in the blood.
46. Cortex region of the adrenal gland
47. Both purify blood, both regulate blood concentration and both rely on osmosis and active
transport
48. The dialysis machine which is a blood filtering machine works on the principle of diffusion.
The blood of patient’s moves through tiny tubes called dialysis tubing. These tubes have tiny
holes through which water glucose and urea can pass through but proteins cannot. Outside the
dialysis tubing is a fluid called dialysis fluid or dialysate which is partially made up similar
composition like human blood it is mostly water with glucose and salts dissolved in it but no
urea. This fluid is sterile and has no bacteria and other living things. The dialysis fluid passes
through the machine in one direction and the patient’s blood passes in the opposite direction.
Since the content of blood and dialysate is the same except urea no glucose and water will
move out of the tubing unless when the content of blood is also higher than that of dialysate
then water, glucose and salts will diffuse into the dialysate. Only urea will move across the
concentration gradient i.e. from tubing into the dialysate. This makes the blood to be filtered.
49.
DIALYSIS MACHINE KIDNEY
It’s a short time treatment It can work for life time
No ultrafiltration It depends on ultrafiltration
All blood passes through the machine Only blood that enters the glomeruli enters the
bowman’s capsule
There is no process of selective reabsorption Selective reabsorption takes place

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 50.
urine filtrate
No glucose It can work for life time
No amino acids It depends on ultrafiltration

51. Gout is a disorder that comes when uric acid (which is dangerous to the body) has been
absorbed into the blood system. Later own uric acid crystalizes in places like toes, joints and
kidneys and it gives severe pain which makes it difficult for a person to walk.
Kidney stones: these are crystals that are formed in the renal pelvis after things like calcium, uric
acid, urea have precipitated and settled. This can lead to blockage of ureter
Uremia is the disorder that results to the malfunction of the kidney. As a result the blood has urea
and nitrogenous compounds
Proteinuria: this is a disorder that comes due to loss of permeability of capillaries as such large
particles like proteins are able to pass through. This makes urine to have proteins and the blood
has lack of proteins
Glomerular nephritis: is the swelling of glomeruli resulting from poison produced by bacteria.
As a result the process of ultrafiltration does not take place properly.
Pyelonephritis: this is the bacterial attack on the renal pelvis leading to the swollenness of the
kidney. This can spread to kidney and urethra.
Kidney failure is the malfunction of the kidney hence urine cannot be formed

52. It helps organisms to get rid of waste products that can be dangerous to the body if they get
accumulate it the body.
53. When it cold people do not lose a lot of water through sweating. As a result they will have
excess water which will be excreted as urine which is less concentrated whereas when the day
is hot people will lose much water through sweat making them to have less urine which is also
concentrated and colored.

COORDINATION
1. State the composition of islets of langherhands
2. Give three examples of involuntary that are controlled by the brain
3. Differentiate diabetes milletus from diabetes insipid.
4. Outline three similarities between central nervous system and endocrine system
5. Give five differences between central nervous system and endocrine system
6. What process is controlled by glucagon in the body?
7. The hypothalamus is involved in homeostatic process in the body. What is meant by
homeostasis?
8. Explain how reflex action is investigated experimentally

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9. How is the structure of a synapse related to its function?
10. Identify and describe the main areas of the human brain
11. Describe the roles played by pancreatic hormones in glucose metabolism
12. What are hormones?
13. How are hormones transferred from where they are produced to the target organ?
14. What do you understand by the term target organ?
15. Outline any five hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland and mention their roles
16. Describe any 5 endocrine glands other than pituitary gland and discuss their role.
17. Explain the role of adrenalin in the body.
18. Which region of the adrenal glands produces adrenaline?
19. Describe the role of insulin in the body
20. State the reason why pancreas belong to both endocrine and exocrine system
21. What is glycosuria?
22. Where in the body do we find islets of langerhands?
23. List five examples of simple reflex action
24. What is meant by the term effector muscle?
25. Describe the reflex arc.
26. Draw a well labeled diagram of a reflex arc
27. Define a conditioned reflex action
28. List two examples of conditioned reflex action
29. Reflex actions are survival in nature. Discuss how true is this
30. Discuss any five abnormal conditions associated with the central nervous system
31. Write an essay that explains the effects of alcohol on the nervous system
32. How does marijuana affect central nervous system? Give 4 points
33. What differentiates endocrine system from exocrine system?
34. What is a neuron and What other name is given to it?
35. state three functions of the cerebellum

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36. What structural similarity do you find in cerebrum and cerebellum?
37. Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions?
38. Outline three roles of the hypothalamus
39. Give two roles of the spinal cord
40. Give 3 similarities between the brain and the spinal cord
41. State four differences between brain and spinal cord
42. What is a reflex action and how important is it?
43. Describe two types of reflex actions
44. What is a reflex arc?
45. In which direction does the axon take impulse to?
46. Why is the outer part of the brain so highly folded?
47. Outline six functions of the cerebrum
48. What is the largest part of the human brain?
49. Outline three functions of cerebral spinal fluid
50. What three things are found in the space between the two membranes of the meninges?
51. Give three types of neurons
52. Which membrane of the meninges is composed of capillaries?
53. What are meninges and how significant are they?
54. Distinguish between stimulus and response
55. What is corpus collasum and what is its role?
56. State the functional differences between brain and the spinal cord
57. What protects the following structures of the central nervous system?
a) Brain
b) Spinal cord
58. Apart from sodium ions what the ions are associated with impulse transmission?
59. Which part of a neuron has gates through which ions are exchanged during action potential?
60. What happens when the neuron is polarized?

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61. Why is a synapse important?
62. Draw a well labeled diagram of a. Synaptic junction.
63. Mention any three features that are located at the synaptic knob and explain their role in
impulse transmission
64. Name one common neuro-transmitter
65. What types of neurons are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord and the brain?
66. Outline type of neurons whose cell body is located in the grey matter?
67. Define the following terms.
a. action potential
b. Resting poten
c. Reporalization
d. Impulse
68. Describe the following stages of the impulse transmission
i. Deporalization
ii. Reporalization
69. In which state of a neuron does the outside of a cell membrane becomes positively and
the axoplasm becomes negatively charged?
70. What is the function of sodium ion pump and how does it help in neuro-trans?
71. Define coordination
72. Mention three systems that make up coordination I'm the human body
73. Differentiate the composition of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
74. How is the body connected to the central nervous system?
75. Outline six parts of a neuron and explain their role
76. Draw a well labeled diagram of a sensory neuron
77. How is a neuron adapted to its function?
78. What is the difference between normal human cell and the nerve cell?
79. Describe the following types of neurons
a. Sensory

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 b. Intermediate
c. Motor
80. State the functional difference that exists between normal human cell and the neuron.
81. Use the figure below which shows the reflex arc to answer the questions related to it.

i. Name the parts labeled a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h

ii. Explain the role of part f
iii. Discuss the role of part h
iv. How does the reflex action come about?
82. The diagram below shows the human endocrine system. Study it and answer the
questions related to it.

i. Identify the glands labeled a, b, c, d, e and f and the hormones secreted by them
ii. Discus the roles played by the hormones secreted by part f

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 iii. Gland labeled b belongs to both endocrine and exocrine system. Why is such the
case?
iv. From the diagram above which gland is involved is sugar metabolism?
v. From the diagram above which gland is involved menstrual cycle and in what
way?
vi. Name two glands from the diagram above that secret hormones responsible for
second sexual characteristics and mention those characteristics
vii. How does lack of iodine and two much iodine affect gland labeled e?
83. The diagram below shows the structure and parts of the human brain. Use it to answer the
questions that follow

a. Identify the parts labeled a b and c

b. Give the functions of each parts

c. Give two adaptations of part a

d. Which part will regulate breathing rate?

84. The figure below shows the structure of one of the cells found in the human body. Study
it and answer the questions that follow.

a. Identify the cell above

b. What role does the cell above play?
c. Name all the labeled parts of the cell above
d. Explain the roles of parts labeled A, B, C, D, E and F

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 e. Give any three adaptations of part labeled F that helps the cell above to work
efficiently
f. What is the functional difference between parts H and C?

ANSWERS FOR COORDINATION

1. Islet of Langerhans is composed of four types of cells which are: Alpha ells, Beta cells, Delta cells
and F cells
2. Breathing, blood circulation and digestion
3. Diabetes milletus is the abnormal (high) levels of glucose in the blood and urine while diabetes
insipid is the condition where one has dilute urine.
4. Both CNS and endocrine system stimulate response to stimulus and both are involved in
coordination
5.
CNS ENDOCRINE
Message is in electrical form Message is in chemical channels/ hormones
Use nerve fibres Uses blood
The message travels to the specific organ Message reach all parts of the body through blood
The effects are for short time Effects of hormones stay longer
It is used muscle contraction Hormones are used for growth

6. Glycogenolysis (converting of glycogen to glucose)

7. Homeostasis refers to the process of balancing of various bodily conditions such as temperature,
sugar etc.
8. It is investigated by the experiments such as knee jerk where one is hit on the knee by the ruler
and he will be seen quickly withdrawing.
9. The synapse has the following: the gap is small to allow quick diffusion of neurotransmitters, the
knob of the terminals have openings or channels through which the neurotransmitter.
10. CEREBRUM: This takes up to 2/3 of the human brain making it the largest part of the brain. Its
outer layer is known as the Cerebral Cortex. The cerebral cortex is highly folded to increase the
surface area and the number of neurons. The following are the functions of the cerebrum:
Thinking, Learning, Imagination, Creativity, Memory Intelligence, Personality Character,
Emotions, Voluntary Control of the Bodily Movements, Receiving and Interpreting Impulses from
Sense Organs. This means it works hand in hand with the sense organs hence it is responsible for
all the senses such as sight, hearing, testing, smell, touch and speech.
CEREBELLUM: This brain is found below the cerebrum at the back and it is small in size if
compared to cerebrum. Just like the cerebrum its outer layer is highly folded to increase the
surface area as well as the number of neurons. The following are the functions of the cerebellum:
It coordinates body movements. It helps to maintain the body posture. It ensures dexterity.
(Ability to perform difficult tasks quickly and skillfully e.g. playing guitar)

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MEDULLA OBLONGATA: It is situated below cerebellum and it is a link between spinal cord and the
rest of the brain. Unlike the other two parts of the brain which are responsible for controlling voluntary
activities medulla deals with the involuntary activities such as breathing, blood circulation, heartbeat,
digestive system, swallowing.
11. Glucagon helps to increase blood glucose level by converting glycogen to glucose when the blood
sugar level is low in a process called glycogenolysis. Insulin will help in regulating blood sugar
level. It does that by converting excess glucose to glycogen in a process called gluconeogenesis
12. These are chemical messengers in the body
13. Through blood
14. This is an organ that is affected by a specific organ
15. Thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, human growth hormone, luteinizing
hormone, adrenortico tropic hormone, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
16. Adrenal gland, testis, ovary, thyroid gland, pancreas
17. It helps the body to have more energy in case of emergency by making the heart to beat faster to
so as to pump much blood to supply cells with much oxygen and glucose. It also enables the liver
to convert glycogen into glucose to be used for energy supply during emergency
18. Medulla
19. Insulin will help in regulating blood sugar level. It does that by converting excess glucose to
glycogen in a process called gluconeogenesis
20. It belongs to exocrine because it has a duct through which it secrets pancreatic juice during
digestion. At the same time it belongs to endocrine because it has islet of Langerhans that are
ductless and secret hormones direct into the blood stream.
21. Glycosuria is the condition where a person passes out glucose in his urine
22. Pancreas
23. Pupil constriction when there is too much light, sudden blinking of eyes, quick withdraw of hand
from hot thing, salivation, sneezing, secretion of tears.
24. Effector muscles are the muscles that give response upon receiving the impulse
25. Reflex arc is the path taken by the impulse to bring about reflex action. It consists of the three
neurons namely sensory, relay and motor. When the sensory neuron receives a message it creates
an impulse which is transmitted to relay neuron then to the motor neuron which takes the impulse
to the effector muscle which gives a response.
26.

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 27. It is an action that is done quickly without thinking
28. Cycling and swimming
29. They protect us from harm because they help us to withdraw and to run away from something that
would hurt us.
30. In your answers include: polio, meningitis, leprosy, tetanus, stroke and cerebral palsy
31. In your essay include the following point: poor mental development, it makes the baby to have
small brain and head, it makes foetus to have un developed cerebrum , increases feeling of
aggression, lack of appetite
32. it lengthens reaction time, it increases the feeling of aggression, it leads to poor judgment, it
interferes with balance, it leads to lack of appetite
33. Endocrine system has no ducts they secret hormones direct into the blood stream while exocrine
system secrete enzymes ducts.
34. Neurons are cells that transmit impulse. They are also called nerve cell
35. It coordinates all the bodily movements. It maintains body balance. It ensures dexterity
36. Both are highly folded, both have grey matter
37. Medulla oblongata
38. Controls hunger and thirsty, it is involved in homeostasis, it secrets hormones
39. It links the nerves from all parts of the body with the brain.
It controls reflex actions
40. Both the brain and spinal cord have nerve cells, both have cerebral spinal fluid, both are covered
in meninges
41.
brain Spinal cord

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 It is found inside the skull It is found inside the vertebral column
Controls bodily activities It controls reflex action
It keeps memory It does not keep memory
Brain is divided into different parts It is one long and un divided

42. It is an action done without thinking and it is important because it protects us from danger
43. Simple reflex action is an automatic rapid natural response that is given to a stimulus. e.g. as knee jerk,
withdrawing of a hand from hot object, sudden blinking of the eyes when someone throws a thing on
you, salvation upon seeing the food, constriction of pupil when there is too much light, sneezing when
dust enters the nose and secretion of tears when onion is pealed close to the eye
Conditioned reflex action refers to an automatic rapid action in response to stimulus which is
substituted for natural stimulus. Conditioned reflex action is a learnt response. For this type of
response to come up an individual must be exposed to the newly introduced stimulus repeatedly so
that he should learn or he should be conditioned
44. Reflex arc is the path taken by the impulse to bring about reflex action
45. Away from the cell body.
46. To increase the surface area and the number of neurons
47. Thinking, imagination, memory, intelligence, emotions and personality
48. Cerebrum
49. Distribute oxygen to the brain, protects the brain from physical force and it has lymphocytes that
protect the brain from infections
50. Connective tissue, blood vessels and cerebral spinal fluid
51. Motor, sensory and relay
52. The inner membrane also called the pia matter.
53. Meninges are the two membranes that surrounds the brain and they are important because they
protect the brain from physical force. they also contain cerebra spinal fluid which distribute
oxygen to the brain, protects the brain from physical force and it has lymphocytes that protect the
brain from infections
54. Stimulus is the change in the environment while response is the action that comes after the change
in the environment
55. Corpus collasum is the body of nerves found between the two hemispheres of the brain and its
role it to connect the two halves of the brain
56. The brain controls bodily activities while the spinal cord controls reflex action
57. Brain- skull, spinal cord vertebral column
58. Calcium and potassium
59. Axon

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 60. There is no transmission of impulse because there is no exchange of ions between outside and
inside of the axon membrane
61. Because it is where impulse diffuse from one neuron to another thereby enabling communication
62.

63. Vesicles they contain a chemical neurotransmitter, mitochondria provide energy for
neurotransmission and calcium ions which assist in neurotransmission.
64. Acytlecholine
65. Relay neurons
66. Motor neurons
67. A. action potential is a stage in impulse transmission at which the impulse is transmitted across
the neuron
B. resting potential is a phase or stage at which the neuron is not transmitting any impulse
C. the stage in which the neuron becomes positively charged outside and negatively charged after the
impulse has been transmitted.
D. the message that travels along the neuron
68. Depolarization is the stage in impulse transmission at which the ions are exchanged between
axoplasm and the outside of axon membrane
69. Polarization
70. It is the pumping mechanism found within the neuron and it helps to pump sodium and potassium
in and out of the axoplasm thereby depolarizing the nerve cell enabling it to transmit the impulse
71. Coordination refers to the coming together of various bodily parts and bodily systems to achieve
a particular function
72. Neurotic system, hormonal system and central nervous system
73. CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system is made up
of nerve cell or neurons
74. Through nerves

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 75.
PART ROLE
Dendrite Receive the information from the other neuron
Dendron Takes impulse towards the cell body
Cell body It has nucleus which controls all the activities of the neuron
Axon Takes the impulse away from the neuron
Mylen sheath Insulate the axon for rapid transfer of impulse
Schwann cell Assist in impulse transmission
76.

77. It has Schwann cell helps in faster transmission of impulse

Myelin sheath insulates the axon for faster transmission of impulse
Axon which is way through which impulse is propagated through
78. A nerve cell can transmit impulse while the ordinary human cell cannot transmit an impulse
79. ASENSORY NEURON
These carry impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system. It is easy to know this type of
neuron because it has cell body outside main cell and it will have long Dendron and short axon. Dendron
takes impulses towards cell body and axon takes the impulses away from cell body.
MOTOR NEURON
Motor neurons are neurons that take impulses away from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and
glands. It is to recognize because its cell body is within the range unlike the sensory neuron. In additional
to this motor neuron has short Dendron and long axon. When the impulse has been processed these
neurons will take this message to proper place for action or response.
RELAY NEURON

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 80. These neurons mediate the two neurons above. They are located in the brain and the grey matter
to be more specific. These are not in touch with the muscles or glands. They relay impulses from
sensory neuron o motor neuron. Their axons are relatively shortA nerve cell transmits impulse
while the ordinary human cell carries out metabolic processes

IMMUNITY
1. Define immunity
2. What component of blood is involved in immunity?
3. List two types of leukocytes
4. What is the structural difference between phagocytes and lymphocytes?
5. In what way do the lymphocytes provide immunity to the body?
6. Explain how phagocytes work in fighting pathogens
7. What is the functional difference between helper T cells and Killer t cells?
8. Describe two types of phagocytes
9. Discuss active natural immunity as a type of immunity
10. Why is it easy for a person to heal fast from the second attack of the same pathogen?
11. What are memory cells and what is their role in immunity?
12. What do you call the protein that is found on the surface of the pathogen and it
induces the production of antibodies when it enters the human body?
13. Mention two things that will be produced when vaccine is introduced into the
body
14. What does the antigen in the vaccine do when they enter the body?
15. What type of immunity is acquired when the antigens are injected into the body
through vaccine?
16. What differentiate active artificial immunity from passive artificial immunity?
17. Describe artificial immunity
18. Outline two challenges associated with passive natural immunity
19. What is the difference between active natural immunity and passive natural immunity?
20. What type of leukocytes will detect the presence of pathogens in the body?
21. What two challenges is faced by vaccine as a form of immunity
22. Define immunization
23. Why is immunization important?
24. Give two types of memory cells
25. What is serum?
26. Why is fibrin removed when preparing serum in the lab for medical use?
27. Explain the importance of first defense line in human beings
28. Describe any five mechanisms on how the body prevents the entry of pathogens
into a person
29. Why is lysozyme important in terms of immunity?
30. Give any example of a bacterium that is in symbiotic relationship with human beings
and it fights other foreign bacteria
31. Define vaccination
32. How does vaccination work?
33. Outline any four diseases that are treatable by vaccination
34. Give three reasons why vaccination is important
35. What do you understand by the term immune system?

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 36. Define pathogen
37. Explain how HIV affects immunity of an individual
38. What effect does HIV has oh helper T cells?
39. How would you distinguish helper T cells from killer T cells based on function?
40. What role does the lymphatic system has in response to HIV attack in the body?
41. Define organ transplant
42. Give five examples of transplantable organs
43. Explain any three factors that can lead to the rejection of the donated organ
44. In cases where donated organ is rejected doctors use immunosuppressant drugs. Explain
how this drug functions to achieve the desirable results in the organ transplant
45. Why organ from one’s twin sibling is is the best to be donated?
46. What differentiate ABO blood system from Rh + blood system?
47. How different is antigen from antibody?
48. Explain the reasons why
a) a person with blood group A cannot receive from a person with blood
group B
b) a person with blood group B cannot receive from a person with blood
group A
c) a person belongs to blood group AB is a universal recipient
d) a person with blood group O is a universal donor but cannot receive blood from
any group apart from O
49. Explain any five factors to be considered before blood transfusion
50. What four factors would you put in mind before transplanting an organ?
51. To what blood group does a person with no antigen on his red blood cells belong?

ANSWERS TO IMMUNITY
1- Immunity is the ability to protect the body from diseases and infections or other unwanted biological
invasion.
2- Leukocytes
3- Phagocytes and lymphocytes
4-phagocytes have lobbed nucleus and granules while lymphocytes have no lobbed nucleus and have no
granules in their cytoplasm
5- Lymphocytes provide immunity in various ways such as producing antitoxins which neutralizes toxins
from produced by bacteria. They also produce antibodies that fight against the pathogen by sticking to it so
that it becomes inactive
6- Phagocytes seek the pathogen engulf it and then digest it.
7-helper T-cells are like Messengers they work by recognize the antigen from foreign pathogen. Then they
send information to killer cells. The killer T- cells are the ones that provide immunity by destroying the
pathogens.
8-

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i- monocytes- these are phagocytes that do not contain granules in their cytoplasm. Their nucleus is lobbed
once
ii- granulocytes- these are also called neutrocytes or neutrophils. They contain granules in their cytoplasm
and their nucleus is lobbed more than once.
9- Active immunity is a type of immunity that develops in the body as a result of being exposed to the
pathogens. The body recognizes these pathogen and they produce antibodies to deal with the antigen from
the pathogens.
10- Because the body through the memory cells quickly recognizes the presence of the pathogen and it
quickly starts dealing with it since the antibodies of such a pathogen are already present.
11- These are a type of T-cells that provide quick immunity response by recognizing previous antigen from
pathogen if the disease attacks someone again
12-antigen
13- Antibodies and antitoxins
14-when an antigen in a vaccine has been injected into the body it induces the manufacturing of excess
antibodies which provide artificial immunity
15- Artificial immunity
16- Active artificial immunity develops as a result of being exposed to vaccine which contains antigens of
the pathogen or weak pathogen. While passive artificial is a type of immunity that is acquired when an
individual is injected with already made antibodies in the serum
17-artifical immunity is an immune response which develops as a result of an individual’s exposure to a
specific antigen through the means of medical therapy or practice
18- One can transmit other diseases to a child when breast feeding, it does not last longer
19- Active natural immunity develops due to exposure to disease causing organism, toxins, venom or
allergens while passive natural immunity occurs when a mother transmits her own antibodies to her foetus
across the placenta or to her baby through breast feeding
20- Helper T-lymphocytes
21-sometimes it just provides temporally immunity. Some people refuse to recover it because they are
suspicious
22- Immunization is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from a
disease.
23-it helps the people to acquire immunity against disease attack
24-memory B cells and Memory T cells
25-serum is a blood plasma that has no fibrinogen
26-because fibrin is a clotting factor so if not removed when the plasma mixes with the other blood from
another person during treatment agglutination can occur.
27-first defense line is important to the body because it prevents the entry of disease causing organism into
the body so that it should not cause disease.

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28.
A_Skin especially the cornified layer which is made up of dead cells prevents the organisms such as
bacteria.
B_Mucus whick is sticky substance produced in many of the openings of the body such as mouth and
nostrils trap microorganisms so that they do not enter into the body. During infection more mucus is also
produces and it comes out with more trapped microorganisms. Mucus also prevents the contact between
microorganisms and lining cells
C_Tears that are secreted by eyes kill microorganisms that get into the eye through the enzyme called
lysosome.
D_Blood Clotting also prevents the entry of microorganisms by forming a mesh like structure. This reduces
chances of infection
E_Hydrochloric Acid of the epithelia of the stomach also kills disease causing microorganisms that are
eaten together with food. This prevents them to reach some other parts of the body.
29- It digest the disease causing organisms that try to enter into the body through the eyes
30- Escherichia colli that is found in the colon
31- Vaccination is a process where by a person is made immune to an infectious disease through the means
of vaccine
32- Vaccination works by inducing the body to manufacture the antibodies against the pathogen that has
been introduced to the body. In this way when such a pathogen comes to attack the body it finds the
antibodies against it already manufactured.
33- Rabies, Tetanus, Measles, Small pox
34- It helps in disease eradication. It protects us from deadly diseases. It prevents spread of disease to others
35- The immune system is the coming together of many biological structures and processes within an
organism that protects against disease.
36- It is a disease causing organism
37- HIV destroys helper T-cells which are responsible to send messages to killer T-cells. It grows on this
helper T-cells and kills them slowly as more and more cells die the immunity is weakened and the ability
of the body to fight infection is weakened.
38- It kills them
39- Helper T-cells send the message to killer T-cells through the chemicals they produce. Killer T-cells
destroy the pathogen
40- It produces cells called lymphocytes which play a major role in fighting against HIV
41- Organ transplant is the replacement of damaged or malfunctinal organ or tissue by the one that can
work properly in the human body.
42- Kidney, liver, eyes, skin, heart and reproductive organs
43.

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A_ there should be antibody-antigen incompatibility. If there is no compatibility between the blood of the
two the organ can be rejected
B_ difference in the sizes between the organ donated and the place where it is going to be placed. If the
organ is too small or big than the place where it is place the cam be rejected
C_differencies in Rhesus factor can also lead to agglutination and in the end the organ can be rejected
44-immunosuppresants will suppress the immune system of the recipient so that it should not reject the
donated organ there by giving it time to be able to fully attach itself
45.-because identical twins have much in common include blood group among other things so there is a
very tiny chance of organ rejection.
46- ABO blood system is a classification based on the presence of a certain protein in the red blood cell
called antigen. There are two types of such antigens that is A and B while rhesus blood system is a
classification based on the presence or absence of an antigen called rhesus on the red blood cells.
47. An antigen is a protein found on the surface of red blood cell. It is also found on the surface of some
pathogens while antibody is a protein that is found in the blood plasma and it fights against antigen.
48
a) a person that has blood group A will have A antigen in her RBC and will have B antibody in his blood
plasma. As such it will be impossible to receive blood from a person with blood group B because the B
antibody in the recipient will be fighting against B Antigen found on the RBC of the donor. This will lead
to agglutination
b) a person that has blood group B will have B antigen in her RBC and will have A antibody in his blood
plasma. As such it will be impossible to receive blood from a person with blood group A because the A
antibody in the recipient will be fighting against A antigen found on the RBC of the donor. This will lead
to agglutination
c) A person who belongs to blood group AB will have no antibody in his plasma as a result he can receive
blood from any group because his blood plasma has no antibody to fight the antigen present on the surface
of the RBC of the donor
d) a person with blood group O has no antigen on his RBC as such his blood cannot be fight against by the
antibodies of the recipient. Yet he cannot receive blood form any group apart from group O because in his
plasma there are both antibodies A and B which can fight against all antigens. In this case he needs blood
group that has no antigen which is blood group zero or blood group O
49-
I) ABO blood system compatibility. The blood groups must match to avoid agglutination
II) HIV. A person with HIV should not donate an organ because this can transmit the virus
III) Hepatitis B. This disease destroys the liver and it can be transmitted through body fluids such as blood.
As such the donor must be hepatitis B free
IV) Syphilis which is also transmittable through blood transfusion must be screened before any blood
donation to avoid transmitting the Syphilis causing bacteria to the recipient
V) Age must also be considered. Old people must not donate blood because as one grows old the ability to
produce or manufacture blood cells goes down. Young people (those below 16 years) should also be
discouraged to donate blood

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50-
i-blood group compatibility
ii-healthy status of the donor
iii-size or the donated organ and that one to be replaced
iv-consent of the donor
51-Blood group or or Zero

VARIATION
24. What do you understand by the term variations?
25. Give example of things that vary among human beings
26. outline any three causes variation other than age and environment
27. What differentiate continuous variation from discontinuous variation?
28. Give three examples of continuous variations
29. Mention any two examples of discontinuous variations
30. Which type of variation will be controlled by genes?
31. The table below shows the information of heights of students in Form 4 class at St.
Philomena secondary school. Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow.

Range (height in meters) frequency

1-1.3 20
1.4-1.5 4
1.6-1.7 8
1.8 -2 8

a) What type of variation is shown by the table above?

b) Give the reason for your answer
c) Use 2 cm to represent 4 on the vertical axis and the bars with a width of 2cm to present the
information above in the histogram
d) Work out the percentage of students whose height exceed 1.5 meters
e) Use a pair if compass to draw a circle whose radius is 4cm to present the
information in the table above in a pie chart.

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32. Outline any three things that can lead to change of genetic material in human beings
33. Why are people with albinism victims of intense sunlight?
34. How does chromosomal mutation differ from gene mutation?
35. Describe the Trans-locational and duplication types of mutation
36. With given example explain how mutation can be advantageous to human beings
37. Use the diagrams below which show examples of mutations to answer the questions that
follow

i. Name the mutations A, B, C and D and give the reason for each answer
ii. from the above diagrams which type of mutation will lead to overemphasis of
characteristics in an organism
38. If non disjunction mutation occurs during meiosis and the resulting gametes are involved
in fertilization what condition would you expect?
39. Explain two roles of melanin in human individual
40. Describe Down’s syndrome as a genetic disorder
41. How does interaction of chemicals such as mustard gas with the nucleotide of the DNA strand
cause mutation?
42. Give any three examples of human genetic disorders that result from mutation

43. a. Using the symbols below to draw a pedigree of a cross between heterozygous man and
homozygous recessive woman and show the phenotype of the F1 generation

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b. Work out phonotypical ratio from the crosses above
44. Given that albinism is controlled by a recessive gene. Use letter A to write genotype for
the following individuals
a) Carrier
b) Albino
c) Normal

ANSWERS FOR VARIATION

1. Variation refers to the differences that exist between organisms of same species

2. Skin colour, height

3. Mutation, heredity and gene recombination during meiosis

4. Continuous variation has intermediates while discontinuous has no intermediates

5. Height in human beings, age

6. Ability to roll tongue, sex,

7. Discontinuous

8.
a) Continuous variation
b) Because it has intermediates
c)

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 d) (16/40) X 100=40%
e)

9.
i. Exposure to chemicals such as
ii. Exposure to radiation or ultraviolet Rays
iii. mustard gas
10. because they lack melanin which is the pigment that protects us from the u-v light from the
sun
11. Gene mutation is the spontenous change that happens to a Gene itself hence changing it's
mulocular structure while chromosome mutation is the change that happens in a
chromosome eg deletion.
12. Translocation is the type of chromosomal mutation in which part of the chromosome is
detached or removed and replaced by another part from a non-homologous pair while

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 duplication is a type of mutation in which part of the chromosome is reproduced or
repeated.
13. If person's Gene for normal sight is duplicated he can likely have sharp sight. Or in other
words when an advantageous trait has been repeated the organism will survive
14. i. A =deletion B =inversion C =translocation D =duplication

ii. Mutation Labelled D

15. A polyploid condition eg downs syndrome

16. It gives color your skin. It also protects people from ultraviolet light

17. Down’s syndrome is a disorder that arises from a non-disjunction mutation that is
characterized by poor mental development.
18. Mastard gas interferes with the nitrogenous base of the DNA and hence leads to mutation.
It also inhibits spindle formation as such it leads to polyploid conditions because the
spindle to pull the chromosomes apart.a
19. Albinism, haemophilia and sickle cell aneamia
20. a

b. penotypical ratio male carriers 2: albino females 2. Or 1:1

21.
a. carrier Aa
b. albino aa
c. normal AA

EVOLUTION
1. How different is natural selection from artificial selection?
2. Define speciation
3. What is a species?
4. Explain the following examples of natural selection in action
i. Industrial melanism
ii. Drug resistance

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 iii. Sickle cell aneamia
5. What is a deme?
6. Give five ways in which demes can be isolated
7. Outline two mechanisms for speciation
8. Give two examples of drugs that are no longer effective as a result of mutation of some
pathogen that can now resist them
9. How do the following types of isolation lead to the formation of new speces ?
a) Geographical
b) Behavioral
c) Reproductive
d) Ecological
10. What do you understand by the word pentadactyl limb plan?
11. Under what type of evolution does the pentadactyl limb plan belong?
12. Give any three terrestrial animals and one aquatic animal that have the pentadactyl limb
plan
13. Who developed the theory of natural selection?
14. What is the other name for natural selection?
15. What does the natural selection theory of Charles Darwin state?
16. What makes the characteristic of an organism advantageous or disadvantageous?
17. Why is evolution important?
18. Of what importance are the favourable variations?
19. What is the challenge of having a disadvantageous trait as an organism?
20. What is evolution?
21. Explain any five evidences for evolution
22. What is evidence?
23. Define fossil records
24. What is paleontology and how important is it?
25. Discuss how fossils are formed
26. Who is a paleontologist?
27. Name three things that can be revealed by the study of fossils?
28. What three challenges are there when one is using fossils as evidence for evolution?
29. What is continental drift?
30. How does geographical distribution act as evidence for evolution?
31. Discuss how adaptive radiation occurs
32. Define embryology
33. How does embryology support evolution?
34. What is anatomy?
35. What does comparative anatomy involve?
36. Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution?
37. In which evolution do organisms have similar structures for different function?
38. The figure below shows two different types of moths. Study it and answer the questions
related to it.

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 a) Suggest which moth has more melanin and give the reason for your choice
b) Given that these two moths are living in and area whose trees have been polluted by
smoke and soot from cars and industries which one will be at an advantage and what
would that advantage be?
c) What would you expect to happen to the population of moth M and why if it is living
in a clean area with trees that has brighter trunks.
d) Discuss industrial melanism as an example of natural selection in action?
39. The figure below shows the pentadactyl limb design of some vertebrates. Use it answer
the questions that follow

a) What type of evolution is proved by the figure above?

b) Explain how pentadactyl limb plan proves the type of evolution you have
mentioned above

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 c) What do you understand by the term pentadactyl limb plan?

ANSWERS FOR EVOLUTION

1. Artificial selection is a technique which involves crossing one type of crop or animal with
another with the aim of producing a different variety or breed whose qualities are better
than those of the first crops or animals while natural selection is the differential survival
and reproduction of new individuals due to differences in traits.
2. This refers to the formation or production of new species of organisms from a pre-existed
population.
3. A species refers to a group of living organisms that can freely mate to produce fertile offspring
4. i. Indusrial melanism talks of the two types of the moths that existed in England. One which
had lighter colour and the other one was dark due to the presence of melanin. When the tree trunks
were clean in England the moth with dark colour were exposed and were prayed on by their
predator. As such their population got reduced. When the tree trunks were darkened by smoke and
soot the dark coloured moth were at advantaged because they could not be seen by their predator
as such they increased in number. At the same time light coloured moth were exposed and they
were preyed on and their population got reduced.
ii. Some vector animals as well as pathogens have developed resistance to some drugs through
mutations. They can no longer be killed by drugs that were once able to kill them. For example
sometimes past medicine such as chloroquine, Fansidar and quinine were used to treat malaria.
Today these drugs are no longer effective because the protozoan has developed new strain that is
resistant to these drugs.
iii. This is a condition whereby red blood cells have abnormal shape. The normal shape for red
blood cell is biconcave but a person with sickle cell anemia WI have red blood cells that are
crescent shaped or sickle shaped. The condition happens when the gene that is responsible for
production of normal hemoglobin has mutated. Because the cells have this shape there is
insufficiency in transporting oxygen. When the cell is biconcave it is efficient in transporting
oxygen because the surface area is ok due improper blood circulation there is low supply of oxygen
to these people. As a result most of them they die before maturity. Nature eliminates them so that
they do not pass the gene o next generation. If a person is having sickle cell trait half of his cells
are sickle shaped and these cannot be attacked by malaria parasites. In this case sickle cell trait
becomes a favorable variation. This means that the only cells that will be attacked are normal. This
makes the rate of multiplication of plasmodium to be slow and the sickle cells transport some
oxygen. That's how nature can select individuals.
5. A deme refers to small population of a species of organisms
6. [Link] isolation
[Link] isolation
[Link] isolation

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[Link] isolation
[Link] isolation
7. Natural selection and isolation
8. DDT (dichlorodiphenylytrichloroethane).and Chloroqine
9.
a) Geographical isolation is a type of isolation happens due to the presence of physical
barriers such as deserts, rivers, mountains. The organisms of the same species that used to
live in one habitat end up separated by things such as the formation of mountains. Each
deme will be undergoing adaptive radiation as well as mutation in these separate places or
habitats. The changes that these demes will undergo may include reproductive isolation
where organisms will have some reproductive incompatibilities. Even if they have regained
contact, these organisms will not interbreed because speciation has happened.
b) Behavioral isolation: In normal circumstances, organisms behave in a characteristic way
before mating. If there is an alteration in behavior there is lack of attraction between
opposite sex of the organisms of the separated/isolated population. The population will also
produce chemical that are different as a result there will be no attraction. Dances, body
colouration and songs may be different hence fail to attract the mates. This means that no
mating will take place.
c) Reproductive isolation: At times the isolated population develops structural differences in
the reproductive organs. In such cases copulating or mating is therefore not possible in
individuals because even their alleles are not compatible. Because of separation some of
them will not have sexual attraction between males and females. If mating takes place
fertilization may not take place.
d) Ecological isolation: A population can also be separated by the environmental factors such
as climate, predation, breeding sites and feeding among others. These can also change into
a new species.
10. It means limbs with five digits
11. Divergent evolution
12. Human beings, bats, cats and whale
13. Charles Darwin
14. Survival of the fittest
15. Natural selection theory states that “Organisms will always produce more young ones more
than the environment can support them. As a result they will be struggling or competing for
existence. The weak organisms will die while the stronger ones will survive”
16. Characteristics are advantageous if they make an organism to survive. But if they make an
organism to die faster, then they qualify to be disadvantageous traits.
17. It helps in the coming up of new species of organisms that can adapt to the new condition

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18. Favorable variations are important because they help an organism to adapt, compete effectively
and survive in certain environmental condition
19. An organism will die faster because it does not adapt, compete effectively in certain
environmental conditions
20. It is the gradual change in living organism over a long period of time
21.
i. Comparative anatomy: this involves the comparison of the structural plan of certain
parts of organisms. Anatomy is the study of living organisms. When the scientists compare
parts of some organisms they conclude that they evolved from a common ancestor. This is
referred to divergent evolution. When some pars are compared they show that he organisms
evolved from different ancestor this is called convergent evolution
ii. Comparative Embryology: this refers to the comparative study of embryos of
different animals. When one compares early developments and appearance of vertebrates
of embryos they will show some similarities. This entails that they come from common
ancestor. Embryos of closely related species have similar developed pattern. This supports
the theory of evolution
iii. Geographical distribution: this refers to present day dispersion of plants and
animals in specific geographical regions of the world. When you look at (flora and fauna)
animals and plants from different parts of the world you will note that they possess many
similarities. Animals that have many similarities are believed to originate from common
ancestor.
iv. Paleontology/ fossil evidence: fossils are remains of plants and animals that lived
long time ago. Paleontology is the study of the life that existed long time ago by studying
their fossils. When paleontologists are studying the fossils they arrange them in order of
their age from the oldest to the most recent and they note the differences that are there
among them. This is called fossil records. From the arrangements they make they see
changes of development from one organism to another. Fossil records can reveal that some
organisms have been extinguished from the earth and that transition and progressive
change has happened among groups of organisms.
v. Cell biology and comparative biochemistry: the organic molecules found in
different types of organisms provide some evidence of possible evolutionary relationships.
Organisms that have similar chemical components in their body fluids such as blood and
tissue fluids are considered to be closely related and that they have recent common
ancestors. Those with differences are considered distantly related. Some organisms have
similar DNA, hemoglobin and cytochrome. For example chimpanzee and human beings
have these molecular structures in common. This shows the evolutionary relationship
22. Evidence is a piece of information used to prove whether an idea is true or force
23. Fossil records refers to arrangement of fossils in order of their age from the oldest to the most
recent and they note the differences that are there among them

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24. Paleontology is the study of the life that existed long time ago by studying their fossils. It is
important because it helps people to see how organisms have evolved to their present time.
25. Fossils are formed when an organism dies and it starts to decompose. Some parts however do
not decay due to absence of some conditions.
26. A person who studies fossils
27. Extinction of some organisms, transition and progressive change
28. Availability of few fossils because some are completely decayed and some are destroyed by
things such as volcanic eruption and through scavengers. Some softer parts of the fossils can also
completely decay making the records incomplete. The fossils can also be distorted due to fattening
caused by sedimentation.
29. This refers to the idea that the continents move freely over the surface of the earth and change
their positions relative to one another
30. Geographical distribution acts as an evidence for evolution because when you look at (flora
and fauna) animals and plants from different parts of the world you will note that they possess
many similarities. Animals that have many similarities are believed to originate from common
ancestor.
31. Adaptive radiation occurs when the population of species has undergone geographical
isolation. These separated species of started to evolve so as to adapt to their environment in order
to survival. As time passes by the original species evolve into different species each living in a
new environment.
32. Embryology refers to the comparative study of embryos of different animals
33. Embryology supports evolution because when one compares early developments and
appearance of vertebrates of embryos they will show some similarities. This entails that they come
from common ancestor. Embryos of closely related species have similar developed pattern. This
supports the theory of evolution
34. Anatomy is the study of structures or organs of living organisms
35. Comparative anatomy: involves the comparison of the structural plan or organs of certain parts
of organisms
36. Convergent evolution: it is a type of evolution where organisms from different ancestors have
similar organs adapted for a particular function while Divergent evolution: this is type of evolution
where organism will have homologous structures that have different functions
37. Divergent evolution
38. a. moth M because it is very dark
b. moth M because if it lands on a dark tree trunk it will not be seen as such it cannot be
easily seen or preyed on.
c. the population will decrease because if lands on a light coloured tree trunk it will be seen easily
as such it will be preyed on.

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d. Indusrial melanism talks of the two types of the moths that existed in England. One which had
lighter colour and the other one was dark due to the presence of melanin. When the tree trunks
were clean in England the moth with dark colour were exposed and were prayed on by their
predator. As such their population got reduced. When the tree trunks were darkened by smoke and
soot the dark coloured moth were at advantaged because they could not be seen by their predator
as such they increased in number. At the same time light coloured moth were exposed and they
were preyed on and their population got reduced.
39. a. Divergent evolution
b. pentadactyl limb plan is a proof for divergent evolution because when the scientists
compare forelimbs of some organisms they conclude that they evolved from a common
ancestor because of their similarities
c. It means limbs with five digits

BIOTECHNOLOGY
1) Define biotechnology
2) Give five reasons why microorganisms are preferred in biotechnology
3) Describe the main two techniques that are used in biotechnology
4) Discuss how batch system of fermentation differs from continuous system
5) Discuss hybridization also known as selective breeding
6) Give two reasons why farmers will use hybridization in plant farming
7) Why is selective breading important in animal breeding? Give three reasons.
8) Outline three maize varieties that are locally produced using biotechnology. In your
answer include their importance.
9) How different is inbreeding from outbreeding/crossbreeding
10) What are the local Malawian cattle that are improved using hybridization?
11) Give the advantage of using hybridization in the rearing of the following animals:
 Cattle
 Sheep
 pig
 poultry
12) Explain how biotechnology is applied in each of the following fields/areas. Give not less
than three points.
 Medicine
 Agriculture
 Industry
13) Give an explanation on the following applications of biotechnology
 Forensic science
 Genetic counseling
14) Why is transgenic important?
15) Describe the process of genetic engineering
16) In which section of the bacteria is the transferred inserted?

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 17) From which organ is insulin gene is extracted?
18) Give five benefits of genetic engineering
19) Outline four problems associated with GE
20) Explain any five ethical implications of using biotechnology
21) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

a) Identify the microorganism above

b) Name the parts labeled A,B,C and M
c) What is part A used for?
d) If a Genetic engeneer wants to insert an insulin gene extracted from the human pancreas
to make synthetic insulin in which part is he going to fit in the gene?
e) Why is the microogranism above prefered in biotechnology? Give three reasons

ANSWERS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Biotechnology refers to the application of biological organisms or enzymes to the
synthesis, breakdown or transformation of materials in the service of people
2. The following are the reasons why microorganisms are preferred in biotechnology
a) Microorganisms require fewer nutrients as compared to other biological organisms
as such they can be cultured easily
b) Their genetic structure can be changed easily
c) They have simple metabolic processes
d) They have extreme rapid growth rate than any other organism
e) They are simple to work with because they are unicellular,

3. The main techniques used in biotechnology are:

a. Fermentation technology involves the growing of microorganisms on a large scale in
carefully controlled conditions. Then the microorganisms are used in producing
valuable products to us

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 b. Genetic engineering involves the transfer of genes from one organism and inserting
them into the genetic material or DNA of another

4. In continuous method fermenters are open so as to be feeding the microorganisms

constantly and then the product is extracted. While in batch system the fermenters are
sealed from the beginning and are never opened until the time for product extraction

5. Hybridization is a technique of crossing one type of crop with another or a breed of animal
with another with the aim of producing a different variety or breed whose qualities are
better than those of the first crops or animals.

6. To produce high yield and to produce crop that is disease resistant.

7. Selective breading is important in animal production because:

a. In increases meet production
b. It helps the farmer to get more milk
c. It helps the farmer to have animals that resist disease attack

8. a. PAN 34343 which can grow well in dry conditions,

b. DK 9089 that can produce double cob per stem and double the production,
c. Zm 309 also known as Msunga banja and LM 523 among others.

9. Inbreeding allows the related animals to mate and reproduce while in cross breeding
animals of different type are crossed or mated so as to increase the quality.

10. Zebu cattle

11. Cattle are hybridized for high milk and meat production but also disease
resistance so as sheep and pig. While poultry is hybridized to increase egg and
meat production.

12. The following are the application of biotechnology

In medicine
a. Production of synthetic insulin.
b. Production of antibiotics
c. Production of vaccines
d. Gene therapy
In agriculture
a. Production of crops that resist diseases:
b. Development of crops that produce natural insecticide against a specific pest.
c. Improving the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
d. Production of crops that produce high yield in a short period
e. In animal farms some transgene s are introduced into the animals so as to increase meat
and milk quality and production Plant and animal breeding using artificial selection
In industry

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 i. Beer brewing:
ii. Manufacturing detergents
iii. Yoghurt production
13. Genetic counseling use the knowledge of genetics to advise the parents who have
disorder on the probability of passing the disorder to their children. This helps them to decide
on whether they should have kids or not.

Forensic science is the technique that is used to determine the relationship between parents and
children by the studying the DNA. Close similarities between two DNA means close relationship.
This can help to settle disputes in families

14. Transgenics is important because it helps improving the quality of that particular
crop or animal
15. The process of genetic engineering is that involves introducing a foreign DNA from
one organism into a host organism such as bacteria to stimulate it to synthesize a new
protein. A section of DNA is extracted and translocated into a bacteria or virus. Inside the
cell of the bacteria there is a structure called plasmid where the extracted DNA is inserted.
When the DNA has been accepted by the bacteria the bacteria will multiply thereby
multiplying the gene
16. Plasmid
17. Pancreas

18. Benefits of genetic engineering

a) It helps in the production of proteins which are nutrients but are also used to treat
some diseases in plants as well as animals.
b) It provides high quality hybrids of plants and animals which have nutrients and
vitamins and mineral salts.
c) It is used to produce hybrids which resist diseases and pests.
d) It helps to reduce pollution by producing chemicals that biodegrades the plastics
e) It has led to increase in agricultural production hence food security

19. Problems associated with genetic engineering

a) People are afraid to eat GM organisms, crops and food as such market is affected.
b) Transgenic genes in plants can escape and affected other species hence interfering
with the ecosystem.
c) Changing of genetic code can lead to mutation which may cause diseases in the
concerned organism.
d) The technique is tedious and expensive. The purification of bacteria is not easy
e) The host microorganism can reject the inserted the DNA as a result the DNA can
be destroyed or made inactive
20. Ethical implications of biotech and GE
i. They are expensive so people will always question of their affordability.
ii. Some people are allergic to transgenic products
iii. It can lead to loss of biodiversity
iv. Some people can use biotechnology to make weapons

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 v. It can lead to production of harmful organisms as a result of a mistake of genetic
engineering.
21.
a) Bacteria
b) A is flagella. B is cell wall. C is plasmid and m is cytoplasm
c) For locomotion
d) Part C
e) It multiplies fast. It produces important proteins. It is easy to manipulate because it is
unicellular

COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1. What is a disease?
2. Discuss Infectious diseases diseases

3. How are these pathogens spread or transferred from one person to another? Discuss five
points
4. What are bacterial diseases?
5. Give any three examples of bacterial diseases
6. Describe pneumonia as an infectious disease:
7. How is pneumonia spread? Discuss
8. Give three signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
9. Suggest four preventive measures of pneumonia
10. How is pneumonia treated?

11. What three pathogens cause tuberculosis?

12. Give two means through which TB is transmitted and spread?
13. Discuss how tuberculosis affects the body
14. What are the signs and symptoms of TB?
15. Briefly discuss two ways of preventing and controlling TB
16. Suggest one treatment for TB

17. What causes typhoid?

18. Explain two ways through which causative agent of typhoid transmitted?
19. What are the signs and symptoms of typhoid?
20. How can you prevent typhoid? Give four points
21. What are viral diseases?
22. Give two examples of viral diseases include
23. Briefly describe common cold as an infectious disease:
24. Give three Signs and symptoms of common cold
25. Give three Control measures for common cold

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 26. a. Joseph was sick and he showed the following signs and symptoms: heavy cold and
cough, sneezing and sore throat, dizziness, headaches, nausea and vomiting, fever
andbody chills, arching of the body, general feeling of weakness. What do you think
is the disease that he is suffering from?
26. b. Give the Control, prevention and Treatment the disease you have identified above:
27. Give two causative agents of measles
28. How are measles causing virus transmitted
29. Outline five signs and symptom of measles
30. Give three control and preventive measures for measles
31. What causes chickenpox?
32. There are two modes of transmission of this virus give two ways.
33. Give three signs and symptoms of chicken pox
34. Give two ways of preventing chicken pox
35. What causes ring worm?
36. How is Tinea that causes ringworm transimitted? Give three ways
37. Give three signs and symptoms of ring worms
38. Outline three ways of controlling ring worms
39. What causes thrush?
40. How is thrush transmitted?
41. Apart from being transmitted through sexual intercourse what other things can lead to thrush?
42. Give four Signs and symptom of thrush
43. Suggest one treatment for Thrush
44. Discus the infectious disease called athlete’s foot
45. Outline two signs and symptoms of athlete’s foot
46. Suggest four prevention and control for athlete’s foot

ANSWERS FOR COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASE

1. Disease is the state of the body when it cannot cope up with the changes by normal homeostatic
methods. It is unhealthy condition of the body
2. These are diseases that can be caught or passed on from one person to another. These diseases are
usually caused by pathogenic-micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa among
others.
3.
A. Infected water e.g. cholera bacteria: Water may become infected if an infected person (who has
intestinal diseases such as cholera) defecate or urinate close to or into the water. The bacteria will
contaminate the water and if people drink such water they will be affected as well.
B. In droplets in the air e.g. Influenza virus:The acts of coughing, sneezing, talking or merely
breathing will discharge some tiny droplets of moisture from lungs trachea, nose or mouth into the
atmosphere. If a person has a disease of the respiratory tract such as TB those droplets will be
suspended in the air and someone can breathe them in or swallow them when talking.
C. By direct contact/contagious e.g. athlete’s foot fungus

D. In contaminated food (causing food poisoning) e.g. salmonella bacteria: Disease bacteria may
get into food when it is washed in contaminated water, or if it was landed on by flies that have been
in contact with human feaces that have the bacteria. It can also be contaminated by unwashed hand
after urinating of defecating.

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 E. By animal vectors e.g. plasmodium causes malaria via mosquito: There are many biting insects
such as mosquitoes, flea or even infected rats which when they are infected by the bacteria or other
microorganisms they can introduce them into human blood stream thereby causing disease.
F. Through body fluids e.g. hepatitis B virus and HIV
G. Inoculation:The pathogen can be inoculated into the body by directly by break in skin. This can
happen due to an injury from contaminated medical instruments or by sharing needles for drug
abuse
4. These are s diseases that are caused by bacteria
5. Pneumonia, TB and typhoid
6. This is an acute inflammation of the lung that is caused by bacteria known as pneumococcus sp,
strepecoccus pneumonia and bacillus sp. These bacteria attack the respiratory tissue causing them
to inflame. When the bacteria attacks the respiratory tract the fluid is secreted in the alveoli which
makes the alveoli solid and air is absent because solid alveoli do not permit gaseous exchange. This
can also lead to excess secretion of mucus which turns into yellow to form phlegm (thick mucus in
the respiratory system)
7. Pneumonia is spread through infection droplets. When an infected person coughs without the use
of handkerchief the droplets of either water or mucus that contain an infection can be passed to a
close by person. In places that are poorly ventilated and overcrowded the bacteria spread fast.
8. High fever
Wheezing when breathing caused by accumulation of fluid in the lungs and if this case is not treated
at early stage it can make the lungs to collapse and they can be permanently damaged.
Chest pain
9.
a. Patients must cover their mouth with handkerchief when coughing to avoid releasing droplets into
the air
b. Patients must not spit out the phlegm especially in public places
c. Patients must be isolated
d. Use of vaccine which is now available
10. Pneumonia is treated by antibiotics such as penicillin and he must have time to rest but also he
should be warm.
11. Bacillus bovis
Bacillus tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
12. Drinking infected milk
Through droplets infection
13. When the tuberculosis bacteria enter into the person they affect the tissue but the most affected
tissues are lung tissues but also joints. The bacteria will grow and multiply in the following
places: lungs, lymph nodes, joint and bones among others where they form a mass of bacteria and
host tissue called tubercles. The bacteria contained in the tubercle can stay dormant or inactive for
long time and when the favourable conditions for bacteria multiplication are available the bacteria
will break away and spread causing further damage to the other tissues.
Pulmonary TB is an infection of the lungs it may lead to collapse of part of the lungs as a result
respiratory system does not work properly and this can lead to death.
14. Extreme fatigue
Massive weight loss
Coughing out of blood due to lung inflammation
Sweating especially night
Wheezing due to damaged lung tissue
15. Tuberculosis can be prevented by taking BCG vaccine. (BCG is an acronym for Bacillus
Calmette Guerin), avoid drinking raw milk, vaccinating dairy cow and by avoid being in an
overcrowded place.

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 16. TB can be treated at early stage by antibiotics such as streptomycin. And the patient must be
isolated and exposed to place with plenty fresh air.
17. Bacterium known as Salmonella typhi.
18. Through drinking contaminated water that contains the bacteria or eating contaminated food.
Flies can also transmit the bacteria if they land on feaces or urine with the bacteria and then on
foodstuff or utensils.
19. High fever
Severe diarrhoea followed by constipation
Headache and poor appetite
Dark discharge from the bowel
Ulceration and rapturing of the intestines due to the attack of the intestinal wall.
Abdominal pains resulting from severe constipation
20. Food should be well-cooked before eating it
Get vaccinated against the disease
Proper disposal of human excreta
Ensure proper preservation of and handling of food
Water should be treated before use
Civic education to avoid contamination
Known typhoid carriers should be Isolated and treated to avoid spread by contact
Vaccination in case of outbreaks of the diseases
21. These are diseases that are caused by viruses.
22. Common Cold:
Influenza (Flu)
Measles
Chicken Pox (Varicella)
23. This is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract such as nasal cavity. Common cold is
communicable through droplet infection.
24. Running nose that results from excessive secretion of mucus.
Severe cold may be accompanied by fever
If common cold is not treated early it can lead to some diseases such as influenza pneumonia and
bronchitis
Sneezing
25. Giving patients inhalants to clear the nasal Passage.
Isolation of patients.
Avoiding overcrowding area.
Being in well-ventilated rooms.
Taking prophylactic drugs
26. a. Influenza
b. Influenza is treated by a prescribed antibiotic
Having enough time to rest/ sleep (bed rest)
Drinking hot drinks
Use antiviral drugs in severe cases
Use drugs that lower fever
27. Lubella virus which causes German measles
Lobeola virus which causes ordinary or red measles
28. Through the air in droplet infection.
29. Cough with running nose
High fever
Red and sore eyes
Rash on the mouth (Koplik’s spots)
Rash on the other body parts especially behind the ears.

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 30. Isolate the patients to avoid spreading of the diseases
Vaccinate children
Treatment with antibiotics
31. Varicella zosta and it is highly contagious.
32. The first one is through air droplets
Through contact with the infected person.
33. Red rash that covers the body starts in the abdomen or back
Rash may develop into sores
Sore throat fever and headache
34. Vaccination using varicella vaccine
Apply fexofenadine (Allegra)
35. fungus known as Tinea
36. It is transmitted through various ways such as direct contact with infected area,
Using infected combs and shavers
Sharing hats and head brushes.
37. Round grey patches on the head and face
Itching on the patches
Loss of hair on the patches
38. Using fungicide creams or tablets
Hygiene in care of hair
Avoid sharing combs, hats and brushes
39. Candida albicans
40. Sexual intercourse
41. It can also arise due to change in acidity in the vagina which occurs due to pregnancy or diabetes.
New born babies can be affected in the mouth at birth through vagina canal.
42. Sores and itching of the genitals, mouth and throat
White discharge from the genitals and smells like moulds
Vulva irritation, reddened vulva
Painful sexual intercourse
43. Using fungicides
44. This is the fungal infection of the feet. It is commonly found in warm, often slightly sweaty skin
between the toes. Fungal spores are picked up from the air or the floor and they germinate and
thrive in these warm moist conditions. The fungus penetrates and digests the outer layer of the skin.
These layers die and slough off leaving the skin prone to further attack. This disease may also
occurs due to: Wearing closed shoes for long time, Keep the feet wet for long time, Excessive
sweating in the feet
45. Itching in the foot,
Pains between toes and sores in between toes
46. Proper drying of feet after bathing
Use sandals in public showers
Change socks frequently
Treatment is by antifungal drugs such as powder and cream

CANCER
1. Define the term cancer
2. How do the tours develop?
3. What is a tomour?
4. Discuss the two classifications of tomours
5. What is a mutant gene?
6. What is the other name for a mutant gene?
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 7. What are mutagenic agents?
8. Give four factors that can lead to gene mutation and thereby leading to cancer.
9. In an essay form discuss any five factors that increase the risk of cancer
10. Discuss different types of cancer
11. Discuss two effects of cancerous cells on the body
12. State two ways of preventing cancer
[Link] not less than five ways of managing cancer

ANSWERS FOR CANCER

1. Cancer refers to the abnormal division or growth of cells.
2. Tomours develop when the genes fail to control cell division that the cells start to grow
rapidly and wildly giving rise to tomours.
3. A tumour is a lump of diseased cells.
4.
a. Benign tomours. These are the tomours that cannot spread or invade to other parts of the
body. They are not cancerous however they can be dangerous if they press or squeeze other
body parts such as brain
b. Malignant tomours: these are dangerous tomours they can spread and invade surrounding
body tissue and other body organs. These are what are referred to as cancerous cells. They
are can be fatal and dangerous because they cause serious damage. The spreading of the
cancerous cells is called Metastasis
5. Mutant gene is the gene has undergone mutation
6. Oncogene.
7.
These are factors that can lead to the mutation of a gene
8.
a) Ultraviolet light from sun
b) Carcinogenic chemicals from cigarettes
c) Mustard gas (sulfur mustard), benzene, formalin, and other chemicals.
d) Herpes simplex II virus.
9.
Smoking can lead to cancer because tar and some chemicals present in the cigarette can trigger
gene mutation
Too much taking in of alcohol leads to cancer because of the alcoholic chemicals that are in the
alcohol
Over exposure to radiation may cause cancer because when rays penetrate the cells they interfere
with the cell division
Some viral infections especially herpes simplex II can lead to cervical cancer

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Exposure to chemicals like mustard gas will cause cancer in the way that when they come in
contact with actively dividing cells they may become cancerous
10.
LIVER-LIVER CANCERANCER
This type of cancer is generally associated with liver cirrhosis and is mostly caused by hepatitis
virus B. this diseases causes the liver to be very stiff/ hard as such it cannot function properly.

THROAT-THROAT CANCER
This type of cancer causes the esophagus be thicken and lose its elasticity. The cells of the
throat can be covered with the ulcers all the way up to bronchus. This condition can result into
pneumonia. The swelling and thickening of throat and esophagus makes feeding and
swallowing impossible and this can lead to death.

CERVIX- CERVICAL CANCER

This disease is found in females only. The cells of the cervix will divide abnormally and the
tomour that is formed at the cervix can spread to the vagina and pelvic girdle. Cervical cancer
is strongly associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).

PROSTATE GLAND-PROSTRATE CANCER.

This disease attacks the prostate gland. It can be caused by viruses as well as the change in
estrogen level. It leads to death in men.

BREAST-BREAST CANCER
This can attack both men and women. It is stimulated by liver cirrhosis, drugs and / or genetics.
Basically the tomours will attack one breast but later they can spread to the other breast. If not
treated early it can cause death.

COLON-COLON CANCER
This is the most common type of cancer that attacks the alimentally canal. The colon may have
soft tomours or hard tomours. This can make the lumen to lose its elasticity

SKIN CANCER
This can be caused by ultraviolet light from son or some chemicals that destroy the melanocyte
cells in the skin. It may also result from the swelling of the lymphatic system which spread to
the skin causing a lot of pain in the skin.

BLOOD-BLOOD CANCER/LEUKEMIA)
This type of cancer attacks the bone marrows especially the cells that produce red blood cells.
The end result is that the blood does not manufacture enough red blood cells resulting into
aneamia and inability to transport respiratory gases.

11. Cancerous cells can lead to death of some organs. For example cancer of blood can
cause the decrease in red blood cell production which makes the transferring of gases difficult.
The organs work hand in hand with blood so when the red blood cells are few the organs cannot
receive enough blood and they can die. When the cells produced are diseased the organ can die.

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The affected cancerous cells spread they affect the other cells and this pauses threat to life
because a person can die.
12.
Healthy living
immunization
13.
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Surgery
Avoid risks of cancer
Avoid food that may induce cancer cells

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