ENERGY BALANCES

A useful tool for

Energy planning & Economic Development

Mohamed Al Badrawy
Senior Statistician
Economic Analysis Division, ESCWA
 OBJECTIVE
Developing an appropriate methodology for
building National Energy Balances:

• Capable of serving as a tool for energy

planning;
• Amenable to comparison in order to allow
one country to assess its relative efficiency
of energy uses and to benefit from the
experiences of other countries.
 EXPECTED
ACCOMPLISHMENT

The integration of these “National

Energy Balances” in order to
optimize the production, trade
and use of energy in the region.
 FRAMEWORK
Energy Balance (EB) is conceived to:

• Analyze energy supply and demand;

• Analyze the characteristics of the socio-

economic system and the energy system
as part of it.
 EB STRUCTURE
• EB is a matrix consisting of a set of variables;
• The rows of the matrix indicate the economic
activities and the columns indicate the energy
carriers;
• The matrix is structured in such a way to reflect
the interface with the economic structure;
• The EB must be sufficiently detailed in order
to:
1. Show how energy flows into various economic sectors;
2. Assess meaningful estimates of energy efficiency;
3. Identify means of improving energy efficiency.
 APPROACH
• Defining the economic and energy concepts
and terms;

• Listing the components of these concepts

and terms as much and as specific as
possible;

• Measuring or estimating the energy flow

into the economy by energy source and
economic sector.
ENERGY BALANCE MATRIX

A Simple Example
 EB MATRIX COLUMNS
1. Crude Oil 9. Other Petroleum
2. Natural Gas Products
3. LPG [Link] Petroleum
4. Naphtha Products
5. Gasoline [Link]
6. Jet Fuel [Link]
7. Gasoil / Diesel Oil [Link] Commercial
Energy
8. Residual Fuel Oil
[Link] Energy
 EB MATRIX ROWS

1. Indigenous Production (+) 9. Gas Industry

2. Imports (+) 10. Public Power Generation
3. Exports (-) 11. Transformation Sector
4. Bunkers (-) Fuels & Consumption
5. Stock Change (+ or -) 12. Transport & Distribution
Losses
6. Total Domestic Supply
13. Power Self-Generation
7. Extraction Sector
Consumption 14. Energy Available for Final
Consumption
8. Refining Industry
 EB MATRIX ROWS
[Link] & Quarrying [Link] &
(non-energy) Construction
[Link] [Link]
[Link] [Link] Non-
[Link] energy Products
[Link] & [Link] Final
Services Consumption
[Link] Difference
Year
U n it (m T O E )
S o u rce s &

Total Petroleum
p ro d u c ts

Gasoil/Diesel
Natural Gas

Commercial

Commercial
Petroleum

Electricity
Kerosene
Crude oil

Products
Gasoline
Naphtha

Jet Fuel

Fuel Oil

Other

Total

Non-
Coal
LPG
P r o d u c t io n &
U t iliz a t io n
I n d ig e n o u s
P r o d u c t io n ( + )
Im p o rts (+ )
E x p o rts (-)
B u n k e rs (-)
S to c k C h a n g e
(+ o r -)
T o t a l D o m e s t ic
S u p p ly

E x t r a c t io n
S e c to r
C o n s u m p t io n
R e f in in g
In d u stry
G a s In d u stry
P u b lic P o w e r
G e n e r a t io n
T r a n s f o r m a t io n
S e c t o r F u e ls &
C o n s u m p t io n
T ra n sp o rt &
D is t r ib u t io n
Losses
P o w e r S e lf -
G e n e r a t io n

E n e rg y
A v a ila b le f o r
F in a l
C o n s u m p t io n
Year
Unit (mTOE)
Sources &

Total Petroleum
products

Gasoil/Diesel

Commercial

Commercial
Natural Gas

Petroleum

Electricity
Kerosene
Crude oil

Products
Gasoline
Naphtha

Jet Fuel

Fuel Oil

Other

Total

Non-
Coal
LPG
Production &
Utilization
Mining &
Quarrying
Manufacturing

Transport
Households
Commercial &
Services
Building &
Construction
Agriculture
Unallocated
Nonenergy
P d t Final
Energy
Consumption
Statistical
Difference
 IMPORTANT ACTIONS
• The separation of energy consumption and
losses in the energy production sectors from
energy consumption in the end-use sectors is a
MUST.

• Various methods of estimation will be used to

fill all the cells in the EB matrix. These
methods will be based on field surveys,
comparative cases, economic and technical
relationships, expert opinions, etc.
 USEFUL TIPS
• The analysis of the energy flow will indicate the
nature of the relationship between socio-economic
development in the country and the growth and
pattern of the country’s energy demand.
• This relationship can be used for identifying the
major variables that explain energy demand and
thus in forecasting future energy requirements.
• The information in EB studies will and should
provide decision makers with the input needed for
selecting energy policies consistent with the
country’s development plans as well as with its
energy position.
 REQUIRED DATABASE
General Characteristics;

Economic Profile;

Energy/Economic interaction;

Domestic Prices;

Energy Supply;

Energy Demand;

Conversion Factors.
 General Characteristics
• Population and number of households
by province;

• Climate: mean maximum temperature

and mean minimum temperature per
month and per province.
 Economic Profile
• GDP components at market values at constant prices
(Imports, exports, investment, government
consumption, private consumption);
• GDP at factor cost by economic activity:
– Oil value added;
– Non-oil value added: Agriculture, Mining and
quarrying (non-oil), Manufacturing, Transport and
communication, Water and electricity,
Construction, Wholesale and retail trade, Financial
institutions and Government and other.
• Gross Capital formation by sector;
• Balance of payments;
• Employment by sector.
Energy/Economic interaction

• Total energy consumption:

– Total petroleum products consumption;
– Total natural gas consumption; and
– Total electricity consumption.

• Per capita energy consumption

 Domestic Prices

• Average retail price of each energy

product; and

• Taxes and subsidies on the price of

each energy product.
 Energy Supply

• Primary Energy Supply;

• Secondary Energy Supply

(Transformation Sector);
 Energy Demand

• Energy Consumption;

• Sectorial Analysis.
 Primary Energy Supply
• Crude Oil;
• Natural gas;
• Hydropower;
• Coal;
• Biomass;
• Nuclear power; and
• Renewable energy.
 Secondary Energy Supply

• Refining industry (for each

refinery);

• Gas processing industry (for each

unit); and

• Electricity generation.
 Crude Oil
1. Reserves;
2. Gross production by field (excluding condensates);
3. Specific gravity of each type of crude oil;
4. Crude oil consumption in the field if any:
a. For power generation;
b. For other purposes (specify);
5. Losses and torches if any;
6. Net crude oil production;
7. Crude oil transported from the field to terminals;
8. Crude oil consumed in pumping stations if any;
9. Crude oil supplied to the local refineries;
10. Crude oil exported;
11. Stock variation in field tanks and export terminals;
12. Crude oil imports by type of crude (API).
 Natural gas
1. Reserves; 8. Natural gas supplied to gas
2. Gross production: processing units;
a. Associated with crude oil; 9. Imports of natural gas;
b. Non-associated; [Link] gas consumed in
3. Net calorific value of each compression stations if any;
type of natural gas; [Link] gas distribution:
4. Gas consumption in the a. Power generation;
field: b. Industrial sector;
a. For power generation; [Link] production of
b. For other purposes; condensates;
5. Gas re-injected into wells; [Link] density of
6. Gas flared; condensates;
7. Net natural gas [Link] of condensates .
production;
 Hydropower

1. Installed capacity of each

generation center;
2. Volume of waterfalls;
3. Electricity generated;
4. Internal consumption;
5. Transmission losses;
6. Peak load demand.
 Coal

1. Proven reserves; 6. Imports;

2. Annual production; 7. Stock changes;
3. Net calorific value; 8. Consumption in
4. Internal consumption industrial sector;
in coal mining; 9. Consumption in
5. Exports; other sectors
(specify).
 Biomass
1. Annual production of each type of biomass
energy: fuel wood, charcoal, dung … etc;
2. Net calorific value of each type under the
standard conditions of combustion;
3. Trade of each type if any;
4. Consumption of each type in:
a. Household sector;
b. Agriculture sector;
c. Other sectors (specify)
 Nuclear power

All relevant information concerning

the undertaken projects of nuclear
power, if any.
 Renewable energy

All relevant information concerning

the undertaken projects (solar, wind,
geothermal, … etc.) if any.
 Secondary Energy Supply
• Refining industry (for each refinery);

• Gas processing industry (for each

plant);

• Electricity generation.
 Refining Industry
1. Design capacity; 6. Net production by
2. Crude intake by type product; Sales by product
of crude; (excluding bunkers):
3. Gross production by a. Local market;
product; b. Exports.
4. Internal consumption 7. Imports by product;
by product: 8. Bunkers by product;
a. For electricity 9. Stock change by product:
generation;
a. At refinery;
b. For other purposes.
b. At export terminal.
5. Losses and flares;
 GAS PROCCESSING INDUSTRY
1. Design capacity; 7. Net calorific value of
2. Natural gas intake; each product;
3. Net calorific value of 8. Sales by product:
gas intake;
4. Internal consumption: a. Local market;
a. For electricity b. Exports.
generation; 9. Stock change by
b. For other purposes. product:
5. Losses and flares;
a. At plant site;
6. Net production by
product (sweet gas b. At export terminal.
and liquids);
 Electricity Generation
• Public power generation (for each generation center):
– Type of the units (GT, ST, DE);
– Installed capacity by unit;
– Fuel intake by fuel type;
– Gross production by type of generators;
– Internal consumption and losses;
– Net production;
– Transmission losses.
• Self-power generation (in oil and gas fields, refineries,
gas processing units, major industries):
– Installed capacity by type of generator;
– Fuel intake by fuel type;
– Gross production.
• Water desalination (Capacity and production)
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• Natural gas consumption: • Electricity consumption:
– Electricity generation; – Household sector;
– Industry, as: – Commercial/services
• Fuel gas; sector;
• Self power generation; – Public Administration
– Feedstock. (lighting, air conditioning
• Petroleum products: and others) sector;
– Domestic consumption by – Industrial sector;
product; – Agriculture sector;
– Stock changes at the – Public lighting.
distribution centers.
 SECTORIAL ANALYSIS

• Transport Sector;
• Household sector;
• Commercial and Services Sector;
• Building and Construction Sector;
• Mining and Quarrying Sector;
• Agriculture and Fishing Sector;
• Manufacturing Sector.
 TRANSPORT

• Road transport
• Air transport
• Sea transport
 ROAD TRANSPORT
• Number of vehicles by • Average distance
type of fuel, and year driven per year per
made: each type of
– Passenger cars by size of vehicles;
engine and/or horsepower:
Private cars; Government • Average fuel
cars; Taxis; consumption per
– Trucks by dwt: Private; each type of
Public; Government; vehicles;
– Pick-ups by horsepower: • Transit vehicles:
Private; Public; Number of passenger
Government; cars; Number of trucks.
– Buses by load number of
passengers: Private;
Public; Government;
School.
 AIR & SEA TRANSPORT

Air transport Sea transport

• Jet fuel sales to national • Sales of marine diesel and
airlines; fuel bunkers to:
– International ships, cargo and
• Jet fuel sales to foreign tankers;
airlines; – National ships, cargo and
• Number of passenger flights tankers.
by type of aircraft; • Number of coastal ships and
• Number of freight flights by cargo by type, size and dwt;
type of aircraft; • Number of deep-water ships,
• Number of passengers; cargo and tankers by type,
• Weight of goods; size and dwt;
• Number and types of national • Number of passengers and
fleet. distance traveled;
• Weight of goods transported
and distance traveled
 HOUSEHOLD (HH)
1. Number of HH by province;
2. Average size of HH by province;
3. Number of houses by type of construction and air
condition and heating system;
4. Average floor space of each type of houses by
province;
5. Consumption of Electricity, LPG, Kerosene, Gas oil, Fuel
wood and charcoal and other biomass products (mollus,
dung … ect.) in HH;
6. Average consumption of Electricity, LPG, Kerosene, Gas
oil, Fuel wood and charcoal and other biomass products
(mollus, dung … ect.) in each type of houses;
7. Pattern of consumption of each energy product in
each type of houses: (cooling, heating, lighting, cooking,
appliances).
 COMMERCIAL & SERVICES

• Public services;

• Private Services;

• Commercial Services.
 PUBLIC SERVICES
• Government buildings: • Hotels:
– Number of offices; – Number of beds;
– Number of employees;
– Average area of the office; – Number of staying nights;
– Electricity consumption in the – Energy consumption by fuel
government buildings; type.
• Hospitals: • Mosques and Churches:
– Number of beds;
– Number of mosques and
– Energy consumption by fuel
type (electricity, LPG, other Churches;
fuels); – Average area per mosque or
• Schools and Universities: Church;
– Number of classrooms; – Electricity consumption.
– Number of labs and other
facilities; • Public lighting:
– Energy consumption by fuel – Roads and highways;
type (electricity, LPG, other) – Recreational areas.
 PRIVATE SERVICES

• Number of employees in the private

sector;
• Number of offices in the private sector;
• Average floor space of the office;
• Energy consumption (elect., LPG,
kerosene … etc.).
 COMMERCIAL SERVICES

• Number of Banks;
• Number of Real Estate Offices;
• Number of Shopping Centers;
• Other Shopping Areas
• Energy consumption by type of
activity.
 BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION
Building Construction
• Number of new buildings by • Length and width of
type (governmental bldg.,
houses, shops, etc);
constructed roads;
• Average floor space of each • Energy consumption
type of buildings; by fuel type in each
• Number and types of category;
equipment used in the • Amount of raw
buildings activity, and material used in each
average working hours per
each equipment; type of construction:
• Amount of raw materials cement, stones, sand…
used in each type of building; etc.
• Energy consumption by fuel
type.
 MINING & QUARRYING

Oil and gas extraction Non-oil activities

• Energy consumption • Volume of stones
in exploration and extracted;
drilling activities by • Number and types of
type of fuel; equipment used and
• Energy consumption their working hours;
in production activities • Energy consumption
by type of fuel. by fuel type.
 AGRICULTURE & FISHING
Agriculture Livestock
• Cultivated area: • Number and type of cattle;
Irrigated and Non-irrigated; • Areas reserved for livestock
• Agriculture production; activities;
• Irrigation: • Energy consumption by
– Number of pumps used in the fuel.
irrigation activities per type
and size of pump;
– Average working hours and Fishing
fuel consumption per pump.
• Mechanization: • Fishing production;
– Number of tractors and other • Number of fishing boats by
equipment per type and size; type and size of engine;
– Average working hours and
fuel consumption per • Average working hours and
equipment. fuel consumption per each
type of boats.
 MANUFACTURING
Sub-sectors Data Required
1. Food, beverages and tobacco; • Electricity consumption (self
2. Textiles, wearing apparel and produced and from the
leather; national grid separately);
3. Wood and wood products; • Consumption of other
4. Paper products, printing and energy products by type;
publishing; • Non-energy products
5. Chemicals, rubber and plastic feedstock (raw materials);
products (other than • Annual production of each
refineries); industry;
6. Non-metal mineral products; • Number of employees in
7. Basic metal products; each industry;
8. Fabricated metal products, • The share of energy cost in
machinery and equipment; the total production cost of
9. Other transformation each industry
industries.
 CONVERSION FACTORS
Volume
From: Volume Weight Or
Weight
Energy
To: Weight Volume
Equivalence
Heat content
You need to Specific gravity of the
of unit
know energy product
volume/weight
Heat
Volume/weight
Then use conversion
conversion factor
factor