Instrumentation the science of automated final control element to

measurement and control influence the process variable.

Instrumentation a collection of Instruments and Automatic Mode A control mode where the
and Control their application for the purpose controller automatically adjusts
of Observation, Measurement the manipulated variable based
and Control on the error between PV and
instrument any sensing, measuring, setpoint.
transmitting, indicating, or Error The difference between the
controlling device associated setpoint and the measured
with a process or system process variable (Error = SP −
Metrology the science of measurements PV).
Measurement the process of associating Correction The control action applied by
numbers with physical the controller to reduce or
quantities and phenomena eliminate the error in the control
Calibration Comparing of an unknown loop.
measurement device against an Accuracy The closeness of an instrument’s
equal or better standard or measured value to the true or
reference actual value of the process
Process A physical or chemical operation variable.
in an industrial system where Metric Convention - 17 nations, May 20, 1875
variables such as temperature, - Scientific bureau for weights
pressure, flow, or level must be and measures: Bureau of
monitored and controlled to International des Poids et
achieve desired performance. Mesures (BIPM)
Process Variable The actual measured value of - The Republic of the Philippines
(PV) the parameter being controlled became an associate member on
in the process (e.g., actual June 1, 2002.
temperature, pressure, or flow Measurement - ITDI-NML
rate). Traceability - PNRI
Setpoint (SP/SV) The desired value of the process (Hierarchical - PAGASA
variable that the control system Structure)
attempts to maintain. - DOST Region Calibration
Primary Sensing The first element in the Laboratories
Element (PSE) measurement chain that directly - Commercial calibration labs;
senses the process variable and regulatory agency
responds to changes in the - in-house calibration
physical quantity. laboratories of instrument users
Transducer A device that converts a physical - measuring instrument users:
quantity (such as temperature, hospitals, R&D, schools,
pressure, or displacement) into manufacturers, traders, service
a corresponding electrical signal. providers
Transmitter An instrument that takes the
signal from the
sensor/transducer and converts
it into a standardized output
signal (typically 4–20 mA or
digital) for transmission to the
controller.
Lower Range The minimum value of the
Value (LRV) process variable that
corresponds to the lowest
calibrated output signal of the
transmitter (usually 4 mA).
Upper Range The maximum value of the
Value (URV/UPV) process variable that
corresponds to the highest
calibrated output signal of the
transmitter (usually 20 mA).
Zero and Span Calibration adjustments where
zero sets the output when the
input is at LRV, and span
adjusts the range between LRV
and URV of the instrument.
Controller A device that compares the
measured PV with the setpoint
and generates a control signal to
minimize the difference between
them.
Final Control The last device in the control
Element (FCE) loop that physically changes the
process according to the
controller’s signal (e.g., control
valve, damper, motor).
Manipulated The process variable that the
Variable (MV) controller adjusts through the
Measuring • Multimeter
Instruments • Ammeter / Voltmeter
• Pressure gauge
• Flow meter
• Thermometer / RTD /
Thermocouple
• Signal analyzer
Source / Inject or simulate a known
Generating signal
Instruments • Signal generator
• Loop calibrator
• Voltage calibrator
• Current source
• Function generator
Combined Testing and calibration of
Measure control systems
• Process calibrator
• Multifunction calibrator
• Advanced process multimeter
Indicating display the measured value
Instruments • Analog meter
• Watt meter
• Digital display panel
Recording measure and record data
Instruments • Data logger
• Chart recorder
• SCADA monitoring system
Controlling automatically regulate a process
Instruments • PID controller
• PLC analog control module
• Control valve positioner
Pressure Gauge A measuring instrument
specifically designed for
measuring fluid pressure.
[Deadweight Pressure Tester:
+0.05 to 0.25% of reading (for
high pressure range calibration,
range: upto 16000 psi)]
Temperature ✓ MECHANICAL
Measurements • Filled Thermal Systems
▪ Volumetric
▪ Pressure
• Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
• Bimetallic Thermometers
✓ ELECTRICAL
• Thermocouple
• Resistance Temperature
Detector
(RTD)
• Thermistors
• Radiation/Infrared
Thermometer /
Pyrometer

Resistance ✓ Two basic types

Temperature • SPRT (Standard PRT)
Detector (RTD) • IPRT (Industrial PRT)
and Platinum Pt25, Pt50, Pt100, Pt200,Pt500,
Resistance and
Pt1000
Thermometers The most common RTD sensor equipment undergoes changes
(PRTs) in process in temperature or sustains
industry is the Pt100 sensor, mechanical stress, the
which has a equipment’s performance
resistance of 100 ohms at 0°C gradually degrades
(32°F). Measurement (Read / Compare)
Calibration verify accuracy of measurement
in measurement mode only
Simulation / (generates a known signal)
Source Calibration test response or calibration of
(Generate / Inject) receiving devices in source or
output mode
Measure + (Bidirectional Calibration)
Simulation measure and generate signals
Loop Calibration (Complete system test)
Simulate current, Measure
transmitter output to ensure the
entire control loop works
correctly
Instrument errors: It refers to situation that reveals
Deadband a delay between input change
and signal response. It is a
condition that usually results
from mechanical problem. It is
not adjustable and may require
repair of the mechanical
elements that causes it.
Zero shift refers to an error in which an
instrument outputs signals that
are consistently higher or lower
than the ideal or expected signal
based on the input provided.
Span error The origin of the ideal and signal
lines on the output graph are the
same but the straight signal line
represents an angle different
from the ideal. This indicates
that correspond with the signal
span.
Hysteresis An instrument error that can be
seen by comparing an upscale
series of test points. It refers to a
condition that produces
different signals from the same
input based on the order
(upward or downward) in which
Accuracy and Inaccurate and not precise the inputs are provided.
precision Nonlinearity An error that could indicate the
need for instrument repair. It is
seen in an input/output graph as
a curved signal line that
corresponds with the ideal at its
origin and upper limit readings
Precise but not accurate (and sometimes at its 50%
reading as well).

Accurate but not precise

Precise and accurate Ghost voltages occur from having energized

circuits and non-energized
wiring located in close proximity
to each other. Ghost voltage is a
false or phantom voltage reading
that appears on a meter even
Instrument (to know the drift) though the circuit is not actually
Calibration As components age and energized or connected to a real
power source.
Control System - ✓ On-Off between two process variables,
Control Modes ✓ Proportional typically by controlling one flow
based on the measured value of
✓ Proportional-Integral
another.
✓ Proportional-Integral- Adaptive Control An advanced control method
Derivative where the controller
✓ Advanced Control Techniques automatically adjusts its
On-Off The simplest control mode parameters in real time to
where the controller output is maintain optimal performance
either fully ON or fully OFF when process conditions change.
depending on whether the Transmission A standardized method of
process variable is above or Signals conveying measurement or
below the setpoint. Commonly process information from one
used in simple systems such as device to another within an
thermostats. instrumentation system.
Proportional A control mode where the A standardized method of
Control (P) controller output is proportional conveying measurement or
to the magnitude of the error Transmission
process information from one
(difference between setpoint and Signals
device to another within an
process variable). Larger errors instrumentation system.
produce larger corrective The form in which information
actions. is transmitted in
Proportional– A control mode that combines instrumentation systems; data
Integral Control proportional action with integral Data Types
may be analog or digital
(PI) action. The integral term depending on the signal format
accumulates past errors over used.
time to eliminate steady-state Data represented by a
error and improve accuracy. continuous range of values that
Proportional– A control mode that combines Analog Data correspond to the measured
Integral– proportional, integral, and process variable within a defined
Derivative Control derivative actions. The signal range.
(PID) derivative term predicts future Data transmitted as discrete
error based on the rate of ON/OFF signals, capable of
change, improving system carrying measurement values as
stability and response speed. Digital Data well as additional information
Advanced Control More complex control strategies such as configuration,
Techniques used for difficult or highly calibration, alarms, and network
dynamic processes, such as addressing.
adaptive control, feedforward A method of transmitting
control, cascade control, and process signals electrically to
model-based control. These Electric
overcome distance limitations of
techniques improve Transmission
pneumatic systems and enable
performance beyond traditional System
modern electronic
PID control. instrumentation.
A transmission method where
the transmitter regulates current
Current
in a loop (commonly 4–20 mA);
Transmission
largely unaffected by distance
and resistant to electrical noise.
A method where the transmitter
regulates voltage in a circuit;
Voltage convenient for signal transfer
Transmission but susceptible to errors from
voltage drops and electrical
interference.
Advanced Control - Cascade control
A transmission method using
Techniques - Feed-forward Control
rapid voltage pulses, where each
- Ratio control Pulse pulse represents an incremental
- Adaptive control
Transmission quantity; counting pulses
Cascade Control A control strategy that uses two indicates total quantity over
controllers in series: a primary time.
(master) controller and a
A transmission method where
secondary (slave) controller. The the frequency of a signal is
primary controller sets the Frequency
proportional to the measured
setpoint for the secondary Transmission
variable, converting standard
controller to improve
signals into frequency ranges.
disturbance rejection and
A transmission method using an
response speed.
audible tone signal, where the
Feed-Forward A control method that measures Tone Transmission
duration of the tone corresponds
Control disturbances before they affect
to the measurement value.
the process and adjusts the
4–20 mA current Most common industrial
manipulated variable in advance
loop transmission signal
to minimize their impact.
 immune to noise
Ratio Control A control technique used to  works over long distances
maintain a fixed proportion
  can detect open circuit (0 Control and Data through computers and
mA) Acquisition) communication networks.
Supervisory A level of control where
Control operators monitor processes and
send commands to equipment,
while automatic controllers
handle the detailed control
actions.
Data Acquisition The process of collecting real-
time data from sensors,
instruments, and field devices in
a system.
SCADA Master The central computer system
Station that receives data from remote
devices, processes the
information, and provides
monitoring and control
capabilities.
Human Machine The graphical interface that
Interface (HMI) allows operators to view process
data, alarms, and system status
and interact with the SCADA
system.
Remote Terminal A field device used in SCADA
Unit (RTU) systems to collect data from
sensors and transmit it to the
master station, and receive
control commands.
Programmable A digital controller commonly
Logic Controller used in industrial automation to
(PLC) monitor inputs, execute control
logic, and operate outputs.
Field Devices Sensors, actuators, and
instruments installed in the
process that measure or control
physical variables.
Communication The system of communication
Network links (wired or wireless) that
transmits data between field
devices, RTUs/PLCs, and the
SCADA master station.
Telemetry The automatic measurement
and transmission of data over
long distances from remote
locations to a monitoring
system.
A SCADA function that alerts
operators when process
Alarm
variables exceed predefined
Management
limits or abnormal conditions
occur.
The continuous recording and
storage of process data for
Data Logging
analysis, troubleshooting, and
reporting.
A graphical representation of
process variables over time used
Trend Display
to monitor system performance
and detect abnormalities.
Instructions sent from the
Control SCADA master station to field
Commands devices to start, stop, or adjust
equipment in the process.
An enclosure that houses control
equipment such as PLCs, relays,
Sensors Accurate variable measurement Control Cabinet power supplies, and
Transmitters Accurate transmission of communication modules used in
measured variable automation systems.
Controller Comparison of measured value An electrical circuit that
against desired value regulates the operation of
Final Control Immediate correction of error Control Circuit machines or processes by
Element controlling signals sent to
SCADA An industrial control system actuators or control devices.
(Supervisory used to monitor, collect, and
control process data remotely