This is to certify that “SMITA TOPPO” a
student of class 12 has completed the research
product on the topic “Abortion in India”
under the guidance of Arpita Bhoi.
This project is genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind. This reference taken in
making this project has been declared at the end
of the this project.
Signature Signature
(Subject Teacher) (Examiner)
I feel proud to present my investigatory project in Biology
on "Abortion in India"
This project would not have been feasible without the
proper rigorous guidance of biology teacher Mrs Arpita
Bhoi. Who guided me throughout this project in every
possible way. An investigatory project involves various
difficult lab experiments, which require the observation
and conclusion of the reports on a meaningful note.
Thereby, I would like to thank Mrs Arpita Bhoi for
guiding me on a systematic basis and ensuring that I
completed all my research with ease, Rigorous hard work
has been put into this project to ensure that it proves to be
the best. I hope that it proves to be the best. I hope that
this project will prove to be a breeding ground for the next
generation of students and will guide them in every
possible way.
- SMITA TOPPO
I hereby declare that the
project work entitled
“ABORTION IN INDIA”
submitted to department of
biology Odisha Adarsha
Vidyalaya is prepared by me
1. INTRODUCTION
2. Historical Background
3. Legal Framework
4. Cause and Reason for Abortion
5. Social and Ethical Issues
6. Types of Abortion
•Surgical abortion procedures
• Chemical abortion procedures
7. What is MTP ?
8. Person who can perform MTP
9. Places where MTP can be performed
10. Bibliography
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by
removing a fetus or embryo from the womb
before it can survive on its own. An abortion
which occurs spontaneously is also known as
a miscarriage and an abortion may be caused
purposely is called induced abortion.
Modern methods use medication or surgery for
abortion. The drugs mifepristone and
prostaglandin are as good as surgery during
the first trimester.
Surgery has lower risk of side effects.
MTP (medical termination of pregnancy) is a
procedure of abortion or terminating
pregnancy using only [Link] WORLD
HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) recommends
safe and legal abortions be available to all
women.
Every year unsafe abortion cause 47000 deaths
and 5 million hospitals admissions
Before 1971, abortion in India was a
criminal offense under Section 312 of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC). Unsafe abortions
were common and caused many maternal
deaths. To address this, the Medical
Termination of
Pregnancy (MTP) Act was introduced in
1971, making India one of the first
countries in the world to legalize abortion
under specific circumstances.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
Act, 1971
Conditions for legal abortion:
Risk to the life of the woman or grave
injury to her physical/mental health.
Substantial risk that the child would
suffer from serious physical or mental
abnormalities.
Pregnancy resulting from rape.
Pregnancy caused by failure of
contraceptive methods (for married
and now also unmarried women).
Unplanned or unwanted pregnancy
Contraceptive failure
Health risks to the mother or fetus
Socio-economic reasons
Pregnancy due to rape or incest
Social stigma associated with unwed
motherhood
Gender-based abortions: Despite
beingillegal, sex-selective abortions
have contributed to skewed sex ratios.
Stigma: Women seeking abortions
often face judgment and
discrimination.
Reproductive rights: There is ongoing
Debate over women’s right to choose
versus the moral status of the fetus
There are two kinds of induced abortion:
➤ Surgical
➤ Chemical
SURGICAL ABORTION PROCEDURES:
I. Manual vacuum aspiration:
(it should be done with in seven weeks after last
menstrual period)
Dilators (metal rods) are used to stretch the
cervical muscles until the opening is wide
enough for abortion instruments to pass
through the uterus.
A hand-held syringe is attached to tubing, which
is inserted into the uterus.
The fetus is suctioned out.
II. Suction curettage:
(after 14 weeks from the last menstrual period)
Laminaria is used to open the cervix. They
are inserted hours before the procedure
and allowed to slowly absorb water and
expand, there by dilating the cervix.
After this the abortionist inserts tubing into
the uterus and suction pulls apart the fetus
body.
III. D & C (dilation and curettage):
(within first 12 weeks)
The cervix is diluted. A suction device is
placed in the uterine cavity to remove fetus
and placenta.
After this curette is insert into the uterus to
scrape any remaining fetal parts and
placenta out of the uterus.
IV. D & E (dilation and evacuation):
(within 13 to 24 weeks after last menstrual
Period)
The fetus doubles in size between the 11th
and 12th weeks of pregnancy and in 16
weeks the cartilage turns into bones.
This procedure begins by inserting
laminaria a day or too before abortion.
Then both tears and cuts the fetus and
uses the vacuum machine to extract its
Because the skull is too large to be
suctioned through the tube carefully as
sharp pieces of bone could cut the cervix.
[Link]: (after 15 weeks of pregnancy)
In a saline abortion, amniotic fluid is
removed from the woman and replaced
by a strong saline (salt) solution.
As the fetus lungs absorb the salt
solution, it begins to suffocate. It may
struggle and may even have
convulsion.
The saline also burns off the fetus
outer layer of skin.
Slaine abortion can take one to six
hours before the fetus is no longer
viable.
The woman begins labor after
approximately 12 hours and she may
take up to 24 hours to deliver.
VI. Prostaglandin: (after 15 weeks of Pregnancy)
This procedure is conducted in the same
manner as a saline abortion, except
prostaglandin (a hormone that causes the
women to start labor) replaces saline.
Prostaglandin activates contractions.
It can cause painful or intense labor.
It is not preferred by abortionists because
there is 40% chance of a live birth.
VII. Hysterotomy: (after 18 weeks of Pregnancy)
Here after delivery no attention is given to the
baby.
The goal is to have a baby that won't alive.
VIII. D & X (dilation and extraction):
(after 20 weeks of pregnancy also Called "partial
birth abortion")
This procedure takes three days. During the
first two days the cervix is dilated.
The third day medication to induced labor,
and after labor the ultrasound is done to
locate the legs of the body.
Then graps a leg with four ups and
delivers the baby up to its heads
and the skull of the baby collapses
as brains are suctioned out.
The rest body is deliver through the
birth canal.
CHEMICAL ABORTION PROCEDURES:
I. RU-486 (MIFE PRISTONE): (With in 4 to
7 weeks of the last menstrual period)
also called the “abortion pill”.
This drug interfers with hormone level
(progesterone) that keeps fetus
implanted in the wall of uterus.
II. Methotrexate and misoprostal:
Methotrexate causes cells in the
placenta to die.
Misoprostal empties the fetus out from
the uterus causing contract and push
III. Morning after pill: (sometime used in
rape Cases.)
Upto 72 hours after intercourse, a
women is administered large doses of
birth control pill to prevent the embryo
from implanting in the uterus wall
12 hours after first doses, a second
doses is given to hinder sperm motility
and prevent ovulation.
WHAT IS MTP?
International or voluntary termination of pregnancy
before full term is called medical termination of
pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.
Why MTP?
I. It is done to get rid of unwanted pregnancy
due to casual un protected intercourse or
failure of the contraceptive used during
coitus or rape.
II. Where of pregnant women has a serious
medical disease and continuation of
pregnancy could endanger her life like:
Heart disease
Cervical or breast cancer
Indian MTP Act:
I. The MTP act was enacted by the Indian
parliament in 1971 and came into force from
1 April, 1972.
II. The MTP acts lays down the condition
under which a pregnancy can be terminated
the person and the place where it could
perform.
PERSON WHO CAN PERFORM MTP
Physicians qualified to do MTP are:
➤ any qualified surgeon who had done six
month in obstetries and gynecology.
➤Whenever the pregnancy exceeds 12
weeks but it is below 20 weeks opinion of
two registered medical practitioners is
necessary.
PLACE WHERE MTP CAN BE PERFORM:
Any institution license by the government
to perform MTP. The certificate issued by
the government should be conspicuously
displayed at the place easily visible to
person visiting the place.
Test to be done:
A medical examination including blood
pressure and weight.
An internal examination to confirm the
duration of pregnancy.
Routine wire analysis blood counts
including hemoglobin.
Blood group and Rh factor.
At times, an ultrasound may be
required.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The matter taken for the above project
was taken from the following sites:-
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
NCERT textbook of biology class 12t