TANZA NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL- SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GENERAL
BIOLOGY 2
WEEK 1: PLANT AND ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
(REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT)
Subject Teacher: Marinel B. Teñoso
“A glimpse of this wonder can be the reward of a lifetime” - Chien-Shiung Wu
PLANT AND ANIMAL
ORGAN SYSTEMS AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
(REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Reproduction
• The biological process by which offspring are
produced from their parent/parents
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Sexual Reproduction
• Use of sex cells
(gametes)
• Involves the fusion of
male and female
gametes to form zygote
• Promotes genetic
variability
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Asexual Reproduction
• Does not involve
gametes, instead parts of
mature organism may
develop to new individual
• Offspring is genetically
identical to parent
• No genetic variability
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Reproduction
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
• Offspring comes • Offspring comes
from a single parent from two parents
• Offspring has the (male and female)
exact copy of genes • Offspring do not
as parent have exact copy of
• “clone” of their parents' genes
parent
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
BINARY FISSION
Process in which organism divides
into two and grow into a new
organism
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
BINARY FISSION
• Separation of body into
two new bodies
• Common in single-celled
bacteria
organism
paramecium
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
BUDDING
Process of outgrowth or callus
projecting from parent and
eventually buds off
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
BUDDING
• New organism develops from small part of
a parent’s body (bud)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
BUDDING
• New organism develops from small part of
a parent’s body (bud)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
FRAGMENTATION
Pieces of parents break off and
develops into a new animal
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
FRAGMENTATION
• Organism is divided
into minor fragments,
which develops into
individual ones which
are fully grown
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation vs. Regeneration
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
VEGETATIVE
Asexual reproduction in
plants
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• A plant part (stem,
leaves, root, turion) are
used to reproduce new
plants.
• Can be natural or
artificial
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
NATURAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Types of Asexual Reproduction
ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Reproduction
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Main reproductive
organ - Testis
• Regulated by
hormones
o (GnRH, FSH, LH)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Reproduction
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Seminiferous tubules
– produce sperm
through the process
of spermatogenesis
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Reproduction
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Ovaries
• Main productive organ
• Oogenesis –
development of
ovarian follicles
• Secretion of estrogen
and progesterone
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Reproduction
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Fallopian tube (oviduct)
• Area of fertilization
Uterus (womb)
• Endometrium – inner lining;
prepares the optimal
environment for the
implantation of the embryo
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Development
1. Gametogenesis 2. Fertilization
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Development
3. Implantation 4. Gastrulation
ECTODERM - nervous system, skin, and
parts of the adrenal gland
human chorionic gonadotropin ENDODERM - stomach, colon, and urinary
(hCG) – hormone produces by bladder
placenta during pregnancy ENDODERM - provides structural support
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Development
5. Embryonic Stage
• Formation of 4 membranes
that protects, supports and
nourish the embryo (yolk
sac, allantois, amnion and
chorion)
• Development of placenta
• Organ formation
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Animal Development
6. Fetal Stage
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Hormonal Regulation of Animal Reproduction
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
• Stimulates the release of 2 hormones:
1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Released by pituitary gland
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Hormonal Regulation of Animal Reproduction
Follicle Stimulating Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Hormone (FSH)
• Male: causes testes to • Male: causes testes to
produce sperm secrete testosterone
• Female: causes the growth • Female: causes ovulation
of an ovarian follicle and it and it causes to secrete
causes the follicle cells to progesterone
secrete estrogen
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
PLANT SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Reproduction
FLOWER
• Main
reproductive
organ of plant
Stamen – male
reproductive part
Pistil – female
reproductive part
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Reproduction
STAMEN
• Male reproductive organ of a flower
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Reproduction
STAMEN Anther
• Male reproductive part of a
flower
o Anther: produces pollen
o Filament: support and
transport of nutrients
• Most flowers have multiple
stamen Filament
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Reproduction
PISTIL/CARPEL
• Female reproductive part of
a flower
o Stigma: traps pollen
o Style: hollow tube that
connects stigma and
ovary
o Ovary: produces female
gametes (ovule)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Monoecious vs Dioecious
Monoecious
• Both stamens and pistil
are on the same plant
Male
Female
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Monoecious vs Dioecious
Dioecious
• Stamens and pistil are
on separate plant
Female Male
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Development
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Development
Male gametophyte
1. Inside the anther’
microsporangia,
male gametophyte
divides by meiosis
to generate four
haploid
microspores
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Development
Male gametophyte
2. Each microspores will
undergo mitosis which
generates pollen grains
containing 2 cells:
• Generative cell
• Cell that will
become the pollen
tube cell
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Plant Development
Female gametophyte
1. The ovum contains the
megasporangium
2. Within each
megasporandium, a
megasporocyte undergoes
meiosis, generating 4
megaspores:
• 3 small (polar nuclei)
• 1 large (egg)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Pollination and Fertilization
Pollination
• Transfer of pollen from
an anther to a
receptive stigma
• Agents: Animals,
insects, wind, water,
human
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Pollination and Fertilization
Fertilization
• Combination of
one sperm and
egg cell, forming
a diploid zygote
and future
embryo
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Pollination and Fertilization
Double Fertilization
• Other sperm fuses with
2n polar nuclei,
forming a triploid cell
• This later develops into
endosperm (tissue that
serves as food reserve)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Embryo Development
Ovary
- Becomes
fruit
Ovule
- Becomes
seed/s
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Seed Germination
Germination is the resumption of growth and
development after a period of seed dormancy.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1
Thank You!
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Week 1