Applied Mathematics for EEE (AMEE341944E)

COMPLEX NUMBERS

PHẠM HUỲNH THẾ

➢ Continuous assessment score: 10-point scale ➢ Final exam:
o Utexlms chapter assignments: 20% o 10-point scale — no materials allowed; 90-
o Midterm test 1: 35% minute written (essay-type) exam.

o Midterm test 2: 35%

o Participation/attendance (exercise notebook
and roll call): 10%
o Bonus: Each correct in-class response or
correctly completed exercise adds 0.1 to the
continuous assessment score.

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➢ Algebraic form: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦, where ➢ Basic arithmetic operations
− 𝑥 = Re 𝑧 is the real part − Addition/Subtraction
− 𝑦 = Im 𝑧 is the imaginary part ( x1+ jy1)  ( x2 + jy2 ) = ( x1 x2 ) + j ( y1  y2 )
− 𝑗 is the imaginary unit, defined such that 𝑗 2 = −1 + Exp: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers
➢ Two complex numbers are equal z1 = 3 − 3 j z 2 = −6 − 6 j
z1 = z2  x1 = x2 & y1 = y2 o 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 3 − 6 + −3 − 6 𝑗 = −3 − 9𝑗
➢ Example o 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 3 + 6 + −3 + 6 𝑗 = 9 + 3𝑗
− z1 = 4 + j 5; Re z1 = 4; Im z1 = 5 − Multiplication
− z2 = a + jb; Re z2 = a; Im z2 = b ( x1 + jy1 )( x2 + jy2 ) = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + j ( x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
− z1 = z2  a = 4 & b = 5 + Exp: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers
z1 = 3 − 3 j z 2 = −6 − 6 j
o 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 = 3 − 3𝑗 −6 − 6𝑗 = −18 − 18𝑗 + 18𝑗
− 18 = −36
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➢ Complex conjugate ➢ Division
− Definition: The conjugate of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is: − Multiply both numerator and denominator by the
𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦 (Reflection across the real axis) conjugate of the denominator.

− Important properties z1 z1  z2 z1  z2
= = 2
z2 z2  z2 x 2 + y 22
+ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
(Always a non-negative real number) − Exp: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers

z  z z1 = 3 − 3 j z 2 = −6 + 6 j
+ z1  z2 = z1  z2 ; z1  z2 = z1  z2 ;  1  = 1 , z2  0
 z2  z2
z1 (3 − 3 j )(−6 − 6 j )
1 = = −0,5
+ Finding the real part: Re z = x = (z + z ) z2 (−6) + (6)
2 2

2
1
+ Finding the real part: Im z = y = ( z − z )
2i

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➢ Complex plane ➢ Polar Form
− The horizontal axis (𝑥) represents the real axis − Conversion: 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
− The vertical axis (𝑦) represents the imaginary − Formulas:
axis z = r ( cos  + j sin  ) or z = r 
− The complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is represented − Where:
as the point M(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ Modulus (Magnitude) is the distance from the
origin 𝑂 0,0 to the point M 𝑥, 𝑦 .

z = r = x2 + y 2

+ Argument (Phase Angle) is the directed angle

from the positive real axis to the vector 𝑂𝑀

( )
 = arg z = arctan y x

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➢ Complex plane ➢ Polar Form
− The horizontal axis (𝑥) represents the real axis − Conversion: 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
− The vertical axis (𝑦) represents the imaginary − Formulas:
axis z = r ( cos  + j sin  ) or z = r 
− The complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is represented − Where:
as the point M(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ Modulus (Magnitude) is the distance from the
origin 𝑂 0,0 to the point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 .

z = r = x2 + y 2

+ Argument (Phase Angle) is the directed angle

from the positive real axis to the vector 𝑂𝑃

( )
 = arg z = arctan y x

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➢ Polar Form
− Rules for calculating the argument
+ Formulas for determining 𝜃 based on the signs
of 𝑥 and 𝑦 (corresponding to the four
quadrants)
o Quadrant I (𝑥 > 0; 𝑦 ≥ 0):  = arctan ( y x )
o Quadrant II (𝑥 < 0; 𝑦 ≥ 0):  =  + arctan ( y x )
o Quadrant III (𝑥 < 0; 𝑦 < 0):  = − + arctan ( y x )
o Quadrant IV (𝑥 > 0; 𝑦 < 0):  = arctan ( y x )
+ Special cases on the axes:
x = 0, y  0   = 
2

x = 0, y  0   = −
2

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➢ Polar Form
− Exp 1: Argument Calculation for 𝑧 = 3 + 3𝑗 − Exp: Express the complex number 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑗 in
polar form.
x = 3, y = 3 r = 12 + 12 = 2
y x = 1 
 = tan −1 ; x  0, y  R   1 
x  y = 1  = arctan   =
 1 4
3 
 = tan −1 =
3 4   
z = 2(cos + j sin ) or z = 2
4 4 4
− Exp 2: Argument Calculation for 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑗

x = −1, y = −1
y
 = − + tan −1 ; x  0, y  0
x
−1 −3
 = − + tan −1 =
−1 4

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➢ Polar Form
− Let z1 = r1 ( cos 1 + j sin 1 ) & z2 = r2 ( cos  2 + j sin  2 ) − Exp: Let
    3 3 
+ Multiplication in Polar Form z1 = 3 2  cos + j sin  & z2 = 6 2  cos + j sin 
 4 4  4 4 
z1  z2 = r1  r2 cos (1 +  2 ) + j sin (1 +  2 )  + Multiplication
z1  z2 = r1  r2  (1 +  2 )    3    3  
z1  z2 = 36 cos  +  + j sin  +   = −36
+ Division in Polar Form  4 4   4 4 
z1 r1
= cos (1 −  2 ) + j sin (1 −  2 )  ; z2  0 + Division
z2 r2
z1 r1 z1 3 2    3    3  
=  (1 −  2 ) =  cos  −  + j sin  −   = −0,5
z2 r2 z2 6 2   4 4   4 4 
+ The Inverse of 𝑧 + The Inverse of 𝑧1

1 1 1 1    
z = r ( cos  + j sin  )  =  cos(− ) + j sin( − )  =  cos( − ) + j sin( − )
z r z1 3 2  4 4 

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➢ Integer Powers of z ➢ Roots of z
− De Moivre’s formula  + 2 k  + 2 k
n
z = n r (cos + j sin )
n n
( cos + j sin  ) = cos n + j sin n
n

where : k = 0,1,..., n − 1
 z n = r n ( cos n + j sin n )
− Exp: Evaluate 𝑧 3 for 𝑧 = 1 + 1𝑗 − Exp: Evaluate 3
𝑧 for 𝑧 = 1 + 1𝑗

 4 + 2 k  4 + 2 k 
r = 12 + 12 = 2 
    →3z= 3
( )
2  cos
 3
+ j sin
3


  → z = 2  cos + j sin 
−1 y 4 4
 = tan =   
x 4 
k = 0 → 3 z = ?;
3 3  3
( )
3
→ z = 2  cos
3
+ j sin  = 2 2 
 4 4  4 k = 1 → 3 z = ?;

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➢ Complex number equations
− Quadratic Formula − Case 2: ∆ a complex number

−b   + Exp:  = −3 + 4 j
z1,2 = ;  = b 2 − 4ac
2a + Step 1: Let  = z → −3 + 4 j = x + jy
− Case 1: ∆ is a negative real number + Step 2: Square both sides of the equation to
+ Exp: Find the roots of the following equation obtain ( x 2 − y 2 ) + ( 2 xy ) j = −3 + 4 j

z2 + z + 2 = 0 + Step 3:Equate the real and imaginary parts

 x 2 − y 2 = −3 ( Re )
 = 12 − 4.2 = −7   = −7 =  7 j 
2 xy = 4 ( Im )
+ Step 4: Solve the system of equations for 𝑥 and
−1 + 7 j −1 − 7 j
z1 = z2 = 𝑦
2 2
+ Result:   = 1 + 2 j


  = −1 − 2 j
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➢ Complex Function
− Algebraic Form − Exp: Let 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧. Find u and v and
f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + j  v ( x, y ) calculate the value of 𝑓 at 𝑧 = 1 + 3𝑗.

where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are the real and imaginary parts + Solution: f ( z ) = ( x + jy )2 + 3 ( x + jy )

u ( x, y ) = Re f ( z ) = x 2 − y 2 + 3x

v ( x, y ) = Im f ( z ) = 2 xy + 3 y

For 𝑧 = 1 + 3𝑗, we have 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3.

Substituting these values.

u (1,3) = −5
  f (1 + 3i ) = −5 + 15 j
v (1,3) = 15

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➢ Derivative
− Formula − Exp: Find the derivative of
f ( z ) = u x + jvx or f ( z ) = v y − ju y
f (z) =
(z − j) at z= j
where (z + j)
du dv du dv + Solution: Using the quotient rule
ux = ; vy = ; u y = ; vx =
dx dy dy dx
z− j  ( z − j ) ( z + j ) − ( z − j )( z + j )
z+  =
− The differentiation rules are the same as in real  j ( z + j )
2

calculus z+ j−z+ j 2j
= =
(z + j) (z + j)
2 2

( c  f ) = c  f ; (f + g ) = f  + g ;
o At 𝑧 = 𝑗:

 f  f   g − g  f
( f  g ) = f   g + f  g ; g = 2j j
  g2 f ( j ) = =− = −0,5 j
( j + j)
2
2

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➢ Analytic Functions
− A function 𝑓 𝑧 is said to be analytic in a domain 𝐷 if it is defined and complex differentiable at every
point of 𝐷.
➢ Cauchy–Riemann Equations
− Provide a practical test to determine if a function is analytic without using the limit definition of the
derivative.
− If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑗𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 is analytic in a domain D, then 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann
equations at all points in D, the Cauchy–Riemann equations are:

Algebraic form Polar form

u x = v y  1
=
 r r v
u
 ( r  0)
u y = −vx 
v = − 1 u
 r r


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➢ Cauchy–Riemann Equations
− Exp: Is 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 analytic?
− Solution:
u = x 2 − y 2
z = ( x + jy )
2
+ Determine the real and imaginary parts: 2
= x + 2 xyj − y  
2 2

v = 2 xy

u x = 2 x v x = 2 y
+ Compute partial derivatives:  ; 
u y = −2 y v y = 2 x

u x = v y = 2 x
+ Check C-R: 
u y = −vx = −2 y

+ Conclusion: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 is analytic
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➢ Laplace’s Equation ➢ Harmonic Conjugate
− If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑗𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 is analytic in a domain − Suppose 𝑢 is harmonic in 𝐷
𝐷, then both 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy Laplace’s equation − If there exists a function 𝑣 such that 𝑢 and 𝑣
 2u = u xx + u yy = 0 satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations in 𝐷,
 2 v = vxx + v yy = 0 then

+ Here ∇2 is read “nabla squared” (the Laplacian) + 𝑣 is called a harmonic conjugate of 𝑢 (in 𝐷).

➢ Harmonic functions + The complex function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑗𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦

is analytic in 𝐷
− A function 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 with continuous second partial
derivatives is harmonic in 𝐷 if ∇2 𝑢 = 0 in 𝐷
− Note: Real and imaginary parts of an analytic
function are harmonic

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➢ Exp: How to Find a Harmonic Conjugate Function by the Cauchy–Riemann Equations

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➢ Exponential Function
− The definition of 𝑒 𝑧 is − Analytic Properties
e z = e x ( cos y + j sin y ) z 
( ) = ez
e e z1 + z2 = e z1  e z2
− Euler’s Formula:
e z = e x ; arg e z = y  2k (k = 0,1, 2,...)
+ For a pure imaginary exponent 𝑗𝑦:
e jy = cos y + j sin y = cos 2 y + sin 2 y = 1
e jy = cos y + j sin y
− Polar Form: − Note
+ A complex number 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) can be e 2 j = 1; e j = −1; e − j = −1;
written concisely as: j
−
j

j
e 2 = j; e 2
=−j
z = re = r (cos  + j sin  )

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➢ Exp: Given 𝑧 = 1.4 − 0.6𝑗, determine 𝑒 𝑧 , 𝑒 𝑧 , and ➢ Exp: Solve 𝑒 𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑗 for 𝑧
𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑒 𝑧 
e x = ez
− Solution   x = ln 5
3 + 4 j = 5
+ Use Euler’s representation − Match real/imaginary parts to obtain
e z = e1,4−0,6i = e1,4 (cos 0,6 − j sin 0,6)
e x ( cos y + j sin y ) = 3 + 4 j
e z = e x = e1,4
e x cos y = 3 cos y = 5
3
arg e1,4−0,6 j = −0,6  2k  x →
e sin y = 4 sin y = 4
 5
− Therefore
y = arctan 4( 3 ) + 2 k
(
z = ln 5 + j  arctan 4 ( 3 ) + 2 k ) ( k = 0,1, 2,3,...)

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➢ Trigonometric Functions
− Formulas − Euler’s formula is valid in complex:
1 1
cos z = (e jx + e − jx ); sin z = (e jx − e − jx ) eiz = cos z + j sin z
2 2i
− Other Trigonometric Functions − Periodicity
sin z cos z cos z = cos x cosh y − j sin x sinh y
tan z = ; cot z =
cos z sin z
sin z = sin x cosh y + j cos x sinh y
1 1
sec z = ; csc z =
cos z sin z − Absolute Value
− Derivatives 2
cos z = cos 2 x + sinh 2 y
( sin z ) = cos z, ( cos z ) = − sin z 2
sin z = sin 2 x + sinh 2 y

( tan z ) = sec2 z

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➢ Hyperbolic Functions
− Formulas − Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
1 1 Functions Are Related
cosh z = (e z + e − z ); sinh z = (e z − e − z )
2 2
− Other Hyperbolic Functions cosh jz = cos z; cos jz = cosh z
sinh z cosh z sinh jz = j sin z; sin jz = j sinh z
tanh z = ; coth z =
cosh z sinh z − Calculation Formulas
1 1
sech z = ; csch z = cosh z = cosh x cos y + j sinh x sin y
cosh z sinh z
sinh z = sinh x cos y + j cosh x sin y
− Derivatives
sinh z  = cosh z ,
( ) ( cosh z ) = sinh z cosh( z1  z2 ) = cosh z1 cosh z2  sinh z1 sinh z2
sinh( z1  z2 ) = sinh z1 cosh z2  cosh z1 sinh z2

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➢ Exp: Solve the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 = 5.

e z + e− z
cosh z = 5  = 5  e z + e − z = 10  (e z + e − z )e z = 10e z
2
 (e z ) 2 − 10e z + 1 = 0
e( x + yj ) = 9,899 e x ( cos y + j sin y ) = 9,899
 ( x + yj )  x → sin y = 0 → y = 0 + k 2
e = 0,101 e ( cos y + j sin y ) = 0,101
e x  cos y = 9,899  x = 2, 292  z = 2, 292 + k 2
 x  
e  cos y = 0,101  x = −2, 292  z = −2, 292 + k 2

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➢ Complex Natural Logarithm
ln z = ln r + j , (r = z  0,  = arg z ) − Note:
+ The complex natural logarithm ln 𝑧 is infinitely =1
( )
ln z eln x = x
many-valued. z
− Principal Value − Example: Complex Natural Logarithm
Ln z = ln z + jArg z , ( z  0)
ln z = 2 + 3 j
− Relationship Between ln𝑧 and Ln𝑧 + Solution
ln z = Ln z + 2k j , (k   ) o Exponentiate both sides (by 𝑒)
− Fundamental Identities with the Exponential  e 2 + 3i = z
Function  e 2 (cos3 + i sin 3) = x + yi
eln z = z e 2 cos3 = x
 2
ln(e z ) = z  2k j , ( k = 0,1, 2,..) e sin 3 = y
 z = e 2 cos3 + i (e 2 sin 3)
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➢ Complex Natural Logarithm
− Notice

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➢ Complex Natural Logarithm

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➢ Applications of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits
− Euler’s formula
e j = cos  + j sin  , cos  = Re e j  , sin  = Im e j  = Re − je j 
− Representing a real sinusoidal voltage using a complex quantity

u ( t ) = U m cos (t +  ) = Re U m e
j (t + )
 
= Re (U m e j ) e jt 
− Phasor definition (omit the common time factor 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 )
U= U m e j = U m  , ( t ) = Ue jt ,
u u ( t ) = Re u ( t )
− Sine case (converted to the cosine reference)

u ( t ) = U m sin(t +  ) = U m cos(t +  − )  U = U m e
2
 j ( − )
2
2 (
= U m   −  = − jU m e j )
− Examples (conversion to phasor form)

  
u = 1cos t → U = 100 u = 2cos  t +  → U = 2
 4 4

ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Applications of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits

− Derivative-to-Phasor Transformation − Integral-to-Phasor Transformation

 U jt 
+ Convention:
 
w ( t ) =  u ( t ) dt = Re  Ue dt = Re  e  + C
 jt

 j
( t ) = Ue
u 
jt , u ( t ) = Re u ( t ) = Re Ue jt  

+ Taking the derivative: + In sinusoidal steady-state analysis (DC

component neglected): 𝐶 = 0
du d d 
dt dt

= Re Ue 
j t
 ( )
= Re  Ue j t  = Re j Ue j t
 dt 
  + Conclusion (phasor of the integral):

+ Therefore, the phasor of the derivative is: U

W =
du  j
  = jU

 dt  + Phasor mapping:
U
+ Phasor mapping: u ( t )  U   u ( t ) dt  j
du ( t )
u ( t )  U   jU
dt
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
 COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Applications of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits

− Phasor convention: − Capacitor

1

u ( t ) = Re Ue  
jt , i ( t ) = Re Ie jt  + Time domain: uC ( t ) =
C  i ( t ) dt
− Resistor I
+ Phasor domain: U =

+ Time domain: u R ( t ) = Ri ( t ) jC
1
+ Phasor domain: U= RI + Impedance: Z C =
jC
+ Impedance: Z R = R
− Inductor
di ( t )
+ Time domain: u L ( t ) = L
dt
+ Phasor domain: U= j LI
+ Impedance: Z L = j L

ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Applications of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits

− Example: Consider the following circuit.

v ( t ) = 10cos ( 4t ) (V)
a. Write the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
equation describing the circuit.

b. Convert the circuit equation to the complex

(phasor) form.

c. Determine the phasor current 𝐼.

d. Write the time-domain current 𝑖 𝑡 . − By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

u R ( t ) + uC ( t ) = v (t )

ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Applications of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits

− Solution + Equation (phasor form):

+ By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): 5 I− j 2,5 I = 100
u R + uC = v (t ) + Determine 𝐼ሚ
1
Ri ( t ) +  i ( t ) dt = v (t ) 100
C I = = 1,7926,60 (A)
+ Convert to the phasor-domain equation: 5 − 2,5 j
1
RI+ I =V + Time-domain current 𝑖 𝑡
jC
o Substitute the given values: i (t ) = 1,79cos(4t + 26,60 )(A)
• Voltage source:
v ( t ) = 10cos ( 4t )  V = 100,  = 4
• Resistor: Z R = R = 5
1 1
• Capacitor: Z C = = = − j 2,5
jC j  4  0,1

ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Applications of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits

Exercise: Consider the following circuit.

v ( t ) = 10cos (100t + 45 ) (V)
a. Write the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
equation describing the circuit.

b. Convert the circuit equation to the complex

(phasor) form.

c. Determine the phasor current 𝐼

− By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
d. Write the time-domain current 𝑖 𝑡
u R + u L + uC = v (t )

ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Applications of Complex Numbers in Electric Circuits

Exercise: Consider the following circuit.

v ( t ) = 20sin (10t + 30 ) (V)
a. Write the KVL equation of the circuit in terms
of 𝑖 𝑡
b. Convert the equation to the complex (phasor)
form.
c. Determine the phasor current 𝐼and the phasor
voltage across the inductor 𝑉𝐿
− By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
d. Write the time-domain expressions 𝑖 𝑡 and
u R + u L = v (t )
𝑣𝐿 𝑡 .

ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế