Chapter 11
11.1 Interactions of Muscles
Choose several muscles on your body and identify the origin and insertion.
Choose a few different motions. For each, identify the prime mover and antagonist. When
possible, identify synergist or fixator muscles.
For each muscle shape, describe it and give an example. Describe what happens when it
contracts, especially any distinctive features of contraction of that shape.
o Parallel
o Circular
o Convergent
o Pennate
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Describe how muscles and bones work together to function as a lever.
Watch: [Link]
11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
For each of the following terms, prefixes, or suffixes, define it and give an example of a muscle
that uses it:
o Ad-
o Ab-
o Sub-
o Ductor
o Anti-
o Epi-
o Apo-
o Longissimus
o Longus
o Brevis
o Maximus
o Medius
o Minimus
o Rectus
o Multi-
o Uni-
o Bi/di-
o Tri-
o Quad-
o Externus
o Internus
o Flexor
o Extensor
o Gastric
11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck and Back
Distinguish between axial and appendicular muscles.
What is distinctive about the muscles that create facial expressions?
For each of the following terms, prefixes, or suffixes, define it and give an example of a muscle
that uses it.
o Orbi-
For each muscle listed below, describe the shape of the muscle, its location, and explain its
major function(s). Pay attention to recurring descriptor terms and references to bones:
o Orbicularis oris
o Orbicularis oculi
o Occipitofrontalis
o Buccinator
o Zygomaticus major
o Mentalis
o Risorius
o Masseter
o Temporalis
o Digastric
o Sternocleidomastoid
o Splenius capitis
o Iliocostalis group
Which muscles contract when you make a disgusted face? Which muscles contract when you
smile? Which muscles contract when you say “Aah”?
Describe the actions of the exterior eye muscles, including how they are named and what
motion they cause.
Which direction does your left eye move if both your superior rectus and your lateral rectus
contract?
When a muscle is named after a bone, what does that tell you about the muscle?
Describe the muscles of the tongue and the movements that each cause:
o Genioglossus
o Styloglossus
o Hyoglossus
o Palatoglossus
Which term denotes all muscles of the tongue?
11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
For each muscle listed below, describe the shape of the muscle, its location, and explain its
major function(s). Pay attention to recurring descriptor terms and references to bones:
o External obliques
o Internal obliques
o Transverse abdominis
o Rectus abdominis
o Quadratus lumborum
o Diaphragm
o External intercostals
o Internal intercostals
o Pelvic diaphragm
o Levator ani
o Bulbospongiosus
o Ischiocavernosus
o External anal sphincter
Describe which muscles are contracting if you are lying on your back on a bed then start to sit
up by turning to the side.
Describe the structure and function of the following muscle-associated structures:
o Linea alba
o Central tendon of diaphragm
o Perineum
Describe the muscle contractions involved in breathing. Distinguish between stressed and
unstressed breathing.
What do the diaphragm and the pelvic diaphragm have in common that causes them to share
terminology?
Describe the differences and similarities between the male and female pelvic diaphragm.
This app (also available in browser) has great demonstrations of the movement of each muscle
[Link]
I encourage running through the muscles listed to see what they do on here.
11.5 Muscles of Upper Limbs
Define the pectoral girdle.
For each muscle listed below, describe the shape of the muscle, its location, and explain its
major function(s). Pay attention to recurring descriptor terms and references to bones:
o Subclavius
o Pectoralis minor
o Serratus anterior
o Trapezius
o Levator scapulae
o Rhomboid major
o Rhomboid minor
o Pectoralis major
o Latissimus dorsi
o Deltoid
o Subscapularis
o Biceps brachii
o Brachialis
o Pronator teres
o Pronator quadratus
o Supinator
o Triceps brachii
o Anconeus
o Flexor carpi radialis
o Palmaris longus
o Flexor carpi ulnaris
o Flexor digitorum
o Extensor radialis longus
o Extensor carpi radialis brevis
o Extensor digitorum
o Extensor digiti minimi
o Extensor carpi ulnaris
o Abductor pollicis longus
o Extensor pollicis brevis
o Abductor pollicis brevis
o Opponens pollicis
o Abductor digiti minimi
o Palmar interossei
o Dorsal interossei
What does the rotator cuff do? List the muscles that make up the rotator cuff.
What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the hand?
11.6 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower limbs
For each muscle listed below, describe the shape of the muscle, its location, and explain its
major function(s). Pay attention to recurring descriptor terms and references to bones:
o Psoas major
o Iliacus
o Gluteus maximus
o Gluteus medius
o Gluteus minimus
o Adductor longus
o Adductor brevis
o Gracilis
o Rectus femoris
o Vastus lateralis
o Vastus medialis
o Vastus intermedius
o Biceps femoris
o Tibialis anterior
o Extensor hallucis longus
o Extensor digitorum longus
o Fibularis longus
o Gastrocnemius
o Soleus
o Plantaris
What is the function and structure of the iliotibial tract?
Which muscles make up the quadriceps and what motion do they perform? Why is it called
quadriceps femoris?
How do the muscles of the foot compare to the muscles of the hand?
This app (also available in browser) has great demonstrations of the movement of each muscle
[Link]
I encourage running through the muscles listed to see what they do on here.