SECTION - A

MCQ

1. What is the sum of the first 10 natural numbers?

a) 55
b) 50
c) 100
d) 45
Answer: a) 55
2. If the mean of the data set {4, 8, 15, x, 22} is 12, what is the value of x?
a) 13
b) 14
c) 16
d) 18
Answer: d) 18
3. How many subsets does a set with 4 elements have?
a) 16
b) 8
c) 4
d) 32
Answer: a) 16
4. The set of all even integers is an example of:
a) Infinite set
b) Finite set
c) Empty set
d) Singleton set
 Answer: a) Infinite set
5. The number of elements in the power set of a set with 3 elements is:
a) 8
b) 7
c) 6
d) 9
Answer: a) 8

6. A graph with no cycles is called a:

a) Tree
b) Complete graph
c) Bipartite graph
d) Subgraph
Answer: a) Tree
7. Which of the following is a tautology?
a) p ∨ ¬p
b) p ∧ p
c) p ∨ q
d) p ∧ ¬p
Answer: a) p ∨ ¬p
8. The number of edges in a complete graph with 4 vertices is:
a) 6
b) 4
c) 8
d) 10
Answer: a) 6
9. A relation that is both symmetric and transitive is called:
a) Equivalence relation
b) Reflexive relation
c) Antisymmetric relation
d) Partial order
Answer: a) Equivalence relation
10. The principle of mathematical induction is used to prove:
a) Statements about natural numbers
b) Algebraic identities
c) Geometric theorems
d) Logic puzzles
Answer: a) Statements about natural numbers
11. A bipartite graph can be colored with:
a) 2 colors
b) 3 colors
c) 4 colors
d) 1 color
Answer: a) 2 colors
12. How many permutations are there of the set {1, 2, 3}?
a) 6
b) 3
c) 9
d) 12
Answer: a) 6
13. The negation of the statement "All cats are animals" is:
a) Some cats are not animals
 b) No cats are animals
c) All animals are cats
d) Some animals are not cats
Answer: a) Some cats are not animals
14. In a directed graph, the sum of the in-degrees of all vertices equals:
a) The sum of the out-degrees
b) The number of vertices
c) The number of edges
d) Twice the number of edges
Answer: a) The sum of the out-degrees
15. The statement "If it rains, then the ground is wet" is an example of:
a) Implication
b) Conjunction
c) Disjunction
d) Negation
Answer: a) Implication
16. How many edges does a tree with 10 vertices have?
a) 9
b) 10
c) 11
d) 12
Answer: a) 9
17. The inverse of a function is defined only if the function is:
a) Bijective
b) Surjective
c) Injective
 d) None of the above
Answer: a) Bijective
18. The greatest common divisor (GCD) of 18 and 24 is:
a) 6
b) 12
c) 2
d) 3
Answer: a) 6
19. Which of the following statements is a proposition?
a) What time is it?
b) 2 + 2 = 4
c) Close the door
d) x + 1 = 2
Answer: b) 2 + 2 = 4

20. A matrix with all elements zero is called a:

a) Zero matrix
b) Identity matrix
c) Diagonal matrix
d) Transpose matrix
Answer: a) Zero matrix
21. The sum of degrees of all vertices in a graph is equal to:
a) Twice the number of edges
b) The number of edges
c) The number of vertices
d) Half the number of edges
 Answer: a) Twice the number of edges
22. What is the determinant of the matrix 1 2 ?
3 4
a) -2
b) 2
c) 5
d) -5
Answer: a) -2
23. Which method is used to solve a system of linear equations by converting the
equations into an upper triangular matrix?
a) Matrix inversion
b) Gaussian elimination
c) Cramer's rule
d) Substitution method
Answer: b) Gaussian elimination

24. Which traversal method of a tree visits nodes in the following order: left subtree,
root, right subtree?
a) Preorder traversal
b) Inorder traversal
c) Postorder traversal
d) Level-order traversal
Answer: b) Inorder traversal
25. Which algorithm is used to find the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of a graph?
 a) Kruskal's Algorithm
b) Dijkstra's Algorithm
c) Bellman-Ford Algorithm
d) Floyd-Warshall Algorithm
Answer: a) Kruskal's Algorithm
26. In the context of network flows, what does the term "cut" refer to?
a) A method for finding the shortest path in a graph.
b) A set of edges that, when removed, will disconnect the source from the sink.
c) A way to partition nodes to minimize edge weights.
d) A technique for calculating the average flow in a network.
Answer: b) A set of edges that, when removed, will disconnect the source from
the sink.
27. What does a non-homogeneous relation involve?
a) Elements from the same set
b) Elements from different sets
c) Only positive numbers
d) Only even numbers
Answer: b) Elements from different sets
28. Which of the following is a linear recurrence relation?
a) an= 2an−1 + 3an−2
b) an= an−1 * 3an−2
c) an=a2n−1 + an−2
d) an= a2n−1 * an−2
Answer: a) an= 2an−1 + 3an−2
29. A data set has a mean of 100 and a median of 120. Which of the following
statements is true?
 a) The distribution is symmetric
b) The distribution is positively skewed
c) The distribution is negatively skewed
d) The mode is greater than the median
Answer: c) The distribution is negatively skewed
30. Which of the following is an absolute measure of dispersion?
a) Coefficient of Variation
b) Variance
c) Z-score
d) Percentile
Answer: b) Variance
 SECTION - B

Short Answer Questions

Attempt any five (5) questions out of eight (8) questions (5*6=30)

1. What are consistence and inconsistence equations? Solve the following linear
system using the Gaussian elimination method: [2+4=6]

2x – 2y + 3z = 2
x + 2y - z = 3
3x – y + 2z = 1 (Unit 4 – Simultaneous Equations)

2. Find the rank and inverse of the matrix: [2+4]

1 1 1

A= 1 1 1

1 1 1

(Unit 3 – Matrix and Determinant)

3. Write De-Morgan first and second law. Prove that whether the given statement is
tautology or contradiction. [2+4]
((p → r) ∧ (r → q)) → (p → q)
(Unit 10 – Logic and Proof)
4. What is fallacy? Give an example of fallacy. Use induction to show that 7n -3n is
divisible by 4 for all n>=1. [2+4]
(Unit 10 – Logic and Proof)
5. Define bipartile graph with example. State the necessary conditions for the
graphs to be isomorphic. [2+4]
(Unit-5 Graph Theory)
6. What is the significance of Minimum Spanning Tree? Describe how Kruskal’s
algorithm can be used to find the Minimum Spanning Tree. [2+4]
(Unit-6 Trees)

7. Two companies, X and Y, operating in the same industry, provide the following
data regarding the monthly salaries of their employees. Based on the information
provided, analyze which company offers a more consistent and better-paying
salary structure. [6]

Company Company X Company Y

No. of employees 500 800
Average monthly salary Rs. 200.00 Rs. 195.00
Variance of salary 85 105
distribution

(Unit-11 Statistics)

8. Solve the recurrence relation a n = 5an-1 – 6an-2 with initial conditions a0=1, a1 =4.
[6]

(Unit-9 Advance Counting Techniques)

SECTION C
 Long Answer Questions
Attempt any two (2) questions out of three (3) questions (2*20=40

What is the truth value of ∀y Q(y), where Q(y) is defined by y2≥4 and
1. a. Define universal and existential quantifiers with examples. [4]
(i)
the universe of discourse is positive integers not exceeding 3?

What is the truth value of ∃y Q(y), where Q(y) is defined by y2<12 and
Explain. [3]
(ii)
the universe of discourse is positive integers not exceeding 4? Explain.
[3]
b. Suppose that m is an integer.
(i) What is the contrapositive of the statement “If m2+5m+6 is even, then m
is odd”? [3]
(ii) Prove the statement “If m2+5m+6 is even, then m is odd.” [7]
(Unit 10- Logic and Proof)
2. Define Linear Homogenous Recurrence Relation along with its standard form.
Solve the recurrence relation. [2+6*3]
a. an=2an-1-3an-2 for n≥2, a0=4, a1=7
b. an=2an-1-2an-2 for n≥2, a0=4, a1=1
c. fn=3fn-1-6fn-2 +4fn-3 for n≥3, f0=0, f1=1, f2=2

(Unit 11-Advance Counting techniques)

3. a. Describe about Euler and Hamilton path and cycle of a Graph. What is meant by
chromatic number? How can you use graph coloring for complete graph K6 and
wheel graph W6? [4+2]
b. Consider the set B= {a, b, c, d}. Define the relation S on B as follows: [4]
S= {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d), (a, b), (b, c)}.
i. Is the relation S reflexive? Explain your answer.
ii. Determine whether the relation S is symmetric or not. Justify your
answer.
iii. Analyze whether the relation S is transitive. Provide a proof or
counterexample.
iv. Is the relation S antisymmetric? Support your answer with
reasoning.
c. Use Prism’s algorithm to find minimum spanning tree from the given
graph. [6]

(Unit-5 and 8 Graph Theory and Relation)