Power Electronics II

(EEC424)
presented by :
Dr. Youssuf Elthakaby

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 Illustrate Quality requirements for the course.

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 Illustrate Quality requirements for the course.

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Course Plan (Part 1)
 Static DC-DC Converters (Choppers).
(Step down, Step up)

 Performance of different DC regulators.

(Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Ćuk)

 DC power supplies.
(fly back converter, forward converter, push-pull
converter)

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 Part I: DC/DC Converter

Aims of this part

• Understand, analyze and design the DC/DC converter circuits

and identify its applications.

• Design and Implement small project:

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Lecture Objectives

 Illustrate Quality requirements for the course.

 Introduction
 DC Chopper Circuit
 Step-down Chopper Circuit with R-Load

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 Lecture (1)

Introduction
 • DC-DC Linear power regulators

 Principle of operation is based on a voltage or current divider,

are inefficient because:
 High Power dissipated
 Limited to output voltages,
 Output voltages smaller than the input voltage (Step
down only) 9
• DC/DC Power Converter Circuits
 Principle Operation of dc/dc converter (DC Choppers)

output
Input

Fixed Vs. variable Vavg.

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 Applications of DC/DC converters (regulators)

 Electric Drives in transportation such as traction (electric

trains), electric vehicles (EVs) (cars), trolley cars, marine
hoists, forklift trucks,
 Commercial such as power supplies (SMPS),
Uninterruptable power supplies (UPS),
 Industrial such as industrial lasers, textile mills, welding.
 Renewable energy such as solar photo-voltaic (PV) cell-
based power generation systems, wind energy.
 Aerospace such as: Satellite power supplies, Aircraft power
system.
 Utility systems such as: High voltage DC
(HVDC)Transmission, Static circuit breakers, Smart grid
system.
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• Types of Commutation :

a) natural (source) commutation

b) load commutation

c) self commutating

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• DC/DC Power Converter Circuits

 Require:

 High-switching frequency of PE switches.

 Regulate the dc output voltage against load and line
variations, require filter inductors, and capacitors.
 Reduce the ac voltage ripple on the dc output voltage
below the required level;
 Protect the supplied system and the input source from
electromagnetic interference (EMI);

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• Specifications of the converter
1. The voltage conversion ratio range,
2. The maximal output power,
3. Number of components,
4. Power density, and
5. Separation of input and output, etc.

• Performance of the converter

1. High-quality,
2. Small size,
3. Light weight,
4. Reliable, and
5. Efficient power supplies.
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• Function of dc chopper circuits

▪ DC chopper circuits can convert dc voltage either Step-down

voltage (Vo < Vs ) or Step-up voltage (Vo > Vs ).

• Methods of Control (pulse modulation):

a) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), where the turn-on time
(ton) may be varied, while the switching period (T) is held
constant.

b) Frequency Modulation (FM), where (ton) may be kept

constant, while (T) is varied.

c) Combined (PWM) and (FM) methods.

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 V0

a) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): V

tON tOFF

1- tON is varied keeping chopping t

frequency ‘f’ & chopping period ‘T’ V0
T

constant. V

2- Output voltage varies by varying t

the ON time tON tON tOFF

v0
b) Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) V

1- Chopping frequency ‘f’ varies keeping either ton

or toff constant. tON tOFF
t
2- To obtain full output voltage range, frequency T
has to be varied over a wide range. v0
3- This method produces harmonics in the output
V
4- for large toff load current may become
discontinuous. tON tOFF
(ton) may be kept constant, (T) is varied. t
T

c) Combination of PWM and PFM 16

• Power flow of DC/DC converters:

Pin = Pout + Plosses

Where;
Pin is the power fed into the converter,
Pout is the output power and
Plosses is the power wasted inside the converter (Switches).

Perfect converter the same way as a perfect transformer. There

would be no losses, and Pout would be exactly the same as Pin

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Step-down Chopper Circuit with R-load

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• Step-down Chopper Circuit S io
+
 A step-down chopper with resistive load
R Vo
 The transistor in the circuit acts as a switch. Vs
 When transistor is ON, supply voltage appears -
across the load.
 When transistor is OFF, the voltage across the load
will be zero.

 Mode I
When transistor (s) is
ON, supply voltage
appears across the load
 Mode II
When t transistor (s) is
OFF, the voltage across
the load will be zero

 The current fluctuates during the cycle, going down to zero at or before
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the end of each cycle (discontinuous current )
  Voltage relationship:
V s 0  t  t on
Vo  
0 t on  t  T
Average output voltage
t
1 on t
V dc   V s dt  on V s  DV s
T 0 T
Where,
t on t V
duty cycle  D   on  dc
t on  t off T Vs

 Current relationship:
Average output current The output voltage can be varied by
V dc DV s varying the duty cycle.
I dc  
R R

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 RMS Values for output voltages and current
v0
t V
1 on 2 t on
V o ,rms  
T 0
V s dt 
T
V s  DV s Vdc

t
tON tOFF
t V DV s i0
I o ,rms  on s 
T R R
V/R
Idc
t
T
 Output Power
V dc 2 D 2 V s 2
 DC output power  Pdc V dc * I dc  
R R
DV s 2
 RMS output power Po ,rms V o ,rms * I o ,rms 
R

V As; Idc = Vdc/R=DVs/R

Ri   22
I dc R = load resistance
`
The End

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