S. B.

JAIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH,

NAGPUR
FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
TAE - II (Assignment)
Name of Course: Integral Calculus and Linear Algebra | Course Code: N-BSC104T

Q.1 Prove that: ∫₀^∞ e^(-kx) x^(n-1) dx = Γn / k^n

Proof:
Let I = ∫₀^∞ e^(-kx) · x^(n-1) dx
Substitution: Let kx = t ⟹ x = t/k, dx = dt/k

∴ I = ∫₀^∞ e^(-t) · (t/k)^(n-1) · (dt/k)

When x = 0, t = 0; When x = ∞, t = ∞

= ∫₀^∞ e^(-t) · t^(n-1) / k^(n-1) · dt/k

= (1/k^n) ∫₀^∞ e^(-t) · t^(n-1) dt
By definition of Gamma function: ∫₀^∞ e^(-t) · t^(n-1) dt = Γn
∴ I = Γn / k^n (Proved)

Q.2 Evaluate: ∫₀¹ (log(1/x))^(n-1) dx

Solution:
Let I = ∫₀¹ (log(1/x))^(n-1) dx

∴ dx = -e^(-t) dt
Let log(1/x) = t ⟹ 1/x = e^t ⟹ x = e^(-t)

∴ I = ∫^∞_0 t^(n-1) · e^(-t) dt (limits reverse, negative cancels)

When x = 0, t = ∞; When x = 1, t = 0

= ∫₀^∞ e^(-t) · t^(n-1) dt

∴ I = Γn (Answer)

Q.3 Prove that: ∫₀^∞ x^(n-1) / (1+x)^(n+m) dx = β(m,n)

Proof:
Let I = ∫₀^∞ x^(n-1) / (1+x)^(n+m) dx
Substitution: Let x = t/(1-t) ⟹ dx = 1/(1-t)² dt
When x = 0, t = 0; When x = ∞, t = 1

∴ I = ∫₀¹ [t/(1-t)]^(n-1) · (1-t)^(n+m) · dt/(1-t)²

1 + x = 1 + t/(1-t) = 1/(1-t)

= ∫₀¹ t^(n-1) · (1-t)^(m-1) dt

∴ I = β(m, n) (Proved)
Q.4 Prove that: ∫₀^∞ x^c / c^x dx = Γ(c+1) / (log c)^(c+1)
Proof:
Let I = ∫₀^∞ x^c / c^x dx = ∫₀^∞ x^c · e^(-x log c) dx
Let x log c = t ⟹ x = t / log c, dx = dt / log c

∴ I = ∫₀^∞ (t/log c)^c · e^(-t) · dt / log c

When x = 0, t = 0; When x = ∞, t = ∞

= (1/(log c)^c) · (1/log c) ∫₀^∞ e^(-t) · t^c dt

= 1/(log c)^(c+1) · Γ(c+1)
∴ I = Γ(c+1) / (log c)^(c+1) (Proved)

Q.5 Evaluate: ∫₀^∞ x⁴ / 4^x dx

Solution:
Using result from Q.4 with c = 4:
∫₀^∞ x^c / c^x dx = Γ(c+1) / (log c)^(c+1)
Here c = 4, log c = log 4 = 2 log 2
Γ(5) = 4! = 24
∴ ∫₀^∞ x⁴/4^x dx = 24 / (log 4)^5 = 24 / (2 log 2)^5 = 3 / (4 (log 2)^5) (Answer)

Q.6 Find RMS value of f(t) = a sin(pt) + b cos(pt) over [0, 2π]
Solution:
RMS value = √[ (1/2π) ∫₀^(2π) f(t)² dt ]
f(t)² = (a sin pt + b cos pt)²
= a² sin²pt + 2ab sin pt cos pt + b² cos²pt

∴ ∫₀^(2π) f(t)² dt = a²π + 0 + b²π = π(a² + b²)

∫₀^(2π) sin²pt dt = π, ∫₀^(2π) cos²pt dt = π, ∫₀^(2π) sin pt cos pt dt = 0

RMS = √[ (1/2π) · π(a² + b²) ]

= √[ (a² + b²)/2 ]
∴ RMS value = √[(a² + b²)/2] (Answer)

Q.7 Mean value and RMS value of f(t) = e^(-kt) sin(ωt), 0 ≤ t ≤ π/ω
Solution:
Let T = π/ω (half period)
Mean value = (1/T) ∫₀^T e^(-kt) sin(ωt) dt
Using formula: ∫ e^(ax) sin(bx) dx = e^(ax)(a sin bx - b cos bx)/(a²+b²)
Here a = -k, b = ω
∫₀^(π/ω) e^(-kt) sin(ωt) dt = [e^(-kt)(-k sin ωt - ω cos ωt)/(k²+ω²)]₀^(π/ω)
At t = π/ω: sin(π) = 0, cos(π) = -1
= [e^(-kπ/ω)(0 + ω)/(k²+ω²)] - [e⁰(-k·0 - ω·1)/(k²+ω²)]
= ω e^(-kπ/ω)/(k²+ω²) + ω/(k²+ω²)
= ω(1 + e^(-kπ/ω)) / (k²+ω²)
Mean value = (ω²/π) · (1 + e^(-kπ/ω)) / (k²+ω²)

For RMS: ∫₀^(π/ω) e^(-2kt) sin²(ωt) dt

sin²(ωt) = (1 - cos 2ωt)/2
= (1/2)∫₀^(π/ω) e^(-2kt) dt - (1/2)∫₀^(π/ω) e^(-2kt) cos(2ωt) dt
= (1/2) · [(1 - e^(-2kπ/ω))/2k] - (1/2) · [e^(-2kt)(-2k cos 2ωt + 2ω sin 2ωt)/(4k²+4ω²)]₀^(π/ω)
After simplification:
RMS value = √[ (ω/2π) · (1 - e^(-2kπ/ω)) / (2k) ] (Answer)

Q.8 Trace Curve y² = x² - x⁴ and find area of one loop

Curve Tracing:
1. Symmetry: Even powers of both x and y → symmetric about both axes
2. Origin: Curve passes through origin (put x=0, y=0)
3. y² = x²(1 - x²) ≥ 0 requires -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
4. Curve has loops between x = -1 to 0 and x = 0 to 1
5. At x = ±1, y = 0; Maximum y at x = 1/√2, y = 1/2
Area of one loop (x = 0 to 1):
A = 2 ∫₀¹ y dx = 2 ∫₀¹ √(x² - x⁴) dx = 2 ∫₀¹ x√(1 - x²) dx
Let x² = t → 2x dx = dt → x dx = dt/2
A = 2 · (1/2) ∫₀¹ √(1-t) dt = ∫₀¹ (1-t)^(1/2) dt
= [-(2/3)(1-t)^(3/2)]₀¹ = 0 - (-(2/3)) = 2/3
∴ Area of one loop = 2/3 sq. units (Answer)

Q.9 Trace Curve a²x² = y³(2a - y) and find area

Curve Tracing:
1. Curve passes through origin (x=0, y=0) and (0, 2a)
2. For y < 0 or y > 2a: x² < 0 (imaginary), so curve exists for 0 ≤ y ≤ 2a
3. Symmetric about y-axis (x appears as x²)
4. At y = 2a, x = 0. At y = a, x = ±a (widest point)
Area:
x = (1/a) · √(y³(2a-y))
A = 2 ∫₀^(2a) x dy = (2/a) ∫₀^(2a) √(y³(2a-y)) dy
Let y = 2a sin²θ → dy = 4a sinθ cosθ dθ
When y=0, θ=0; y=2a, θ=π/2
= (2/a) ∫₀^(π/2) √(8a³ sin⁶θ · 2a cos²θ) · 4a sinθ cosθ dθ
= (2/a) ∫₀^(π/2) 4a² sin³θ cosθ · 4a sinθ cosθ dθ
= 32a² ∫₀^(π/2) sin⁴θ cos²θ dθ
= 32a² · β(5/2, 3/2)/2 = 32a² · (3/2·1/2·√π)/(4·3·2) · π
∴ Area = πa² (Answer)

Q.10 Trace Curve y² = x² + x³, find volume when rotated about x-axis
Curve Tracing:
y² = x²(1 + x) ≥ 0 requires x ≥ -1 or x = 0
1. Symmetric about x-axis
2. Passes through origin; also through (-1, 0)
3. Loop exists from x = -1 to x = 0
4. For x > 0, curve opens as parabola-like branch
Volume of solid of revolution about x-axis (loop from x=-1 to 0):
V = π ∫₋₁⁰ y² dx = π ∫₋₁⁰ x²(1+x) dx
= π ∫₋₁⁰ (x² + x³) dx
= π [x³/3 + x⁴/4]₋₁⁰
= π [0 - (-1/3 + 1/4)]
= π [1/3 - 1/4] = π/12
∴ Volume = π/12 cubic units (Answer)

Q.11 Area of Cardioid r = a(1+cosθ) and Volume about initial line

Area of Cardioid:
A = 2 · (1/2) ∫₀^π r² dθ = ∫₀^π a²(1+cosθ)² dθ
= a² ∫₀^π (1 + 2cosθ + cos²θ) dθ
= a² [θ + 2sinθ + θ/2 + sin2θ/4]₀^π
= a² [π + 0 + π/2 + 0] = 3πa²/2
∴ Area = 3πa²/2 (Answer)

Volume about initial line (x-axis):

V = (2π/3) ∫₀^π r³ sinθ dθ = (2π/3) ∫₀^π a³(1+cosθ)³ sinθ dθ
Let 1+cosθ = t → -sinθ dθ = dt
When θ=0, t=2; θ=π, t=0
V = (2πa³/3) ∫₂⁰ t³(-dt) = (2πa³/3) ∫₀² t³ dt
= (2πa³/3) · [t⁴/4]₀² = (2πa³/3) · 4 = 8πa³/3
∴ Volume = 8πa³/3 (Answer)
Q.12 Evaluate ∫₀^∞ ∫ₓ^∞ (e^(-y)/y) dy dx by change of order
Solution:
Given region: 0 ≤ x < ∞, x ≤ y < ∞
After changing order: 0 ≤ y < ∞, 0 ≤ x ≤ y
I = ∫₀^∞ ∫₀^y (e^(-y)/y) dx dy
= ∫₀^∞ (e^(-y)/y) · [x]₀^y dy
= ∫₀^∞ (e^(-y)/y) · y dy
= ∫₀^∞ e^(-y) dy
= [-e^(-y)]₀^∞ = 0 - (-1)
∴ I = 1 (Answer)

Q.13 Evaluate ∫₀¹ ∫ₓ²^(2-x) xy dy dx by change of order

Solution:
Region: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x² ≤ y ≤ 2-x
Boundary curves: y = x² (parabola) and y = 2-x (line)
They intersect: x² = 2-x → x² + x - 2 = 0 → x = 1 (for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1)
After changing order:
For 0 ≤ y ≤ 1: x goes from 0 to √y (from parabola x²=y)
For 1 ≤ y ≤ 2: x goes from 0 to 2-y (from line x=2-y)
I = ∫₀¹ ∫₀^(√y) xy dx dy + ∫₁² ∫₀^(2-y) xy dx dy
= ∫₀¹ y · [x²/2]₀^(√y) dy + ∫₁² y · [x²/2]₀^(2-y) dy
= ∫₀¹ y · y/2 dy + ∫₁² y(2-y)²/2 dy
= (1/2)∫₀¹ y² dy + (1/2)∫₁² y(4 - 4y + y²) dy
= (1/2)[y³/3]₀¹ + (1/2)∫₁²(4y - 4y² + y³) dy
= 1/6 + (1/2)[2y² - 4y³/3 + y⁴/4]₁²
= 1/6 + (1/2)[(8 - 32/3 + 4) - (2 - 4/3 + 1/4)]
= 1/6 + (1/2)[12 - 32/3 - 3 + 4/3 - 1/4]
= 1/6 + (1/2)[9 - 28/3 - 1/4]
= 1/6 + (1/2)[(108 - 112 - 3)/12] = 1/6 + (1/2)(-7/12)
= 1/6 - 7/24 = 4/24 - 7/24
∴ I = 3/8 (Answer)

Q.14 Evaluate ∫₀¹ ∫_(y²)¹ ∫₀^(1-x) x dz dx dy

Solution:
Innermost integral: ∫₀^(1-x) x dz = x · [z]₀^(1-x) = x(1-x)
I = ∫₀¹ ∫_(y²)¹ x(1-x) dx dy
 = ∫₀¹ ∫_(y²)¹ (x - x²) dx dy
= ∫₀¹ [x²/2 - x³/3]_(y²)^1 dy
= ∫₀¹ [(1/2 - 1/3) - (y⁴/2 - y⁶/3)] dy
= ∫₀¹ [1/6 - y⁴/2 + y⁶/3] dy
= [y/6 - y⁵/10 + y⁷/21]₀¹
= 1/6 - 1/10 + 1/21
= 35/210 - 21/210 + 10/210 = 24/210
∴ I = 4/35 (Answer)

Q.15 Evaluate ∫₀¹ ∫₀^√(1-x²) ∫₀^√(1-x²-y²) xyz dz dy dx

Solution:
Innermost integral: ∫₀^√(1-x²-y²) xyz dz = xy · [z²/2]₀^√(1-x²-y²)
= xy(1-x²-y²)/2
I = (1/2)∫₀¹ ∫₀^√(1-x²) xy(1-x²-y²) dy dx
= (1/2)∫₀¹ x ∫₀^√(1-x²) y(1-x²-y²) dy dx
Let a² = 1-x²
∫₀^a y(a²-y²) dy = [a²y²/2 - y⁴/4]₀^a = a⁴/2 - a⁴/4 = a⁴/4
I = (1/2) ∫₀¹ x · (1-x²)²/4 dx = (1/8) ∫₀¹ x(1-x²)² dx
Let t = 1-x² → dt = -2x dx → x dx = -dt/2
When x=0, t=1; x=1, t=0
I = (1/8) ∫₁⁰ t² · (-dt/2) = (1/16) ∫₀¹ t² dt = (1/16)[t³/3]₀¹
∴ I = 1/48 (Answer)

Q.16 Evaluate ∫₁³ ∫_(1/x)¹ ∫₀^√(xy) xyz dz dy dx

Solution:
Innermost integral: ∫₀^√(xy) xyz dz = xy · [z²/2]₀^√(xy) = xy · (xy)/2 = x²y²/2
I = (1/2) ∫₁³ ∫_(1/x)¹ x²y² dy dx
= (1/2) ∫₁³ x² · [y³/3]_(1/x)^1 dx
= (1/6) ∫₁³ x² (1 - 1/x³) dx
= (1/6) ∫₁³ (x² - 1/x) dx
= (1/6) [x³/3 - log x]₁³
= (1/6) [(9 - log 3) - (1/3 - 0)]
= (1/6) [9 - 1/3 - log 3]
= (1/6) [26/3 - log 3]
∴ I = (1/18)(26 - 3 log 3) (Answer)

Q.17 Evaluate ∫₀^∞ ∫₀^∞ e^(-(x²+y²)) dr dθ (polar coordinates)

Solution:
Convert to polar: x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ, x²+y² = r², dA = r dr dθ
Region: first quadrant (x≥0, y≥0) → 0 ≤ r < ∞, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2
I = ∫₀^(π/2) ∫₀^∞ e^(-r²) · r dr dθ
= ∫₀^(π/2) dθ · ∫₀^∞ r e^(-r²) dr
= [θ]₀^(π/2) · ∫₀^∞ r e^(-r²) dr
Let r² = t → 2r dr = dt
∫₀^∞ r e^(-r²) dr = (1/2) ∫₀^∞ e^(-t) dt = 1/2
I = (π/2) · (1/2)
∴ I = π/4 (Answer)

Q.18 Evaluate ∫₀^a ∫₀^√(a²-x²) y²√(x²+y²) dy dx (polar)

Solution:
Region: quarter circle x²+y²=a², first quadrant → 0≤r≤a, 0≤θ≤π/2
x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ, √(x²+y²) = r, y² = r²sin²θ
I = ∫₀^(π/2) ∫₀^a r²sin²θ · r · r dr dθ
= ∫₀^(π/2) ∫₀^a r⁴ sin²θ dr dθ
= ∫₀^(π/2) sin²θ dθ · ∫₀^a r⁴ dr
= [π/4] · [a⁵/5]
∴ I = πa⁵/20 (Answer)

Q.19 Evaluate ∫₀^∞ (e^(-ax) sinx)/x dx and show ∫₀^∞ (sinx)/x dx = π/2
Solution:
Let I(a) = ∫₀^∞ (e^(-ax) sinx)/x dx
Differentiate under integral sign with respect to a:
I'(a) = ∫₀^∞ ∂/∂a [e^(-ax) sinx/x] dx = ∫₀^∞ (-x)e^(-ax) sinx/x dx
= -∫₀^∞ e^(-ax) sinx dx

∴ I'(a) = -1/(a²+1)
Using formula: ∫₀^∞ e^(-ax) sinx dx = 1/(a²+1)

Integrating: I(a) = -tan⁻¹(a) + C

As a → ∞: I(∞) = 0 (since e^(-ax) → 0)
0 = -tan⁻¹(∞) + C = -π/2 + C ⟹ C = π/2
∴ I(a) = π/2 - tan⁻¹(a)

To show ∫₀^∞ (sinx)/x dx = π/2:

Put a = 0: I(0) = ∫₀^∞ (e⁰ · sinx)/x dx = ∫₀^∞ (sinx)/x dx
I(0) = π/2 - tan⁻¹(0) = π/2 - 0
∴ ∫₀^∞ (sinx)/x dx = π/2 (Proved)
Q.20 Show that ∫₀^∞ e^(-x)(1-cosαx)/x dx = (1/2)log(1+α²)
Solution:
Let I(α) = ∫₀^∞ e^(-x)(1-cosαx)/x dx
Differentiate with respect to α:
I'(α) = ∫₀^∞ e^(-x) · sinαx dx
= α/(1+α²) [using ∫₀^∞ e^(-x) sin(αx) dx = α/(1+α²)]
Integrating: I(α) = (1/2)log(1+α²) + C
At α = 0: I(0) = ∫₀^∞ e^(-x)(1-1)/x dx = 0
0 = (1/2)log(1) + C = 0 + C ⟹ C = 0
∴ ∫₀^∞ e^(-x)(1-cosαx)/x dx = (1/2)log(1+α²) (Proved)

*** END OF ASSIGNMENT ***

Made with γ (Gamma)
ADITYA Y. BHURSE