21EES101T-ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICSENGINEERING
EEE-UNIT 3

Machines and Drives

Construction and working principle of DC machines-
Construction and Working principle of a single-phase
Transformer- Construction and working of three phase Inductor
motor, BLDC motor, PMSM, Stepper and Servo motor
-Introduction to Electrical Drives-Block diagram explanation of
chopper fed DC drives, Selection of drives for real time
applications (cranes/EV/ Pumping applications)
Practice on chopper applications, Demo on DC& AC machines

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 Construction of DC machine

Cutaway view of a dc motor Stator with poles visible.

(Rotor-Armature)

No need to draw this diagrams in exam

 Construction of DC machine

segments

Rotor of a dc motor.

brushes
No need to draw this diagrams in exam
No need to draw this diagram
in exam 7
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Single Phase Transformer
Principle of operation
The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. In
this case, the conductors are stationary and the magnetic flux is varying
with respect to time. Thus, the induced emf comes under the
classification of statically induced emf.

The transformer is a static piece of apparatus used to transfer electrical

energy
from one circuit to another. The two circuits are magnetically coupled.
One of the circuits is energized by connecting it to a supply at specific
voltage magnitude, frequency and waveform. Then, we have a mutually
induced voltage available across the second circuit at the same
frequency and waveform but with a change in voltage magnitude if
desired. These aspects are indicated in Fig.

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Construction
The following are the essential requirements of a transformer:
(a) A good magnetic core
(b) Two windings
(c) A time varying magnetic flux
The transformer core is generally laminated and is made out of a good
magnetic material such as transformer steel or silicon steel. Such a material
has high relative permeability and low hysteresis loss. In order to reduce the
eddy current loss, the core is made up of laminations of iron. ie, the core is
made up of thin sheets of steel, each lamination being insulated from others
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PMSM

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BLDC Motor

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No need to draw this diagrams in exam
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How Does A Brushless DC Motor Work?
BLDC Motor operation is based on the attraction or repulsion
between magnetic poles. Using the three-phase motor as shown in
figure below, the process starts when current flows through one of the
three stator windings and generates a magnetic pole that attracts the
closest permanent magnet of opposite pole.
The rotor will move if the current shifts to an adjacent winding.
Sequentially charging each winding will cause the rotor to follow in a
rotating field. The torque in this example depends on the current
amplitude and the number of turns on the stator windings, the strength
and the size of the permanent magnets, the air gap between the rotor
and the windings, and the length of the rotating arm.

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No need to draw this diagrams in exam

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 Stepper Motor

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 Why Stepper Motor?
• Motor that moves one step at a time
A digital version of an electric motor
Each step is defined by a Step Angle
• Relatively inexpensive
• Ideal for open loop positioning control − Can be implemented
without feedback − Minimizes sensing devices − Just count the
steps
• Torque − Holds its position firmly when not turning − Eliminates
mechanical brakes − Produces better torque than DC motors at
lower speeds
• Positioning applications

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 Types of Stepping Motors
• Permanent Magnet
− Magnetic rotor
• Variable Reluctance
− Non-magnetic, geared rotor
• Hybrid

− Combines characteristics from PM and VR

− Magnetic, geared rotor

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 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
• It consists of a wound stator and a soft iron multi-tooth rotor.
• The stator has a stack of silicon steel laminations on which stator windings
are wound.
• Usually, it is wound for three phases which are distributed between the pole
pairs.
• The rotor carries no windings and is of salient pole type made entirely of
slotted steel laminations.
• The rotor pole’s projected teeth have the same width as that of stator teeth.
• The number of poles on stator differs to that of rotor poles, which provides
the ability to self start and bidirectional rotation of the motor.

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 Cross section model of 3-ph VR stepper motor and
winding arrangement

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 VR Stepper motor has following modes of
operation
1. 1 phase ON (or) Full step operation mode

2. 2 phase ON mode

3. Alternate 1 phase ON and 2 phase ON mode (or) Half

step operation mode

4. Micro stepping operation mode

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 Working of Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
• The stepper motor works on the principle that the rotor aligns in a
particular position with the teeth of the excitation pole in a
magnetic circuit wherein minimum reluctance path exist.
• Whenever power is applied to the motor and by exciting a
particular winding, it produces its magnetic field and develops its
own magnetic poles.
• Due to the residual magnetism in the rotor magnet poles, it will
cause the rotor to move in such a position so as to achieve
minimum reluctance position and hence one set of poles of rotor
aligns with the energized set of poles of the stator.
• At this position, the axis of the stator magnetic field matches with
the axis passing through any two magnetic poles of the rotor.

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• When the rotor aligns with stator poles, it has enough magnetic force to
hold the shaft from moving to the next position, either in clockwise or
counter clockwise direction.
• The stepper motor works on the principle that the rotor aligns in a
particular position with the teeth of the excitation pole in a magnetic circuit
wherein minimum reluctance path exist.
• Whenever power is applied to the motor and by exciting a particular
winding, it produces its magnetic field and develops its own magnetic
poles.
• Due to the residual magnetism in the rotor magnet poles, it will cause the
rotor to move in such a position so as to achieve minimum reluctance
position and hence one set of poles of rotor aligns with the energized set of
poles of the stator.
• At this position, the axis of the stator magnetic field matches with the axis
passing through any two magnetic poles of the rotor.
• When the rotor aligns with stator poles, it has enough magnetic force to
hold the shaft from moving to the next position, either in clockwise or
counter clockwise direction.

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 Servo Motor
❑ Servo is an electromagnetic device uses a negative feedback mechanism
to converts an electric signal into controlled motion. Basically, servos
behave like as actuators which provide precise control over velocity,
acceleration, and linear or angular position.
❑ It consists of four things: DC motor, position sensor, gear train, and a
control circuit. The gear mechanism connected with the motor provides
the feedback to the position sensor.
❑ If the motor of the servo is operated by DC then it is called a DC servo
motor and if it is operated by AC then it is called as AC servo motor. The
gear of the servo motor is generally made up of plastic but in high power
servos, it is made up of metal.

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 Types of Servo Motors on the Basis of Rotation
Positional Rotation Servos: Positional servos can rotate the shaft in about
half of the circle. Also, it has the feature to protect the rotational sensor from
over-rotating. Positional servos are mainly used in limbs, robotic arms, and in
many other places.
Continuous Rotation Servos: Continuous servos are similar in construction to
the positional servo. But, it can move in both clockwise and anticlockwise
directions. These types of servos are used in radar systems and robots.
Linear Servos: Again linear servos are also like a positional servo, but with
additional gears to the adjust the output from circular to back-and-forth.
These type of servos are used in high model airplanes and are rare to find on
the stores.

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 On the Basis of Operating Signal
(i) Analog Servomotors: Analog servos are operated over PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signals.
(ii) Digital Servomotors: Digital Servo receives signal and acts at high-frequency
voltage pulses. Digital servo gives a smooth response and consistent torque, due to
faster pulse. Digital servos consume more power than an analog servo.

On the Basis of Operating Power

(i) DC Servo Motor
(ii) AC Servo Motor

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Construction of Servo Motor:

No need to draw this diagrams in exam 37

Closed loop system - Servo Motor:

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Control Signal: This is the input signal that specifies the desired position, speed, or other target
parameters for the motor. It is generally in the form of a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal.
Pulse Width to Voltage Converter: This component converts the PWM control signal into a
corresponding analog voltage. The width of the pulse determines the voltage level, which is then
used as a reference for the desired position or speed.
Comparator: The comparator takes two inputs – the reference voltage from the Pulse Width to
Voltage Converter and the feedback signal from the Position Sensor. It compares these two
signals and generates an error signal, representing the difference between the actual position and
the desired position.
Error Amplifier: This amplifier increases the strength of the error signal so that it can drive the
motor. The error amplifier ensures that any small differences between the desired and actual
positions are corrected by providing an amplified output to the motor.
Motor: This is the main component that drives the load. The motor's position or speed is
adjusted based on the output from the Error Amplifier.
Gear Box: The gear box connects the motor to the load and helps to increase torque or adjust the
speed as needed. It also impacts the positioning accuracy of the system.
Position Sensor: The position sensor monitors the current position of the load and sends
feedback to the comparator. This feedback allows the system to continuously adjust the motor’s
position to minimize the error.
Load: This is the object or mechanism that the motor moves or controls. The load's position is
controlled based on the control signal input and feedback from the position sensor.

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 Applications of Servo Motors
❑ They are used to control the positioning and movement of elevators in
radio controlled airplanes.
❑ They play an important role in robotics information of robot because of
their smooth switching on or off and accurate positioning.
❑ They are used in hydraulic systems to maintain hydraulic fluid in the
aerospace industry.
❑In radio controlled toys these are also used.
❑They are used to extend or replay the disc trays in electronic devices such as
DVDs or Blue-ray Disc players.
❑They are used to maintain the speed of vehicles in the automobile
industries.

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Introduction to Electrical Drives

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 Applications of Electric Drives
Transportation Systems
Rolling Mills
Paper Mills
Textile Mills
Machine Tools
Fans and Pumps
Robots
Washing Machines etc

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 Chopper fed DC drives

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Closed loop speed control of chopper fed DC drives

+ Δωm I*

Speed Current
+ Chopper DC Load
Controller Controller
ωm* - I
motor
-
Current
ωm Limiter
Current
Sensor

Speed
Sensor

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Selection of drives for real time applications
(cranes/EV/ Pumping applications)

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Solar Powered Pump System

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 Solar Powered Pump Drives with reciprocating pump

❖ For pump ratings of 1 kW and above, three phase induction

motor drive is employed.
❖ A PWM voltage source inverter with
maximum-power-point-tracker is used for variable frequency
control of the squirrel-cage induction motor.

Solar pump drive using induction motor 60

 Solar Powered Pump Drives with battery
❖ Solar Powered Pump Drives with an intermediate battery, can
also be used.

❖ The drive is fed from the battery charged by solar panel.

Solar pump with a battery

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Selection of drives and control schemes for lifts and cranes

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EV Control schemes

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 8 Marks Questions
1. Explain the Construction and working principle of DC Generator.
2. Explain the Construction and working principle of DC Motor.
3. Explain the Construction and working principle of single phase transformer.
4. Explain the Construction and working principle of three phase Induction motor.
5. Explain the Construction and working principle of PMSM.
6. Explain the Construction and working principle of BLDC motor.
7. Explain the Construction and working principle of any one type of stepper motor. Also
list out applications.
8. Explain the Construction and working principle of any one type of servo motor. Also list
out applications
9. With neat block diagram, explain the general layout of electric drives. Also list out the
advantages and application of electric drives.
10. With neat block diagram, explain chopper fed electric drives.
11. List out the factors that should be considered for selecting electric drives.
12. List out the factors that should be considered for selecting electric drives for lifts and
cranes.
13. List out the factors that should be considered for selecting electric drives for eclectic
vehicles (EV’s) .
14. Explain how electric drives are used for appliance like pumping water.

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