CCSS4O57

INTRODUCTION
TO PERSONALITY
Lecture 4 Biological Perspectives and
Trait Approach
OUTLINE
The Biological Theory of Personality

• Raymond Cattell

• Hans Eysenck

Traits Approach

• Big Five Factors

HEXACO

Dark Triad

Strength & Criticisms

Summary

2
 KEY ELEMENTS OFTHE BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Genes
• Heritability estimate typically range from around 30% - 60% for various traits.

1
Brain
• Brain structure, neurotramistters and brain activity can influence our personality
j

s1 Hormone
• Testosterone —> assertiveness and dominanace
k • Estrogen —> empathy and nurturing behavior

3
Gordon Allport Gordon Allport (1961), one of the original trait theorists, counted
more than 4,000 adjectives in the English language that can be used
for personality.

CO

I
□3

4
 Variable 1 0.9

0.8
Variable 2 Factor 1
0.6

Variable 3

0.7
Variable 4 4 Factor 2
0.9

Variable 5

RAYMOND CATTELL
(1905-1998)
A British-American psychologist known for his
contributions to the field of personality assessment and trait
theory. He developed the 16PF (16 Personality Factors)
questionnaire, which aimed to measure and describe
individual differences in personality traits. His research and
theories have had a significant impact on the understanding
of human personality

6
 CHILDHOOD LIFEOFCATTELL
• Parents had high standards of
behavior
• Were permissive regarding spare
ADULTHOOD DEATH
time
• Had a serious mindset at a young age • Identified 16 source traits • passed away on
due to witnessing the effects of • Used in Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PF) questionnaire February 2,1998, at the
World War I • Later identified temperament and dynamic traits age of 92, in Honolulu

EARLY CAREER TOWARDS THE END OF LIFE

• at the University of London to study physics and chemistry but later • Developed chronic digestive disorders,
realized his interest in studying the human mind. a failed marriage, and economic
• He pursued graduate studies in psychology under Charles E. difficulties.
Spearman, focusing on factor analysis and applying it to personality.

7
 TRAIT CLASSIFICATION

• Everyone shares common traits to some degree; e.g.,

Common Traits everyone has some measure of intelligence or of extraversion

• Each of us has unique traits that distinguish us as individuals;

Unique Traits e.g., liking for politics or baseball

• Our skills and ability determine how well we can work

Ability Traits towards our goals.

emperament • Our emotions and feeling help determine how we react to the
11 I1
people and situations.
IIKllK
• The forces that underlie our motivations and drive our
Dynamic Traits behavior.
 TRAIT CLASSIFICATION

• Characteristics composed of any number of source traits, or

behavioral elements; they may be unstable and impermanent,
Surface traits weakening or strengthening in response to different situations

• Single, stable, permanent elements of our behavior.

Source Traits

• Source traits that have biological origins, such as the behaviors

that result from drinking too much alcohol.
Constitutional traits

• Source traits that have environmental origins, such as the

Environmental-mold behaviors that result from the influence of our friends, work
Traits environment, or neighborhood.
 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS

Emotional
Warmth Reasoning Dominance
Stability
A IS 9

Reflects the Reflects

Measures Indicates the
degree of assertiveness
logical and level of
friendliness, , leadership,
rational emotional
affection, and and control
thinking resilience
openness to over one's
abilities. and stability.
others. environment.
F SI F

10
 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS

Rule-Conscio Social
Liveliness Sensitivity
usness Boldness
A la 9 E 9

Reflects the
Indicates the Reflects
extent to
Measures level of emotional
which a
enthusiasm, comfort and sensitivity
person
energy, and confidence in and empathy
follows rules
sociability. social towards
and values
situations. others.
conformity.
F SI F

11
 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS

Abstracted nes
Vigilance Privateness Apprehension
s
A la 9 E 9

Measures Indicates a Reflects the

Measures
cautiousness, □reference for desire for
anxiety, worry,
attentiveness, abstract thinking solitude
and self-doubt.
and suspicion. and imagination. and privacy.

F SI F

12
 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS

Openness to Perfection is
Self-Reliance Tension
Change m
A la 9 E 9

Indicates a Reflects Measures the

Indicates the level
preference for independence, degree of
of stress,
novelty, variety, self-confidence, self-discipline,
restlessness, and
and and orderliness, and
discomfort.
embracing change. self-sufficiency. attention to detail.

F SI F

13
 Cattell showed interest in influences of heredity and environment in

shaping personality

INFLUENCE OF Twin Studies

HEREDITY AND Investigated by statistically comparing twins and siblings in different
ENVIRONMENT rearing situations.
1. One-third of personality is genetically based

2. Two-thirds is determined by social and environmental influences

I®
PL .-fx
\Jro|
STUDY OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Infancy

Birth-6 Weaning; toilet training; formation of ego, superego and socail attitude.

Childhood

6-14 Independence from parents and identification with peers

adolescence

14-23 Conflicts about independence, self assertion, and sex

Maturity

23-50 Satisfaction with career, marriage, and family

Late Maturity

50-65 Personality changes in response to physical and social circumstances

Old Age

65+ Adjustment to. Loss of friends, career and status

 ASSESSMENT IN CATTELL'S THEORY

L-data Q-data

Life record rating of behaviors observed in Self-report questionnaire rating of one's

real-life situations characteristics, attitudes and interests

T-data 16 Personality Factor (PF) test

Data derived from personality tests resistant To assess personality for research, clinical

to faking diagnosis, and job success prediction.

16
 Bivariate Multivariate
Clinical Approach
Approach Approach

• Subjective • The IV is • Uses forms of

• Includes case manipulated to factor analysis : R
studies, dream determine the or P technique
analysis, and free effect on the DV • R technique:
association • Scientific, collecting data
RESEARCH rigorous, and from a group of
quantitative people
METHOD • Deal with limited • P technique:
aspects of Collecting data
personality from single
subject over a
long period

17
 • Can predict marital stability
• Can be faked if you want to present yourself in a more favorable light
• Can be used in many cultures, but for some languages a literal translation of the test
items is not possible
RESEARCH
• Yielded results indicating that some source traits are primarily inherited while others are
CONTRIBUTIONS determined primarily by environment influences
• Can identify 16 source traits of personality
16 PF Test • Can be used for research, clinical diagnosis, and predicting success on the job.

18
 STRENGTH AND CRITICS

Strength

• Comprehensive Model
• Empirical Approach
• Practical Application
• Influence on Trait Theory

Critics

• Lack of Universality
• Lack of predictive power
• Lack of integration
• Overemphasis on measurement

19
HANS EYSENCK
(1916-1997)
A renowned psychologist, made significant contributions to
personality and individual differences. His controversial
theories emphasized biological factors, and he proposed
dimensions such as extraversion-introversion,
neuroticism-stability, and psychoticism. Eysenck's work
had a lasting impact on the field of personality psychology
and the study of mental health.

20
 LIFE OF EYSENCK

ADULTHOOD DEATH
CHILDHOOD
• Published 79 books and over 1,097 journal articles over the
• Born in Berlin and immigrated to • passed away in
course of his career.
England in 1934 to escape Hitler's rise Sep 1997 at the age of
• Developed personality assessment: Eysenck Personality
to power. 81 in London
Inventory and Maudsley Personality Inventory.

EARLY CAREER TOWARDS THE END OF LIFE

• Initially wanted to study physics at the University of London but was • His work emphasized the role of inheritance in
encouraged to pursue psychology instead. shaping personality and contributed to the
• Enrolled in psychology despite initial skepticism about its scientific integration of personality study into psychology.
status. • Hans Eysenck was the world's most frequently
cited psychologist at the time of his death.

21
 DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY

These dimensions were combinations of traits or factors that remained relatively stable throughout their lifespan.

N- P-
E-
Neuroticism Psychoticis
Extraversion
VS m VS
VS
Emotional Impulse
Introversion
Stability Control

22
 Eysenck (1990) provided three arguments

Consistency of Genetics plays an important

extraversion-introversio Cross-cultural research role
n over time Investigators often find the same three Extraverts and introverts differ on a
extraversion-introversion
dimensions of personality, number of biological measures
remained fairly consistent over a
extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, (Cox-Fuenzalida, Gilliland, &
span of 45 years (Conley, 1984, and psychoticism, in studies conducted Swickert, 2001; Doucet & Stelmack,
1985) in many different countries with people
2000; Stelmack
from very different cultures (Barrett &
Eysenck, 1984; Bowden, Saklofske, van de & Pivik, 1996).

Vijver, Sudarshan, & Eysenck, 2016; Lynn Si-

Martin, 1995).

23
 Extraversion

Traits: Sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking,

carefree, dominant, and venturesome
EXTRAVERSION
Biological: Lower base level of cortical arousal
VS
Introversion
INTROVERSION
Traits: Shy away from excitement and react strongly to stimulation.
Biological: Cortical arousal levels are already high
 Neuroticism
Traits: anxious, depressed, tense, irrational, moody, and may have low self-esteem and guilt

feelings.

Biological: neuroticism is largely inherited, influenced more by genetics than learning or

experience.

NEUROTICISM
People high in neuroticism exhibit greater activity in the areas of the brain controlling the

sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, leading to chronic hypersensitivity

and heightened emotional reactions to stressors.

 Psychoticism

Traits aggressive, antisocial, tough-minded, cold, and egocentric behaviours.

They may also display cruelty, hostility, and insensitivity and have lower
emotional well-being.
PSYCHOTICISM Biological: a significant genetic component to psychoticism, but the childhood
environment, particularly authoritarian and controlling parenting, may also
influence its expression.
Men generally tend to score higher on psychoticism than women, possibly due to
hormonal factors.
 Eysenck believed that traits and dimensions
were determined by heredity

Twin Studies
PRIMARY ROLE OF • Identical twins were more similar
HEREDITY • Adopted children show more similarity
with biological parents

27
 Temperament of newborn
Temperaments are general patterns of behavior and mood that can be expressed in many
different ways and that, depending on one’s experiences, develop into different personality
traits.

28
 Inhibited and Uninhibited Children

• Approximately 10% of children fall into a

category they refer to as “inhibited” (Kagan &
Snidman, 1991). Inhibited children are
controlled and gentle.

• Uninhibited children show the opposite pattern.

Approximately 25% of the children in the
researchers’ samples fall into this category
(Kagan & Snidman, 1991). These children jump 5JI
right in to play with a new toy or to climb on a rtS
new piece of playground equipment. They t
usually start talking soon after they enter a new
play area, even if they don’t know the other
I
Some children appear to inherit a tendency
to respond to unfamiliar situations with
children playing there. increased arousal. When entering a new
situation with new people, many of these
children display what we typically call
"shy" behavior.
29
A trait is a dimension of personality used to categorize
people according to the degree to which they manifest a
particular characteristic.

Assumptions
1. personality characteristics are relatively stable over time.
2. personality characteristics are stable across situations.

31
 Trait Continuum

Extroverts

E are good at multitasking.

%r r ? ■
Sensors

S are realistic people who like to focus on

the facts and details, and apply common
sense and past experience to come up
with practical solutions to problems.

Thinkers
tend to make decisions using logical
analysis, objectively weigh pros and
cons, and value honesty, consistency,
and fairness.

Judgers
tend to be organized and prepared,
like to make and stick to plans, and
Debater Advocate Virtuoso Logistician
Figure 71 Trait Continuum are comfortable following most rules.
ENTP-A/ENTP-T INF3-A / INFJ-T ISTP-A / ISTP-T ISTJ-A / ISTJ-T

Today personality researchers have largely abandoned typologies. The problem is that several assumptions underlying the approach
cannot be justified. A typology assumes that each of us fits into one personality category and that all people within a category are
basically alike. The approach also assumes that the behavior of people in one category is distinctly different from the behavior of
people in other categories. You can’t be a little of category A and a little of B. You must be either A or B. These assumptions simply don’t
stand up to empirical scrutiny. Although typologies are still popular outside of academia (zodiac signs, for instance), psychologists have
replaced the type approach with the trait approach.

32
 THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

developed the Five Factor Model in the

1980s, identifying five robust factors:
neuroticism, extraversion, openness,
agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

The factors were confirmed through various

assessment techniques, including
self-ratings, objective tests, and observers'
reports. The NEO Personality Inventory was
developed as a personality test based on
these factors.

33
 BIC FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS

Conscientiousnes
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness
s

Worriec Sociable Original Cood-naturec Carefu

Insecure Talkative Independent Soft-heartec Reliable

Nervous Fun-loving Creative Trusting Hardworking

4

Highly strung Affectionate Daring Courteous Organized

34
 A Brief Version of the Big Five Personality Inventory

• ••••
••• ••• • •• • •••
•• •••••••
••• •• •••••••• • • • • •••••
• ••• ••••
•••••• • ••• • ••••••
• •• ••• ••••
••••••••• ••• ••••••••• • ••••
• •• • ••• • •
••••• •••••• • •••• • ••• ••••••• •••••••••••
• • •• •••••
•••• •••• •
•• •••••• • •••••• • •••• ••••
• • • •
••••• ••••••
• •• • • •
• •••• •• • ••• • •• • • •••••
•••••••
•• • ••
••• •••• • ••••
•••• •• •••
• ••
•••••• •••• •
•• •••••••
•• ••••• ••
•••••• ••• ••• •• •••••
•••••• ••• •
• •••• •••• • •• •••••• •••
••• ••• • • ••• • •••••••
•••••
•• • ••••••••••
•• •••• ••
•••• • • • • •••
••• ••••••••••••• •••
• • ••••• •••• • •• •
•••• ••••••••••••• ••• ••••••••• ••
••••••••• • • •••••
• •• •••
•••••• •• ••• ••• •••
•• •••••
••••• • ••••••••••••• •• ••••••••
• ••••• •••••• •••••••••••
• ••
••• ••• ••• ••••• ••• ••• •••••

35
 Survey Questionnaire

Strongly Somewhat No Somewhat Strongly

Disagree Disagree Opinion Agree Agree

I am easygoing. o o o o o
I have high standards. o o o o o
I enjoy time aione. o o o o o
I work well with others. o o o o o
I dislike confrontation. o o o o o
I prefer crowds over
intimacy. o o o o o

36
Conscientiousness
Indicate the extent to which each of the following terms describes you. Use a
9-point scale to indicate your response, with 1 = Extremely Inaccurate and
9 = Extremely Accurate.
Careful Negligent*
Careless* Organized
Conscientious Practical
Disorganized* Prompt
Efficient Sloppy*
I laphazard* Steady
Inconsistent* Systematic
Inefficient* Thorough
Impractical* Undependable*
Neat Unsystematic*
This scale was developed by Goldberg (1992) to measure Conscientious­
ness, one of the Big Five personality dimensions. Although different scor­
ing procedures are possible, the most straightforward procedure is as follows
(Arthur & Graziano, 1996): Reverse die answer values for the 10 items with an
asterisk (i.e., for these items only, 1 = 9, 2 = 8, 3 = 7,4 = 6, 5 = 5,6 = 4, 7 = 3,8
= 2,9 = 1). Then add all 20 answ er values. Arthur and Graziano (1996) report a
mean score of 123.11 for a sample of college students, with a standard deviation
of 2 3.99.
*Scale: Big Five Factor Markers for Conscientiousness
Source: Copy right 1998 by the American Psychological Association. Reproduced with permission. Gold­
berg, L. R. (1992). 1 he development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. PsychologicalAssessment,
4, 26-42. doi: 10.1037/1O4O-3590.4.1.26. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted without
written permission from the American Psychological Association. 37
 • Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and
conscientiousness have a strong hereditary
component
• The factor of agreeableness has a robust
environmental component
• All five factors have been found in diverse
cultures
BIC FIVE'S • Most of the factors remain stable to some
CONTRIBUTION degree over the life span
• Women report higher levels of neuroticism,
extraversion, agreeableness, and
conscientiousness than men
• We tend to see others as being more
conscientious and less neurotic than
ourselves.
38
 BIC FIVE FACTORS RESEARCH

Big five factor emotional correlations result:

High
agreeableness
High
Well-being ► extraversion
Low neuroticism and
conscientiousnes
s

Extraversio Social Support Likeable

Positive
emotions
n

Meuroticis Negative
outcomes
m

PRESENTATION TITLE 39
 BIC FIVE FACTORS RESEARCH

Big five factor behavioral correlations result:

Better grades Low score leads

►Conscientiousness and responsible Increased health to use of alcohol
at work and illegal drugs

Fewer behavior
► Agreeableness
problems

Various
Openness intellectual Seeks challenges
interests

Greater
Neuroticism
longevity

More social
Extraverion
relationships

PRESENTATION TITLE 40
Is the Use of Personality Based Psychometrics by Cambridge Analytical
Psychological Science's “Nuclear Bomb” Moment?
Eric C PrichardI;

► Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information

PMCID: PMC7879781 PMID: 33584466

As J. Robert Oppenheimer witnessed the first nuclear explosion in history, he famously quoted
the Bhagavad Gita: ’‘Now 1 am become death, the destroyer of worlds” (Temperton, 2017).
Scientists responsible for the creation of the atomic bomb would now have to live with the
consequences of bringing about a weapon that could destroy humanity. Whether the reason for
participating in the creation of these weapons was a desire to stop Hitler, patriotism, or a love of
the scientific problem of splitting the atom, the consequence of the creation of the atomic bomb
has been a world that is forever change and more dangerous than it had been prior to the Second
World War.

41
 The
Cambridge
Analvtica
Files
J

42
43
 I

1 >
i
lea I ^$TV' *
^r
t
j’w 1
t ■* ■ * /i 0 ‘ 0o*w
•! ?S3^RWpv^ rw
J o*—— 0
a .w——< 1
wJ y <!■■»
0
/ sW
I r

.... .... 'J

KS3

sa
Self-directed learning

* , >|Mk

I fr
 Objectives
1. Identify common personality assessment tools.

2. Explore the relationship between these tools and

behavioral, emotional, or social outcomes.

3. Develop relevant hypotheses.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Starke R. Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley
The prototypic self-report inventory used by clinical psychologists is the Minnesota
Scorer's Initials___________
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (ALMPI). The original ALMPI was developed in 1 2 3 4 567890 For Rerwdny
TwTc 7 L F K Hi’.5K D Hy P0-.4K Ml Pa P >IK Sc + IK Mo*IK & TOl Fc Addrtorwi Scdl«i
the late 1930s. A revised version of the scale, the MMPI-2, was published in 1989. 120—-----------
- 45-
- —13J ------

A shorter version of the revised scale based on different statistical procedures, the 5S-

MMPI-2-RF, was published in 2008, although most practitioners continue to use the
"1 Male
IIO------------------------------------
35- - 50- 15—
50—
30-
55 —
• HS

- — HO ----------- ----------

• 40- • " - 50- f-lOS

MMPI-2 rather than the revision (Williams & Lally, 2017). A version of the test spe­ 105 -
45—
------------------------------------- to—
50 —
<-100---------------------
100— ------------ 25-------------- -

cifically for use w ith adolescents has also been created (the ALMPI-A). 95 -
30 — 45-
Z 45- 35—
70 —
■ r as
45-

The A1MPI-2 contains 567 true-false items; the AIMPI-2-RF has 338 items. go­
40-

2 IS- 40— - 2
6^-2
4 ---------- 7----------

These items generate several scale scores that are combined to form an overall pro­ es 7
30-
25- : 2o- 40-
40 ~ 30—
' r®5

• 30— Si-
file of the test taker. The original scales were designed to measure psychological dis­ ou— ijo— ■

120 -
15- 2
J°<
35 —
- ’ 35^
rr00
50 ~

orders. Thus psychologists obtain scores for such dimensions as depression, hysteria, 75 -7

HO —
. 25-
20- -
30—
;
35- _ -
: ?«

70—" "rar7 ■ id---------------- ------- a------------- -- ----- — Z5 ~ y zu 1 14 ■

paranoia, and schizophrenia. However, most psychologists look at the overall pattern 65 -
90- • 10—
- 25— 30- -
40—
£: r 65
W- 20- 25 -J 30 —
of scores rather than one specific scale when making their assessments. Of particular QO 2' 70 —
35<
--4® ---------------------
60— 2 20-
interest are scores that are significantly higher or lower than those obtained by most 55 “
50-
40- 5-
w 5— 0—
25-
^2$ ” 30-"■ 7 55

test takers. A sample profile from the MMPI-2 is shown in Figure 7.2. 5C-—30-'
20-
-^-65
------------------- —25--- ' -----------

10- - 20 —
45- “ 45
* 20-
15- 5- ---------------------
40 ---------------- ------------------------- I5--
" 10- ’
35 < 0- J— 15 < - 10-
s- 10- ■ ■ - 15-
10 — •
30 4------------- ‘10-—- 1 ~ - • 4 30 ■
- ’ 10-
25 <
r a
10-
0- 5-
20-------------- — 20 ---------- -----------

0— -0
ToiTc " L F K F Hr PdMK Mf Pa IV IK Sc+JK Ma<2K Si TorTc

46
HEXACO: THE SIX-FACTOR MODEL (Ashton & Lee, 2007)

Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee

Proposed a six-factor model of personality

known as HEXACO

The HEXACO model shares two factors

(extraversion and conscientiousness) with
the five-factor model (Big Five), but it
introduces four unique factors.

The four additional factors in the HEXACO

model:
1. honesty/humility,
2. emotionality,
3. Agreeableness
4. openness to experience.
47
 THE HEXACO MODEL

Honesty/humility
• Sincere, honest faithful VS greedy, pretentious, hypocritical boastful

Emotionality
• Outgoing, lively sociable, cheerful VS shy, passive, withdrawn, reserved

Agreeableness
• Tolerant, peaceful, gentle, agreeable VS quarrelsome, stubborn, and ill-tempered

Conscientiousness
• Disciplined, diligent, thorough, precise VS reckless, lazy, irresponsible, absent-minded

Openness to experience
• Creative, innovative, unconventional VS shallow, conventional, unimaginative

48
 DARK TRIAD OF PERSONALITY

Delroy Paulhus and Kenvin Williams

Introduced a 3 factors approach to

understand the darker side of personality

The 3 factors are:

1. Narcissism
2. Machiavellianism
3. Psychopathy

Dirty Dozen Scale

A self-rating test to assess the dark triad

49
 DARK TRIAD RESEARCH

Dark Triad factor behavioral correlations result:

Derive satisfaction
Involved in anti-social Strong acts of
High on all traits activities
from misfortunes of
self-promotion
others

High in Score low on the Big

Machiavellianis five personality factors
of conscientiousness,
m and agreeableness and
openness.
psychopathy

High on High sex drive

Possess sexual and
sadomasochistic
psychopathy fantasies

PRESENTATION TITLE 50
 Trait Approach to Personality

STRENGTH Strengths
VS 1 .Descriptive power
2 .Predictive value
WEAKNESS
3 .Cross-cultural applicability

Critiques
1 .Lack of explanatory power
[Link] influences
[Link] on stability

PRESENTATION TITLE 51
 ResponseTendencies
Indicate the extent to which you agree with each of the following statements. Use
a 7-point scale to indicate your response, with 1 = Not True and 7 = Very True.
Bias? _________
_________
1. I sometimes tell lies if I have to.*
2. I never cover up my mistakes.
_________ 3. There have been occasions when I have taken advantage
of someone.*
_________ 4. I never swear.
_________ 5. I sometimes try to get even rather than forgive and forget.*
_________ 6. I always obey laws, even if I’m unlikely to get caught.
_________ 7. I have said something bad about a friend behind his or her back.*
_________ 8. When I hear people talking privately, I avoid listening.
_________ 9. I have received too much change from a salesperson without
telling him or her.*
_________ 10. I always declare everything at customs.
_________ 11. When I was young, I sometimes stole things.*
_________ 12. I have never dropped litter on the street.
_________ 13. I sometimes drive faster than the speed limit.*
_________ 14. I never read sexy books or magazines.
_________ 15. I have done things that I don’t tell other people about.*
_________ 16. I never take tilings that don’t belong to me.
_________ 17.1 have taken sick leave from work or school even though I wasn’t
really sick.*
_________ 18. I have never damaged a library book or store merchandise
without reporting it.
_________ 19. I have some pretty awful habits.*
_________ 20. I don’t gossip about other people’s business.
This scale was designed to detect a social desirability response tendency.
To obtain your score, give yourself one point for each 1 or 2 response to odd-
numbered items (the ones with asterisks) and one point for each 6 or 7 response
to even-numbered items. The test developer found a mean score of 4.9 and a
standard deviation of 3.2 for female college students, and a mean score of 4.3 and
a standard deviation of 3.1 for male college students. People who score high on
this measure tend to present themselves in an overly favorable light.
'Scale: 1 he Impression Management Scale from the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
Source: From Lockard, J. S. and D. L. Paulhus (Ed.;. Self-Deception: An Adaptive Mechanism.
52
Prentice-Hall, 1988.
 SUMMARY
1. Biological perspective and trait approach shaping

personality

&■/ > K; o Raymond Cattell SC

J1 Wi
o Hans Eysenck
o Big Five Factors
o HEXACO Model
o Dark Triad
2. Strengths and weaknesses of both theories.

53
QUEST[Ol?TIME
K JI
f'