Purposive Communication

Term 1, A.Y. 2025-2026

Models of Communication

📌Communication
●​ An active process of sharing information, ideas, and feelings between individuals or
groups often involving both sending and receiving messages. Aimed at conveying
meaning and promoting understanding between people involved, this can be done
through various means.
●​ Active process of exchanging information and ideas. Communication involves both
understanding and expression.

​ Communication is:
1.​ For information transfer
2.​ For expressing ideas and feelings
3.​ For achieving a purpose
4.​ A two-way process

📌Communication Model
●​ Pictorial representation of communication process, ideas, thoughts, or concepts
through diagrams, etc., and is considered to be systematic representations of the
process that can help us understand how communication can be carried out.
●​ They can help us understand the potential barriers to effective communication, the
roles of different elements involved, and the importance of successful
communication.
●​ They simplify the process of communication.

Key Elements of Communication Model

1.​ Sender - the individual or group initiating the message
2.​ Message - the content being conveyed
3.​ Channel - the medium through which the message travels
4.​ Receiver - the individual or group receiving the message

​ Why are Communication Models Important?

○​ For understanding the communication process
○​ For analyzing communication problems
○​ For enhancing communication skills
 ○​ For guiding organizational communication

Major Communication Models

1.​ Linear Models - communication as one-way process
2.​ Interactive Communication - two-way communication added with feedback
3.​ Transactional Models - ongoing and simultaneous communication

📌Linear Communication Model

●​ Depicts one-way communication & is used to communicate with the masses
●​ Models where the sender sends the message & the receiver only receives the
message. There is no concept of feedback involved. The introduction of noise may
affect clear communication.
●​ It views communication as a thing that is sent from one place to another;
communication is simply sending and receiving messages.

A.​ Aristotle's Model

-​ Speaker-centered, emphasizing how effectiveness of communication
relies heavily on how well the speaker crafts and delivers their
message to influence the audience.
-​ This model is especially relevant in public speaking, politics, and
advertising, where persuasion is the key goal.
B.​ Shannon-Weaver Model
-​ Stresses the importance of encoding and decoding messages for them
to be transmitted. This was the first model to acknowledge the
existence of noise in communication that could disrupt or alter a
message.
-​ The Shannon-Weaver model introduced the idea of 'noise'. Noise can
be anything that disrupts the message, such as static on the radio, a
misspelt word, or background noise during a speech.
C.​ Berlo's SMCR Model (Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver)
-​ Highlights the sender, message, channel, and receiver as key elements
in the communication process.
-​ This model emphasizes the skills, attitudes, knowledge, and social
systems of both participants. It also highlights how the message's
encoding and decoding depend on the communicator's abilities in
various dimensions.
D.​ Lasswell's Model
-​ This examines who says what, through which channel, to whom, with
what effect. It attempts to understand a communication event by
 asking five important questions such as: Who says, What said, In
Which channel, To Whom, and With What effect?

Pros and Cons of Linear Communication Model

●​ Pros
1.​ Highly impactful in getting things done.
2.​ Good at audience persuasion & propaganda setting.
●​ Cons
1.​ With no feedback, communication is not continuous.
2.​ It's difficult to interpret whether the communication was effective or
not.

📌Interactive Communication Model

●​ This describes communication as a two-way process, equal and reciprocal where
participants alternate positions as sender and receiver & generate meaning by
sending and receiving feedback.
●​ It views communication as an interaction where a message is sent and then followed
by a reaction/feedback, which is again followed by another reaction.
●​ The interactive communication models highlight that the feedback may get delayed
when the messages are exchanged between the sender & receiver.

A.​ Osgood-Schramm Model

-​ This model presents communication as a circular process where each
participant acts as a sender and receiver actively involved in encoding
and decoding messages, reciprocal, and continuously transmitting
messages.
-​ The Osgood-Schramm model analyses communication between two
equal parties. It is useful for looking at any communication involving
immediate feedback, such as face- to-face conversations.
B.​ The Westley and Maclean Model
-​ The Westley and Maclean model describes communications that take
place on a large scale. It considers the environmental and cultural
elements of communication.
-​ This model is based on the idea that what we say and how we say it is
influenced by our backgrounds, personalities, and perspectives.

Pros and Cons of Interactive Communication Model

●​ Pros
 1.​ Chance of getting feedback even in mass communication
2.​ New communication channels can be explored
●​ Cons
1.​ Feedback can take a very long time
2.​ Sender/receiver may not know who the other person is - that's
providing the feedback

📌Transactional Communication Model

●​ Transactional models view communication as a complex, ongoing process where all
parties are simultaneously senders and receivers, continuously influencing each
other. The key phrase is "at the same time."
●​ This model emphasizes the context of communication, including the physical, social,
and cultural environment.
●​ It's generally used for direct personal communication in which two-way feedback is
immediate.
●​ It views communication as integrated into our social realities and displays all
components of the communication process.
●​ Transactional communication models view communication as transaction, meaning
that it is a cooperative process where communicators create shared meaning in a
dynamic process, thereby influencing the communication's outcome and
effectiveness.
●​ Transactional models show that we do not just exchange information during our
interactions, but create relationships, form cross-cultural bonds, and shape our
opinions.

A.​ Barnlund's Transactional Model

-​ This views communication as a continuous process of message
exchange, where both sender and receiver are simultaneously active.
-​ It centers on the idea that feedback given to the sender acts as the
reply for the receiver. Barnlund focused on how private and public
cues affect communication. This model also looks at environmental
factors, nonverbal cues and a person's thoughts, culture and
background.
-​ The Barnlund model can be useful when analysing face-to-face
conversations, email exchanges or online chats. It's especially good at
examining how cultural differences cause misunderstandings.
B.​ Dance's Helical Model
-​ According to Dance's Helical model, communication is circular in
nature and becomes increasingly complicated as it progresses. Dance
pictures communication as a spiral that never loops back on itself. At
 each stage, we receive feedback that influences what our next
contribution will be.
-​ It illustrates the dynamic and evolving nature of communication,
where messages build upon each other and influence subsequent
interactions.

📌Summary of Communication Models

●​ In essence, these models provide a framework for understanding the different
aspects of communication and how they interact to achieve a desired outcome in
purposive communication.
1.​ The linear model helps in delivering a clear and concise message
2.​ Interactional model highlights the importance of feedback and active
listening
3.​ The transactional model emphasizes the dynamic and evolving nature of
communication, where botł parties are constantly shaping the message.

📌Community and Communication Models

●​ A "community and communication model" describes people in a community
exchanging information and building relationships, often using a combination of
social and technological networks.
●​ It emphasizes the importance of communication for community development and
engagement. These models can range from simple linear communication to more
complex interactive and transactional approaches, each offering a unique
perspective on how communication shapes community life.

Key Aspects of Community and Communication Models

1.​ Focus on Social Networks - These models recognize that communication
within a community is deeply intertwined with its social structure and
existing relationships.
2.​ Technology Integration - Modern models incorporate technology as a tool
to enhance communication and facilitate participation, bridging geographical
and logistical barriers.
3.​ Community Development - The goal is often to use communication to
empower communities, mobilize citizens for social change, and foster a sense
of shared purpose.
4.​ Different Models - Various communication models, such as the SMCR model,
the Osgood-Schramm model, and others, can be adapted to analyze and
improve communication within a community.
 Why are Community and Communication Models Important?
1.​ Effective Engagement - Understanding and applying communication models
can help community leaders and organizations effectively engage with
residents and build trust.
2.​ Social Change - Effective communication is crucial for mobilizing
communities to address social issues and advocate for positive change.
3.​ Improved Decision-Making - Open communication and information sharing
can lead to more informed and participatory decision-making processes.

Examples of Community Communication Models

1.​ Community Communication Centers (C3) - These are physical spaces
designed to offer communication facilities and resources to the community,
particularly in developing regions
2.​ Online Communities - Online forums, social media groups, and digital
platforms can facilitate communication and engagement among community
members.
3.​ Community Networks - These are networks of individuals or groups who
share a common interest or purpose and actively communicate and
collaborate to achieve shared goals.

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

📌Verbal Communication
●​ A type of communication where spoken and written words are used to convey
messages or express one’s feelings and thoughts to another person/s.
●​ It can be formal or informal, depending on the context and relationship between
communicators

Elements of Verbal Communication

1.​ Clarity – message is clear, concise, and easily understood.

2.​ Tone –emotional quality of the voice; the way the message is delivered
3.​ Language – the specific language used (English, Filipino, Ilocano, Spanish)
4.​ Vocabulary – choice of words used
5.​ Structure – organization of sentences and paragraphs
6.​ Active listening – attentiveness of person/s involved in the verbal
communication
7.​ Rate – speed of speaking
8.​ Volume – power of the voice
 9.​ Pitch – raising and lowering of voice
10.​Pronunciation –saying the words correctly
11.​Fluency – flow of speaking
12.​ Articulation – the speaker’s ability to be coherent and understood easily

Functions of Verbal Communication

1.​ For information sharing – transmitting or sharing facts, opinions, ideas,

feelings
2.​ For persuasion – convincing others to adopt one’s viewpoint or to take
action
3.​ For social interaction – for building relationships and expressing one’s
feelings and emotions
4.​ For cultural expression – reflecting cultural identity and values through
language use
5.​ For defining reality – defining oneself, situation, event
6.​ For organizing complex ideas and experiences into meaningful
categories
7.​ For making us think – makes us exercise our ability to reason, recall,
analyze, evaluate, and make judgment

📌Non-verbal Communication
●​ A process of generating meaning using behavior other than words.​
It is the process of sending or receiving a message without using words, either
written or spoken. As early as the 1600s, Francis Bacon observed that our bodies’
motions or gestures often reveal the state of mind.
●​ It is the transmission of messages or signals through a non-verbal platform such as
eye contact, body language, social distance, touch, voice, physical environments/
appearance, and use of objects. It encompasses all forms of communication that do
not involve words, including body language, gestures, facial expressions, and more.

Elements of Non-verbal Communication

1.​ Vocalics – referred to as paralanguage, it includes one’s way of speaking such

as tone, volume, and pitch of the voice.
 2.​ Proximity (proxemics)– the use of space in communication; personal space
norms differ by culture. The space or the distance between the speaker and
the receiver.
3.​ Gestures - body movements like nodding, clenching fist, waving, stretching,
standing
4.​ Touch (haptics) – touching a person like giving a hug, pat on a shoulder,
handshake
5.​ Physiological changes – often linked to discomfort like blushing, trembling,
sweating, tearing up
6.​ Facial expressions – raising an eyebrow, rolling one’s eyes, frowning,
smiling, pouting
7.​ Attentiveness – showing one’s engagement and interest
8.​ Body language - posture, movements, and gestures that convey meaning.
9.​ Eye contact - can signify attention, interest, or aggression, varying
significantly across cultures.

Functions of Non-verbal Communication

1.​ To emphasize verbal messages – to reinforce what is said verbally

2.​ To express emotions and build relationships – conveying feelings that
cannot be expressed verbally
3.​ To regulate interaction
4.​ To express cultural significance – non-verbal signals can carry different
meanings depending on cultural contexts
5.​ To influence others
6.​ To convey meaning by:
a.​ Reinforcing – smiling, nodding, clapping
b.​ Substituting – like when a baby or a patient cannot talk or a stranger
can’t express himself
c.​ Contradicting – saying something positive while projecting a negative
face
7.​ To express identity – hobbies, interests, clothes worn, posture, eye contact
8.​ To convey cultural significance- non-verbal signals can carry different
meanings in various cultural contexts

📌Communication Process
 ●​ Communication process is a dynamic framework that describes how a message
travels between a sender and a receiver using various communication channels. Its
goal is to ensure the receiver decodes the message correctly and can respond with
ease and speed.
●​ This is especially important to large organizations that need to notify people in
different areas and time zones. A message may no longer be communicated just
through voice or writing but also shared through audio, video, email, and social
media.

Key Components of Communication Process:

1.​ Sender – the person who conceptualized the idea and wants it delivered to
the receiver.
2.​ Encoding – the way the information is described or translated into a
message.
3.​ Message – the idea, fact, or opinion that the sender wants to communicate
4.​ Communication channel- the method of delivering the message
5.​ Receiver- the target audience of the sender
6.​ Decoding – the interpretation of the message
7.​ Feedback – the response or action the receiver takes after decoding a
message

1.​ Group Communication

2.​ Interpersonal Communication
3.​ Blogs
4.​ Smartphone & Texting
5.​ Social Networking Relationship
6.​ Technology-Mediated communication
7.​ Videoconferencing
8.​ Vlog

Intercultural Communication

📌Intercultural Communication
●​ The study and practice of communication across cultural contexts
●​ Communication between people with differing cultural identities
●​ Communication across different cultural boundaries
●​ The communication between people from two different cultures

Examples of Intercultural Communication:

-​ A Christian converses with a Muslim

-​ A woman receives an order from a man
-​ An American and an African share their views
-​ A Chinese politician's discussion with an American leader
-​ Conversing with someone you met from another region, someone who
speaks a different language, or someone from another ethnic group.

What Characterizes Intercultural Communication?

-​ Need for common consciousness

-​ Need for defining key words, cognitive conflicts, and language barriers
-​ Need for understanding non-linguistic consciousness

1.​ Respect - Recognizing and valuing the rights and beliefs of individuals from
different cultures, even if you disagree with them
2.​ Empathy - Understanding and sharing the feelings of others, particularly
those from different cultural backgrounds
3.​ Open-mindedness - Being receptive to new ideas and perspectives, and
avoiding stereotypes or assumptions
4.​ Adaptability - Being able to adjust communication styles, behaviors, and
expectations to fit different cultural contexts
5.​ Flexibility - Being willing to change communication approaches and
strategies as needed, and avoiding rigidity in communication
6.​ Cultural Awareness - Understanding the impact of cultural differences on
communication, and being aware of your own cultural biases and
assumptions
7.​ Patience - Recognizing that effective intercultural communication takes time
and effort, and being willing to invest the necessary time
8.​ Self-awareness - Understanding your own cultural identity and how it
influences your communication
9.​ Tolerance for Ambiguity - Being comfortable with the uncertainty and
ambiguity that can arise when communicating across cultures
 10.​Motivation - Having a genuine desire to learn about and communicate
effectively with people from different cultures
11.​ Effective Communication Skills - Being able to clearly and accurately
convey your message, and actively listen to and understand others

Importance of Intercultural Communication

-​ Through intercultural communication, we come to create, understand, and

transform culture and identity.
-​ To foster greater self-awareness
-​ Allows us to step outside of our comfortable frame of reference and see our
culture through a different lens.
-​ As we become more self-aware, we may also become more ethical
communicators
-​ Can help us better negotiate our changing world.

Why Should We be Concerned with Culture in Communication?

-​ Culture can affect how people communicate in different ways. Phrases,

words, gestures, and languages used the way people deliver information and
their attitudes towards conflict
-​ Cultural differences can create conflicts and misunderstanding
-​ Our culture influences the ways that we think, behave, and express our
feelings, which can create barriers in communication.
-​ People with different cultures may have different values or beliefs about
communication
-​ For the successful collaboration and relationship-building of international
communities
-​ For avoiding and resolving conflicts
-​ For preventing cultural problems in the workplace
-​ Understanding diverse cultures can help you communicate more effectively
in a variety of ways
-​ It facilitates communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries, leading
to more tolerance, acceptance, and, ultimately, stronger relationships
amongst people of diverse backgrounds.
Barriers to Intercultural Communication

1.​ Anxiety - discomfort in communicating with individuals from other cultures

or co-cultures
2.​ Assumption of Similarities- Those who assume a person from another
cultural background is just like them will often misread or misinterpret and
perhaps even be offended by any intercultural encounter.
3.​ Ethnocentrism - assumes our culture or co-culture is superior to or more
important than others and evaluates all other cultures against it.
4.​ Stereotypes - are oversimplified ideas about groups of people. Stereotypes
can be based on race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation — almost any
characteristic.
5.​ Racial discrimination - is discrimination against an individual based solely
on membership in a specific racial group.
6.​ Prejudice - is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based
solely on one’s membership in a particular social group, such as gender, race,
ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, profession, and
many more
7.​ Language differences
8.​ Cultural misunderstandings
9.​ Non-verbal misinterpretations
10.​Emotional responses

Effective Strategies for Engaging in Cross-cultural Communication

-​ Maintain etiquette
-​ Avoid slang, idioms, and sayings
-​ Speak slowly
-​ Keep it simple
-​ Practice active listening
-​ Take turns to talk
-​ Write things down if necessary
-​ Ask open-ended questions rather than closed questions
-​ Be careful with humor
-​ Be supportive. Help make others feel comfortable.
-​ Accept empathy to build a bridge of understanding
-​ Learn the power of nonverbal cues through active listening
-​ Develop an open mind and appreciate the beauty of diversity
-​ Communicate effectively by using a common language
 -​ Look out for opportunities for cultural exchange to celebrate diversity and
foster connections
-​ Intercultural communication competence (ICC) is the ability to communicate
effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts. Key components of
which include motivation, self- and other knowledge, and tolerance for
uncertainty

1.​ Position Paper

●​ The role of robots in the school environment
●​ AI in education
●​ Free Tuition Fees in SUCS and the Philippine Economy
●​ Filipino Teachers’ Migration after passing the Licensure Examination
●​ The Effect of Social Media Use on the students’ academic performance