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Handwritten Notes All Science Chapter Class 10

The document discusses various chemical reactions, including combination, decomposition, and redox reactions, along with the principles of writing chemical equations and balancing them according to the law of conservation of mass. It also explains the characteristics of acids and bases, including their effects on litmus paper and their physical properties. Additionally, it covers corrosion and the prevention of oxidation in metals.

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175 views120 pages

Handwritten Notes All Science Chapter Class 10

The document discusses various chemical reactions, including combination, decomposition, and redox reactions, along with the principles of writing chemical equations and balancing them according to the law of conservation of mass. It also explains the characteristics of acids and bases, including their effects on litmus paper and their physical properties. Additionally, it covers corrosion and the prevention of oxidation in metals.

Uploaded by

deckhajsjejdddd
Copyright
© Public Domain
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
CHEMICAL REAGTEON:= + process in ewhich now chernical(s) are gored, sHiybiogen gas wack ith oxygen gas. fo produce nates under some condition CHEMICAL EQUATION := - simple xeprosentation of a chemical veaction cath cymbols and pormula. Hag) =F Og) ——— H(t) Hydrogen oxygen waler we Reactant producl (aq) (pet) w/ Wy wt) soluble in wat insoluble in solid’ liquid gas How to write chemical formula'- Sa «ccm ci iam Poussin ——Sx* Hydrogen HY Ammonia NH cf? — Nacl Siver Sag Hydride = Hydroxide oH" ak Aluminium chloride copper 3, cut chloride -9CI” Nitrate 9 NO" Alsb Alels anes ——S mee Hydrogen” coe hate Carton BE. BromiderPor- NOE cor ak Ferrous sulphate =< = Fe% Goxf=—> FeSoy Pre ant tadide 17 Carbonate “0,2 ron ferrous) —S F02* Oxide I 0% —Sulphite Ss,” _f lead Nitrate copeert ——S cud sulphide? sulphate 0.2 Pb Nog» PL(NO3)2 Least) 3 pu? nitrile Phosphate P04? Baum ——Sy pa? Iron tfercs [Fes Balanced chemical Equation :- im Number of afoms of each element in a chemical equation shoul the same on LHS and RHS. Ax(q) + 82(q) —? 2AB (q) 4 64 Jog Lihy Balance 7 aTatal mass of reactants should be equal to total mass of products ‘Alaw of conservation of mass- mass can neither be created, nor be destroyed under ordinary conditions. (0 Metals 7 Ki Nav Ag »Cu» Mg, Zn, Ca» Fe, Al, Mn» Pb» Ba ( Non-metals + Cl Br $) Ny GP (3) 0 H " Repeat untill All Atoms Balance. 1.3 Fe +H.0 + Fes0. +H, 2. AlLO; +6HCI AICI +3H20_ om yyy $ 3.)€u0+ Ccus—+bcu+ so, OA LO = ALO, + oH, 43BaCl + Al(SO.)s ~3BaS0. + 2AICI “0 30 yy e 7 y Moo, + Hel ——> MnCl, +240 + ch 5.)pb(NO}), ~)9b0+ (NO + o,, CREED a0 : ‘Ars Sotto tls efectos tol be alt mas of eats ‘Law Of Conservation of moss - mess can neither be created, nor be destroyed ‘under ordinarycondtons. 4w) an so H40, = anyPO, + Me feamation of je “Téempesatute reall pplen ge," e ex- insoluble Oy COMBINATION REACTLONS- Two or more veactant combine to porm 4 — Single product XtytZ—>$ ®.%+ 200 P+ @-R>® aM Iqis) + 02(q) ———> “i (9 + Heat at exothermic Fromais ite Svortant pint Dazzling « white flame (very bright light) Activity 1.1 om +A © White Mgo pocoder® in watch qlass ; Heat energy releases so tempesatuve Increases. ke * Combination and Exothermic Reaction = ens ere ‘ne. Ta remove any lye of magnesium oxide already present on magne bon, ee ot soe one hte time a Sf — & Ait poder istered on bung Geeta rscton Why te keep magnesium ribbon away from your eyes ? ro a Ca0(s) + H20(!) -————-> Ca{0H)2 (aq) + Heat Quick lime slaked lime ‘Quick lime —» CaO apr tee oa + Rise in femperature (exothermic) . «Quick lime reacts vigorous| with water. siambicionl swater added slowly ‘because reaction is exothermic. «Combination and exothermic Reactton- water *Quicklime used in making cement- cam ena 03 0 ato eee ene « CaloHa solution is used forcohite cashing walls + it yeacts slowly with Cor q) from ais. * Cacos(s) is formed in 2-3 a on wall + This lager of Caco3(s) gives shiny qoall. Ca(OH), (29) 9) ——> cac0,5) + H,04 alcum hydro rn anes (Sled ime) (to atone (DBurning of coal (2) ae, ofcontes prom Ha(g) and 02¢q). 2H2(q)+ 02(g) — ‘2HOlL) Bleck and white photography @ Burning of methane Qe tou Q digestion of food |. e of combination - one veactant breaks into 2 or move products Heat ) P CaCos(s} HS —> Ca0ts) + C0214 P+. ® fiiaeune Quicklime wm Quicslime Is used in making cement. US eae ee ae ee eee ee GO +0, = Oo Z ED raster of Paris (Thermal decomposition) ( Electyt alyHe (Photochemical ‘becom position) clecompositton) Heat 2 Fesoyls) ——Heat > Fexoals) + SOx1q) + $02( a Ferrous sulphate Ferticoxide Heat absorbed Ofreen Reddish Brown - 7; ‘Ferrous sulphate crystals are green in colour On heating it {loses water and changes fo white colour. On further heating = eric onde i formed whichis reddish brown in colour Pe eee cto Sieg pepeemt “A © evens etna || 50,850, ar air polutant Bacitcin nature |meighboury or ea ‘Thermal Decomposition & Endothermic Reaction See Fesoy.tHx0 ——Heat 5 Fesoy+ #H,0 —O Hydrated Fersous Anhycqous sulphate cae eT" coe 2FeS0y(s) ——Heat > Fe,o3s)+ S02/9]+503(9) —s/ ‘Ferroussu|phate 4 Ferrcontk 4 a @ White Redelish Brocon oe Hang ety azz ‘at -Thamal deompoto of Fra Spite Ct 2601) “+ fast 5010) +50. wear reanae * Wao , 2PHINOs)s (5) Heat» 2Pbo1s) + 4NOa(q) +O2tq) lead nitrate « Teadoxide Brown (white) ( oe) fumes * Cracking sou + Brown furnes—> Noa) frrtatingsmell Bernese oo « Yellow solid residue —+ PO's) - = NOx. gas fs acidic in natuse and Bo. momo, +tuhs moist blue litmus ved. Bren nc, Thermal Decomposition and Endotheamic - , Reactton. [Link], ~~ b zi i ae electric cureen' 2tp0ce) —Hednieament 5 9) +02) 2" 1 “volume (i) Ha. gas is obtained at cathode and oxegas at Anode. (inVolume of qeses Ha! 02 = ot (iibMass ratio of gases Ha.:02=1'8 PAO. n& ode *N” (iv) Burning candle is brought neay cathode = Haq) Pop sound heard and candle extn wishes - (Combustible but not a supported of combustion. Anode - 021g) ; (yCandle burns move brightly/rekindles 4 qlawing ¢punres () Not combustible but 4 supporter of a combustion (V) Pure water Is a poor conductor of electricity » 30 a pew cheope af acl are added The acid acts as an’ electrolyte and allows ¢ 6olution te conduct electricity. DAgelts) “sting?” mAgelt Ga ) , y) ly) (yee ; : . green) sesh od aagorts) SmMghE angie + Bra (Q) Gas berated at Mode: Hydrogen te) ~ pO unis % i 5 PA | This iswhy Agcl and AgBr are hepb it o " rea He Bek ibs Os proteet prom ht used in Black and White photography) oI) a ses ieee i eae Soameee ~ 2. The type of reaction sa photochemical decomposition reaction Equation: eo 2AgC (6) ~ 2Ag + leg) (in presence of sunlight) This reaction i used in black ad white phot ‘iver bromie (Ag) can also be used forthe Na Sodium Nal reactive More eactive element replace 4less e fo fr yedctive olement prom [ts compound: Mg Magneisum — Mango AI Aluminium Alto zn Tine Zisko + MO-® -_ fr than B Pb Lead war i ive than Ho Hydrogen Hum A is more Reactive Myton ie Hg Mere hu | Se Less Au Gold hu reactive ~znjg) + Cu(sou) ay ——+ Znsoy + C4 xk Moe oy foie Red/Green tee Mg —Zn(s) + H2S0u (4q))—— —Znsoy + Hot _ Fels) + CuSOylay) ——> FéSoy + Cu cus) + Posy (aq) —— elkoy + Pb + Es Ton Nail in Copper Sulphate solution. aledrreen 60! ———> fe-soy (aq) + cals) Ret gue ight Reddish Brown ‘Gtieen I Shun ing oe Sy, 504 Catia Fe Re | Pood oF G1S0,(04) = Corpor spe Pr ee re eit er oe ciel esd ees eaeetueur te kiciae sive countess fo" C4504 > [eS GEESE tue ree A © rivet pate green pale green to blue DRC teeter Tg Beene eet © ate reer to cotourtess jor (5) +H ‘0 (aq) Znéoyt Hot Ea “Zn6) ee 7 en inert te Se atts Ox "Double Displaement Reaction ,— Exchange of ons behoeen eatars etromsy ae-e R® .%2 Nassoqcaq) + Sachs (aq) ———- Pa ts) + 2Nacl(aq) colourless colourless ite pPe hic fhe ollowing rections iferent rom the remaining er REE eC go id Nanduay+ Bac lay) —, Be st = 150 ean ee mm cla gate anacl aq) Gf -n0- rom) ob vo, 0, iso, 0, 2” Ces aaceong anes mae HO Oca eC Ro ee eee er cae eC ROSE a cut ar ee Cane re ery Write chemical equation for the reaction that occurs and name the Pec A Cea) substance (precipitate) of BaSO, is formed. 'Na,SO, (aq) + BaCl, (aq) —————>_BaSO, (s) + 2NaCI (aq) Colourless Colourless ___ white ppt oZ insoluble in water teadnitrate(aq)* potassium iedidetaa D:D: ppt PEUNGal2 (aq) + 2KE (aq) ——> PbIad + 28NO3(9q) colourless coburless (feat wales (yyellow insoluble substance ( precipitate) of PbI2 is formed. {iy Double Displacement and precipitation reaction « (ii fons in solution. yew idee + Bs @ titect FaortenMic carbthyehale —> Silucose Gilucose + Oxygen ———> CO2(g)+Ha0(4) + Energy CoH Og On oe + 202(q) —7 Co219) + 220 (@) +Heat '2Ma(s) + 02(a) ——? 2MqoUs) + Heat 90(s) + H20(f] ——? CaloHl,+ Heat san = Absetbed B® > B+ ® — enoorenme 9 Examples : 2 Decomposition of: fost we he endothermic reaction from the following Fes, Crystal Fe50, > fe © decomposition of vegetable materint compost °° aCO5 (5) aco, > of calcium carbonete to form quicktime and carbon dioxide PND) () ) Pb(NO,), HE» orn Agcl (s) Agel —tstl» @ Burning of a candte AgBr(s) ‘Ager 12s y nae O recat etpon oxidatfon-- if a chemical (A) Reduction - ip a chemical(6) « Giains Oxygen *O1ains gdiogen + losses Hd ttrogen sloses ohygen- led vedliction of B- Tt is called oxidation op a. | Tt I8 eal A iscultoke oxidized. | 8 is said tv be veduced. lessof 0 easier Zno +6788 __, °Zn +60 OA oxidation Giain of 0 RedoxReachion:—A, reachion in which oxidation and Reduction occurs 5 nRA STiska Hoga Oxidation Wo banega Reducing agent Tiska Hoga Reduction Wo banega Oxidising agent. Yon MnO, + 4HCI — MnCl, + 2H20 + Cl, erry) @ ino, is oxidised and HCl is reduced. x @ nciis oxidised. @ wr0s is reduced. © in. is reduced and Hct is oxidised cxain of 07 oxidation 12 (g) Hatt —> C40 cs) Reddi'sh/Brownish Black colour observation — (yReddish/ Browonish copper metal changes to black colouy Cyo(s) ee ee Zr DIP Hag) 5 passed over Gy0, black colous changes. com enay <2 cae 0 . to brown a Re Heat CuO (s) + Hol(g) ———> Cus) +H2o Black ete Redelish/ Brownich Colour lossof O=7 Reduction When a mefal is attacked by Substance qtound it such as moistuse (cater vapour + oxygen J aid, ele. , it is said to cossode and this rocess 15 called covsosion. J) Rusting of fron wart Smee 2) Fanishing of copper — ped eoresteibu copper hea? copper Hydroxide + Copper cavbonate (queen) 3) Tanishing of silver - Grrey to black colous silver —Has—y silver sulphide (Black) Note :— cortosfon is an example of oxidation. See «The taste oF smell of food material cor ig ie changes when it is lept exposed fo ais fo + onidafon of fat/dil present in food material causes Rancidity Prevention :— re oe ny Ax eer ere) een a : a i med. sNochemical ante. fon happened- +A chemical veaction happened- Ghaper size, coleus etc may change- «+ shape, size, colous, etc, may also *No New Chemicals ave formed: ehdnge. New chemicals are farmed. ot a i A substance that gives H*raq) as the only positive ion in aqueous id) solution a dP : . Sout (Khatta) In taste. + Tine blue Jitmus ved t= A substance which increases oH" ions in aqueous solution + Bitter(kadwoa) in taste . * Soapy in touch. «Tans ved litmus blue. Crdieatorp : Tells whether a sutstance re acid or base. Turmeric (vellow) | Red a cue = Coouress ‘matin orange Orange)! Yellow | To io LaBouR TRY PoPCorn ee ee oo Pink —Colourlees oe De oe i tae at te PoPCorn tae oneloe Ee i= substances whose smell (odour) changes in acidic ov basic medium. » Retains smell fn acid loses smell in Base a : Een mason wane X GD wecrsinrmns Geren nara, HYP > Ha «Ht of acid combines «sith tho (wates) to parm Hot (Hydronium ion). HY + Ho0-——? Hg0"™ + Acid produce H" ions in cates/aq, solution - Hey —Ha2° > Haq + cf” Hnsoy Oy aitcagit sof” | NESS ise cay ace gic Ht nyeoniam fn) ion, th :no Ht jons Ht (aq) io! Sipe no HT fone te rie tay) ion of Hot (Hydroniaen ton) giv prodticed - Hcl ——> No # ions common properties to all’ acids (ary) x qas 2Nacl(aq) + Hasoy (conc) ————? Nansoy(aq) + 2HCd ) (sodium chide) (Sulphuric teedihater te ide gos) a He (g) ary tue _, No colour change - wo cernasoy — Heleg—"PRRae > Rad cla change sim Cig OS He ‘calcu entorise Earn tek kickeeeueee sodium ‘chloride stem ryarorde water Hydrogen chloride gas & water, ne Ht HxO —>H0° +h © citi tire ec ater Ethanol & water 6. In order to prepare dry hydrogen chloride gas in humid atmosphere the gas produced is passed through a guard tube (drying tube) which Pores Cen ene/ oe Benno OB cvcon stom Gamat Bases increase OH (Hydsoxy!) fons in water. ee NaoHlis) —t20__— ngt(aq) + OHT Sega a oe cree Rotts) —Hze —,, Kt aq) + off (aq) Soluble * : 1Gl0r2 —22__, myptfaqa+ 204 (aq) MA Alkali 2— some basee ave wates soluble. these que called Alkalis NaOH , KOH ,NAy, 01 (oH, CalOH)z, Balor) Very soluble Partially solubl & Base but not alkali Zn(oH)2,fe(OH)2. Cu(OH)a, 7. (a) Write the formula of the ions which (i) acids, and (i) bases Peo eas (b) Dry HCI gas does not change the colour of dry litmus paper. iv Ans (a)i- HY (aq) or HO" ii- OH (aq) (b) because dry HC! gas, without water cannot give H’ (aq) ion or H,0° (Hydronium ion) which is responsible for its acidic property. Acid + water is hi nly exothermic . + ig coater is added fo @ concentrated acid, the heat generated may cquse the mixtuse to oe out and caqyse burns. The glase containes can also break due to heat given out a i - aap dl aed si fee cooker with constant stirring. AaThG ld one Be 6 eld to water with constant sting # | T Ww Ge ce ttonet pate Giese cd te Flectric cursent through the solution is carsied by ions. = «solutions of acids Wo Hsoy, Hop and CH3CooH jenevate ions and hence they conduct electricity, * Alkalis qlso generate fons - NadH, KOH, NHyOH and hence conduct electricity. ne * Gilucose (CeHm06) » Alcohol (CaHs0H) do nat genevate ions and hence do not conduct alechichy Design an experimental set-up to demonstrate that “Alcohol eer eta eee eG acids". Also give the reason to justify this fact. ' Metals above Hydrogen n activity series jogen prom acide. ed eons and extingutshes at candle ox glowing splintes: « Bubbles appeas “4 e Ha gas uaNs Base + Metal > salt t Hy, t NaOH (aq) + Znls] ——> NagZno2 (2) + Hat NagznOa « Reaction does nt happen ith al as) “RTA Zane rey Birra ncaie mot awe Breer Breen nae W.s0.4) 620 2050, + Hs 2804 (ag +21) —NAzZrO: + H Hydrogen gas is evolved . Test for Hydrogen gas ~ ‘When a burning matchstick or glowing splinter is brought near the gas ~ Hz gas burns with pop sound & extinguishes a glowing flame Acid + Metal Oasbonate —_____ salt + Co. + H2o cose Acid + Metal Hudyo It + Cop + Hoo tha Hidrogen ———_> sa at Ho HC03" (bicarbonate) HCI (dil) + NagcOs —_______,9Nacl + Cost + Ho sodium cartonate HaS0q ¢dil] + 2NaHCOs ~———> Naysoy + 2c02t + 2Hyo (et nate) Test foro, 3 Con turers: coater milky wo CO2(§) + Ca(OH) (aq) ——sCacog(s) + H20 (4) lime water nhite PPT me (caichamcentonale) on passing excess of cng» milkiness disappear (2) fcicl aseReactlon Acid + @ase———_ysalt + HCl(aq) + NadH(aq) > Nacl + Hoo Acid and Base HS0y(dil) + Ca(OH)» ——+ cagoy + 240 wae a> Hogt ont Hoo (1) Metal oxide + Acid ——> calt + tho gecko CuO GO/ Cacos + Hp0 (aq) calejum carl STE gan SSE Non Metat Oxidle Og, SOx 8, NO, “Acidic Gaxex shag ase NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) *Gtives more Concentration of OH” fone " Hleak Base 3 NHyoH, CuCOH)a, FeCOHle , “Znl0Hn + Grives less Concentration of OH” ions HyS0q» HCl, HINO3 ° concentration of Ht CEEP a 20 ‘acid, lactic acid » Hac cei ogc ie oer sCaive less Goncenfration op Ht (ay) ions. Measuses Ht (aq) ions concentation in a solution pH scale old PHY HTT Acidic Mote H*{aq)conc-—- 7 lowes pH ~~ ~ »MoreAcidie HY tt Pads rrererererremmesermmnmemes O° eomeni Dr ng tg OBeare (ted © i eye at gt unverea Tales natyse of chemical as acid ot base and also measuses strength of it. tubes containing heen tt Serene A Ere (0 pH range for human body - 7:0 408 pH of rain water <5.6—y Acidrain flaid vain —» viver —> aquatic lige susvival difficult (2) stomach produces HCIaq) Grasttic acid —> helps in digestion of foot Durning indigestion , ~Causes pain ai ial ition. ane emcee ee People use antacid (mi i p ; oi det rg’ os i eek (3) pH of mouth <&:5 > Téoth decay (dueto sugar and food degradation) Toothpaste ( basic tn natuve ) meatal see ex al a () Honey bee sting —> geid ( formic acid f methanoic acid) jent —> Mild base like baking soda (NaHCOs) (8) Nettle stfnging hair —» methanaic acid —z painful eahen touched Remedy —» vubbing area with dock plant ( Dock plant often qroue beside nettle — Nature provides neutralisation) Ou Qn B own Oven PHF Salts ? Acid + Base ae i Ba: Neutral salt + pled Weakacid + strong Base =~ Basicsatt tater 9 Natt SNH Naates el Acid + Weak Base =» heidic salt swale ph ez 4 seer _ NiO A is NHyel a0H+ HyCOz a t+ Hy S04, KOH + Hy Soy

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