Flood Risk Mapping of the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental

Using GIS

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering and Architecture

PHINMA - Cagayan de Oro College

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By

Abadines, Bea Rashela R.

Andog, Norhalil B.

Saraus, Aretha Blaize Khuzette T.

Tocalo, Jalilah D.
 APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis paper entitled “Flood Risk Mapping of the Municipality of

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental Using GIS” was prepared and submitted by

Abadines, Bea Rashela R., Andog, Norhalil B., Saraus, Aretha Blaize Khuzette

T., Tocalo, Jalilah D., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

“Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering” and is hereby examined and

recommended for oral examination.

Engr. Abdul Raffy B. Macadato Engr. Arnold Apostol

Instructor Adviser
_______________________________________________________________
PANEL OF EXAMINEERS
Approved by the Oral Examination Committee in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with on

April 2026.

_______________________
Member

_________________ __________________
Member Member

_______________________
Chairperson

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

_______________ Engr. Cherrypie S. Pacis, MSCE

Date Dean
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was successfully completed through the assistance,

guidance, and participation of numerous individuals and organizations. The

researchers extend their deepest gratitude to all those whose support,

expertise, and resources were essential to the accomplishment of this study.

First and foremost, the researchers offer their heartfelt thanks to God

Almighty, whose guidance, wisdom, and strength served as a constant source

of inspiration throughout the conduct of this research. This work would not have

been possible without His blessings.

The researchers are sincerely grateful to Engr. Raffy B. Macadato for his

unwavering support, patience, and invaluable insights. Special appreciation is

also extended to Engr. Arnold Apostol for his assistance in refining and

modifying the project plans and documents. Their expert guidance and

constructive feedback were instrumental in shaping this study and ensuring its

successful completion.

The researchers would also like to express their profound gratitude to

their parents for their unconditional love, sacrifices, and steadfast belief. Their

continuous encouragement and support served as the foundation and

motivation throughout this challenging endeavor.

Sincere appreciation is extended to the study participants for their

cooperation and honest responses. Their willingness to share their experiences

and perspectives significantly contributed to the success of this research and

enriched its findings.

Finally, the researchers gratefully acknowledge the Municipality of

Tagoloan, particularly to Hon. Nadya Emano-Elipe, Municipal Mayor, for the

invaluable support, cooperation, and permission granted during the conduct of

this study. The assistance provided by the municipal government in facilitating

access to relevant information and data greatly contributed to the accuracy and

successful completion of this research.

 ABSTRACT

Flooding is a recurring natural hazard that threatens public safety,

infrastructure, and socio-economic activities in many municipalities in the
Philippines. The Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, is particularly
vulnerable due to its low-lying terrain, river systems, and rapid urban and
industrial development, which have contributed to repeated flood events over
the years.

This study focuses on flood risk mapping and vulnerability assessment in

Tagoloan by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with community-
based historical data. Flood hazard assessment was conducted using the Flood
Hazard Hunter tool in ArcGIS and QGIS, considering factors such as elevation,
slope, distance from rivers, drainage patterns, flow accumulation and rainfall
intensity. Community vulnerability was assessed through the Multidimensional
Vulnerability Index (MVI), which incorporates socio-economic, demographic,
housing, and flood exposure indicators. Primary data were collected through
household surveys, field observations, and interviews with barangay officials
and disaster management personnel, while secondary data were sourced from
relevant government agencies.

The study generated Flood Hazard, Vulnerability, and Flood Risk Maps
using GIS overlay analysis, integrating hazard and MVI-based vulnerability
layers. Results showed that barangays along river floodplains and other low-
lying areas face higher flood risk due to the combined effects of hazard and
vulnerability. Validation using historical flood records and community accounts
confirmed the accuracy of the maps. The outputs provide critical information for
local government units, planners, and disaster management authorities to
improve flood preparedness, land-use planning, and mitigation strategies.

Keywords: Flood Risk Mapping, Vulnerability Assessment, GIS, Flood Hazard

Hunter, Multidimensional Vulnerability Index, Community-Based Data, Disaster
Risk Reduction, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………………i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………….ii-iii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………...iv

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………
1.2 Conceptual Framework………………………………………….……………
1.3 Statement of the Problem……………………………………….…………..
1.4 Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………
1.5 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….
1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………………….………………
1.7 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

Data Presentation and Analysis…………………..…………..………….
CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings…………..…..…………..………………..…………
Conclusion…………..…………..…………………………………………..
Recommendation…………..…………..…………..………………………

REFERENCES………..…………..…………..…………………………………...
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………..……………...
 LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
PAGE
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.2 Location Map

Figure 1.3 Topography Map

Figure 3.1. Research Methodology Framework

Figure 4.1 Total Population

Figure 4.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.3 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.4 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.5 Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.6 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.7 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.8 Community Preparedness and Perception

Figure 4.9 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Digital Elevation Model Map

Figure 4.10 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Contour Map

Figure 4.11 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Slope Map

Figure 4.12 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Land Use Map

Figure 4.13 Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental River Networks Map

Figure 4.14 Multidimensional Vulnerability Index of Barangays in the

Municipality of Tagoloan

Figure 4.15 Flood Hazard Map

Figure 4.16 Vulnerability Map

Figure 4.17 Flood Risk Map

 LIST OF TABLES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

Table 3.1. Flood Risk Classification

Table 4.1.1 Total Population

Table 4.1.2. Population According to Sex

Table 4.1.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.1.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.1.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.1.6. Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.1.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.1.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.1.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.2.1 Total Population

Table 4.2.2. Population According to Sex

Table 4.2.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.2.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.2.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.2.6. Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.2.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.2.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.2.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.3.1 Total Population

Table 4.3.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.3.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.3.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.3.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.3.6. Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.3.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.3.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.3.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.4.1 Total Population

Table 4.4.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.4.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.4.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.4.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.4.6. Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.4.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.4.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.4.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.5.1 Total Population

Table 4.5.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.5.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.5.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.5.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.5.6. Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.5.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.5.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.5.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.6.1 Total Population

Table 4.6.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.6.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.6.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.6.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.6.6 Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.6.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.6.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.6.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.7.1 Total Population

Table 4.7.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.7.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.7.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.7.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.7.6 Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.7.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.7.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.7.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.8.1 Total Population

Table 4.8.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.8.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.8.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.8.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.8.6 Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.8.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.8.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.8.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.9.1 Total Population

Table 4.9.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.9.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.9.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.9.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.9.6 Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.9.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.9.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.9.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.10.1 Total Population

Table 4.10.2 Population According to Sex

Table 4.10.3 Population According to Age

Table 4.10.4 Socio-economic Information

Table 4.10.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

Table 4.10.6. Flood Experience and Exposure

Table 4.10.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

Table 4.10.8 Flood Impacts on Households

Table 4.10.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

Table 4.11.1 Monthly Rainfall Intensity

Table 4.11.2 Storm and Typhoon Events Affecting Tagoloan

Table 4.12.1 Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) Classification

 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

Flooding remains one of the most frequent and destructive natural hazards

in the Philippines, exacerbated by climate change, rapid urbanization,

deforestation, and inadequate land-use planning [1]. Its impacts include loss of

livelihood, damage to infrastructure, public health risks, and disruption of

economic and social activities. These challenges are particularly significant in

municipalities with mixed urban–rural settings, such as Tagoloan, Misamis

Oriental, where low-lying areas and settlements near rivers are highly exposed

to flooding.

Despite the recurring nature of this hazard, many local governments still

lack detailed flood risk assessments and spatial tools to support disaster

preparedness, mitigation, and response. The increasing intensity of rainfall

events, combined with the pressure of industrial and residential expansion along

floodplains, heightens the urgency of developing evidence-based solutions.

Inadequate drainage systems and poor watershed management further

compound the risks, especially in barangays situated along the Tagoloan River

and its tributaries.

According to Smith [2], flood risk is the product of three interrelated

components: the physical hazard, the exposure of people and assets, and the
vulnerability of communities. Rural and peri-urban areas are often overlooked in

formal hazard mapping, leading to underestimation of risks and limited access

to adaptation resources. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide a

powerful platform for analyzing terrain characteristics, such as slope, elevation,

land cover, and proximity to water bodies, and for delineating flood-prone zones

[3]. However, GIS-based modeling alone cannot fully capture the nuanced

realities of local flood behavior.

Community-based historical data is essential for contextualizing technical

findings. Local accounts of past inundations, damage patterns, and coping

practices enrich scientific analysis and ensure that outputs reflect ground-level

realities. As highlighted by Lagmay et al. [4], participatory hazard mapping

increases the accuracy and social relevance of risk assessments. The Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction [5] also emphasizes inclusive and

localized approaches, promoting community engagement to enhance resilience.

In this context, the present study integrates GIS-based analysis with

community-derived historical data to produce a comprehensive flood risk map

and vulnerability assessment for the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental.

By identifying flood-prone areas, assessing the exposure and susceptibility of

communities and infrastructure, and documenting local experiences, the study

provides decision-makers with reliable and actionable information to support

disaster risk reduction, mitigation planning, and sustainable land-use

management.
 Adopting methodologies inspired by initiatives such as the Department of

Science and Technology’s Project NOAH [6], which combined scientific

modeling with participatory approaches, this study contributes to both academic

knowledge and practical governance. It aligns with global and national priorities

to develop evidence-driven strategies that safeguard lives, livelihoods, and

assets, particularly in flood-prone communities of Northern Mindanao.

Ultimately, the research underscores the value of coupling advanced

geospatial technologies with the wisdom of affected populations. By merging

technical precision and lived experience, the study endeavors to produce a

robust framework for flood risk management and resilience building in Tagoloan.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

FEEDBACK
 Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 illustrates the conceptual framework for flood risk mapping and

vulnerability assessment in the Municipality of Tagoloan. Various input data

including hydrometeorological information, topographic and geospatial data,

community-based historical records, and socio-economic data form the basis of

the analysis. Flood hazard maps are generated using Flood Hazard Hunter,

while community vulnerability is assessed through the Multidimensional

Vulnerability Index (MVI). These layers are then integrated in GIS to combine

physical flood risk and community susceptibility. Finally, the overlaid layers

produce the Flood Risk Map, alongside the Flood Hazard and Vulnerability

Maps, providing a comprehensive view of areas at greatest risk and supporting

informed disaster preparedness and planning.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Flooding is one of the major environmental hazards affecting the

Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. Low-lying areas, particularly

communities near the Tagoloan River and its tributaries, are vulnerable to

inundation brought about by intense rainfall, storm surges, and inadequate

drainage systems. Despite the recurring occurrence of floods, there is limited

availability of comprehensive flood risk maps and vulnerability assessments that

could support local planning, disaster preparedness, and mitigation strategies.

Existing information is often fragmented, focusing either on technical flood

modeling or on anecdotal community experiences, without integrating both

dimensions into a single framework.

This study aims to address these gaps by developing a flood risk map

and vulnerability assessment of Tagoloan through the integration of Geographic

Information System (GIS) analysis and community-based historical data.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the community’s demographic and socio-economic profile,

knowledge, and perspectives relevant to assessing vulnerability to flooding in

the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental?

2. What baseline data are needed to assess flood hazards in terms of:

2.1 Hydrometeorological characteristics (e.g., rainfall, storm events)

2.2 Topographic and geospatial features (e.g., slope, elevation, land use,

river network)

3. What procedures, analytical parameters, and calculations are required to

produce a flood risk map and vulnerability assessment of Tagoloan using GIS

and community-based historical data?

4. How can the developed flood risk map and vulnerability assessment provide

a clear representation of hazard-prone areas and levels of community exposure

in the Municipality of Tagoloan?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

Main Objectives

This study aims to develop a comprehensive flood risk map and

vulnerability assessment for the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental

through the integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis and

community-based historical data.

Specific Objectives

1. Determine the demographic and socio-economic profile, level of knowledge,

and perspectives of the community relevant to assessing vulnerability to

flooding in the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental.

2. Identify and compile baseline data necessary for flood hazard assessment,

particularly in terms of:

2.1 Hydrometeorological characteristics, including rainfall patterns,

and storm events; and

2.2 Topographic and geospatial features, such as slope, elevation,

land use, and river networks.

3. Establish the procedures, analytical parameters, and calculations required to

generate a flood risk map and conduct a vulnerability assessment of the

Municipality of Tagoloan using GIS techniques and community-based historical

flood data.
4. Develop and evaluate a flood risk map and vulnerability assessment that

clearly represent flood hazard–prone areas and varying levels of community

exposure in the Municipality of Tagoloan.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research is significant for several stakeholders:

Local Government Units (LGUs). It will provide technical evidence to improve

land-use planning, zoning, and flood control strategies.

Community Residents. They will benefit from enhanced risk awareness and

tailored mitigation efforts.

Civil Engineers and Planners. The study offers a framework for integrating

GIS, hydrologic analysis, and community input for effective flood management.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Units. The flood risk map and vulnerability

assessment can support emergency preparedness, evacuation planning, and

infrastructure development.

Academia and Future Researchers. This research may serve as a model for

other rural flood-prone areas in the Philippines.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses on developing a flood hazard, vulnerability and flood

risk map for the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental through the
integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and community-

based historical data. The scope includes all barangays within the municipality,

with particular emphasis on identifying areas most vulnerable to flooding, such

as settlements along the Tagoloan River and its tributaries. The research

involves the collection and analysis of hydrometeorological data, topographic

and geospatial information, land-use and infrastructure maps, and documented

accounts of past flood events from residents.

The study is delimited to the assessment of the spatial extent and

severity of flood hazards, the exposure of households and socio-economic

assets, and the overall vulnerability of communities affected by flooding within

the study area.

The GIS analysis focuses on identifying and mapping flood-prone areas

and overlaying these with settlement data and other relevant features to

determine zones of high flood risk. Community-based information is limited to

available historical records and interviews with residents; therefore, the

accuracy of the findings depends on the quality, reliability, and completeness of

these data sources.

 Figure 1.2 Location Map (Source: Google Map, 2025)

Figure 1.2 presents the geographic location of the Municipality of

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, highlighting its major rivers, barangays, and

surrounding terrain. The map identifies the areas included in the study,

particularly flood-prone settlements along the Tagoloan River corridor.

 Figure 1.3 Topography Map (Source: MPDC TagoloanMisOr, 2025)

Figure 1.3 illustrates the topographic features of Tagoloan, showing

variations in elevation across its territory. Low-lying floodplains and adjacent

upland slopes are emphasized to indicate the area’s most susceptible to

inundation during heavy rainfall and river overflow.

1.7 Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the terms, the researchers used conceptual

and operational definitions.

Community-Based Historical Data. Knowledge or records provided by

residents regarding past flooding events, including extent, frequency, and

impacts, used to supplement technical flood analyses [4].

Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A digital representation of the Earth’s surface

showing elevation values, commonly used in flood modeling to identify drainage

pathways and low-lying areas [7].

Exposure. The presence of people, infrastructure, housing, or other assets in

locations that could be adversely affected by flooding [8].

Flood. An overflow of water onto land that is normally dry, often resulting from

heavy rainfall, storm surges, or river overflow [1].

Flood Hazard. The potential occurrence of a flood with a given magnitude and

probability that may cause harm to people, property, and the environment [5].

Floodplain. A relatively flat area adjacent to a river or stream that is subject to

periodic flooding and sediment deposition [9].

Flood Risk. The probability of a flood event occurring combined with its

potential adverse consequences for people, property, and ecosystems [2].

Geographic Information System (GIS). A computer-based tool used to store,

analyze, and visualize spatial or geographic data, enabling the mapping and

modeling of flood-prone areas [3].

Hazard Mapping. A process of identifying and representing spatial areas that

are prone to specific hazards, such as floods, using maps and geographic data

layers [6].

Hydrometeorological Data. Data on rainfall, river discharge, storm intensity,

and other weather-related variables that influence the occurrence and severity

of floods [10].

Mitigation. Structural and non-structural measures aimed at reducing or

eliminating the adverse impacts of flooding [11].

Resilience. The capacity of a community or system to anticipate, absorb, adapt

to, and recover from flood impacts in a timely and efficient manner [5].

Topographic Data. Measurements or maps describing the physical features of

land, including elevation and slope, which influence floodwater flow and

accumulation [12].

Vulnerability. The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system,

or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of flooding [13].

Vulnerability Assessment. The process of identifying and evaluating the

degree to which people, infrastructure, and resources are susceptible to harm

from flooding [13].

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter reviews existing literature on flood risk and vulnerability

studies, both foreign and local. It highlights key methodologies, findings, and

gaps related to flood risk mapping, hazard assessment, and community-based

approaches, serving as the basis for the present study.

2.1 Flood Risk Mapping

Flood risk mapping is a systematic process for identifying and visualizing

areas susceptible to flooding. It provides spatial representations of flood-prone

zones, which are essential for disaster preparedness, land-use planning, and

mitigation. This process typically integrates environmental, topographical, and

hydrological data, such as elevation, slope, land use, and proximity to rivers, to

assess flood hazards. In this study, flood hazard mapping was conducted using

Flood Hazard Hunter in ArcGIS and QGIS, forming the foundation for

subsequent vulnerability assessment and flood risk analysis.

In a spatial flood hazard study titled GIS-Based River Inundation and

Flood Hazard Mapping, Michael Forkuo developed a Digital Elevation Model

(DEM) within the ESRI ArcGIS environment using contour data to represent

terrain and facilitate river flood modeling [1]. Contour lines were converted into

DEM formats to create continuous surface elevation data, which was then used

to simulate water flow across the landscape. This study is related to the present
research because it shows how creating and processing DEMs in GIS provides

the elevation and slope layers essential for identifying flood-prone areas in

Tagoloan.

John Johnson, Ricardo Javier, Pablo Delgado, Luis Candido, and Manuel

Manuel highlighted that high-resolution geospatial datasets, including DEMs,

land cover layers, and population distribution, enhance flood exposure mapping

[2]. Their study, High-Resolution Flood Exposure Mapping Across the

Philippines Using Open Geospatial Data, demonstrated that detailed exposure

maps help identify vulnerable populations even in areas with limited local

resources. This study is related to the present research because it

demonstrates that open geospatial datasets can be integrated into GIS

platforms to produce localized flood risk maps for Tagoloan.

Kader Kader, Rahim Rahman, and Farah Fatima highlighted slope as a

significant flood conditioning factor in GIS and AHP-Based Flood Susceptibility

Mapping: A Case Study of Bangladesh [3]. In their study, slope was derived

from elevation data and classified into flat, moderate, and steep categories to

assess flood susceptibility. Their results demonstrated that areas with lower

slope gradients are more prone to flooding due to water accumulation, while

steeper terrains promote faster runoff and reduced flood retention. Similarly, in

the present study, slope in Tagoloan was generated using the Slope tool in

ArcGIS from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The tool automatically calculates

the rate of elevation change per cell, producing a raster surface that represents
terrain gradient. The generated slope map was then reclassified to identify low-

lying and gently sloping areas with higher flood susceptibility, aligning with the

findings of Kader, Rahman, and Fatima [3] regarding the influence of terrain on

flood occurrence.

Pablo Puno, Ricardo Talisay, and Ernesto Paquit incorporated land use

maps in GIS-Based Flood Hazard Mapping of the Gingoog River Basin Using

LiDAR, HEC-HMS, and HEC-RAS to classify areas based on impervious

surfaces, vegetation, and agricultural lands [4]. They found that urbanized areas

with high impervious surfaces exhibited increased flood susceptibility due to

reduced infiltration, whereas vegetated and agricultural areas had lower

vulnerability. This study is related to the present research because official

municipal land use maps in Tagoloan were integrated with elevation and slope

layers to delineate flood-prone zones.

Puno, Talisay, and Paquit also emphasized the importance of river

networks in flood risk assessment [4]. Their GIS-based flood model showed that

areas adjacent to rivers or tributaries are highly susceptible to flooding, while

areas farther away are less at risk. This study is related to Tagoloan because

the municipal river network was digitized and integrated with elevation, slope,

and land use maps to identify potential inundation zones.

Rainfall intensity and water accumulation are critical factors influencing

flood risk, as they determine the volume of runoff and the potential for

inundation in low-lying areas. Sanyal and Lu [11] emphasized that integrating

rainfall data with topographical information in GIS allows for accurate mapping

of flood-prone zones by predicting areas where water is likely to accumulate

during intense precipitation events. Similarly, Rahmati [5] demonstrated that

combining rainfall patterns with elevation, slope, and land use improves flood

hazard prediction, highlighting the interplay between meteorological inputs and

terrain characteristics. This study is related to the present research because, in

Tagoloan, rainfall records and community-reported water levels were integrated

with DEM-derived slope, elevation, land use, and river network data to model

areas with high water accumulation, ensuring that the GIS-based flood risk map

reflects both physical and climatic drivers of flooding. Additionally, the

integration was performed within QGIS and ArcGIS environments,

demonstrating how these platforms can combine meteorological and

topographical datasets to identify flood-prone zones accurately.

Elevation is a primary physical factor influencing flood risk. Puno, Talisay,

and Paquit used DEMs to classify areas by elevation and assess flood

susceptibility, finding that low-lying river valleys were most vulnerable [4].

Similarly, in Tagoloan, elevation values were extracted from municipal datasets

and combined with slope, land use, and river proximity to delineate flood-prone

areas.

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a widely used framework in

flood risk studies for integrating multiple physical, environmental, and socio-

economic factors to identify flood-prone areas. Kader, Rahman, and Fatima [3]
applied GIS combined with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a form of

MCDA, to weight and overlay factors such as slope, elevation, and land use for

flood susceptibility mapping in Bangladesh. Their findings demonstrated that

combining criteria with assigned weights allowed for more accurate identification

of areas vulnerable to flooding, highlighting the importance of integrating diverse

spatial datasets. Similarly, in the present study, the Multidimensional

Vulnerability Index (MVI) and GIS-based hazard layers in Tagoloan were

combined following an MCDA-like approach, where multiple indicators including

slope, elevation, land use, river proximity, and socio-economic factors were

integrated to generate a comprehensive flood risk map. This study is related to

the present research because it demonstrates the effectiveness of MCDA in

supporting spatial decision-making for flood risk management, ensuring that

areas with higher combined hazard and vulnerability are accurately prioritized

for intervention.

Mohammad Rahmati, Soroush Tehrany, and colleagues demonstrated

that combining multiple spatial factors, elevation, slope, land use, and river

proximity improves the accuracy of flood susceptibility mapping [5]. In Tagoloan,

the same multi-layered approach was used to generate GIS-based flood risk

maps.

While GIS modeling is effective, localized flood behavior requires

community input. Karen Mercer, Michael Kelman, and colleagues emphasized

that historical flood data from residents, including flood depth, duration, and
frequency, enhance risk assessments [6]. Françoise Gaillard and Ma.

Pangilinan further showed that participatory approaches improve the accuracy

and social relevance of hazard maps [7]. In the Philippines, Reynaldo Lagmay

et al. integrated community accounts with scientific models under Project

NOAH, improving flood hazard validation [8].

Hybrid approaches continue to be recommended. Sebastian

Hagenlocher et al. concluded that combining spatial data with community input

reduces uncertainty and strengthens disaster preparedness [9]. Antonio

Esteban et al. highlighted that community involvement increases acceptance

and use of flood risk maps [10]. These findings support the methodology of the

present study in Tagoloan, combining GIS-based hazard mapping with historical

community data.

2.2 Vulnerability Assessment

Vulnerability assessment examines factors that influence the

susceptibility of communities, households, and infrastructure to flood hazards. It

considers exposure, such as the location of settlements and population density;

sensitivity, including socio-economic characteristics, age groups, and housing

types; and adaptive capacity, encompassing coping mechanisms and

community preparedness. These components collectively determine the

potential impact of flooding on a community, making vulnerability assessment a

crucial complement to flood hazard mapping and overall flood risk analysis.

Assessing flood vulnerability requires using multiple indicators because

vulnerability is multidimensional, encompassing physical, social, and economic

factors. Helmut Birkmann highlighted that integrating socio-economic variables

with physical hazard data provides a more accurate representation of

community vulnerability [11]. This study is related to Tagoloan because the

Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) incorporates multiple physical and

socio-economic indicators, allowing holistic assessment of flood-prone

communities.

The MVI is widely used to quantify community susceptibility. Meredith

Cutter, Bryan Boruff, and Walter Shirley applied a multidimensional approach

combining population demographics, housing quality, income levels, and access

to resources to evaluate vulnerability to flooding in the United States [12]. This

study is related to Tagoloan because local population data, housing materials,

and household characteristics were integrated into the MVI to identify highly

vulnerable barangays.

Rodolfo Carmona and Felicia Ella developed a Flood Social Vulnerability

Index (FSVI) using nineteen indicators across exposure, sensitivity, and

adaptive capacity for barangays in Negros Island [13]. Despite limited data, their

approach successfully identified priority areas. This study is related to Tagoloan

because it demonstrates that mixed indicators can guide local disaster

management, similar to the current assessment.

Age is an important socio-economic factor. Meredith Cutter emphasized

that higher proportions of children and elderly increase community vulnerability

[14]. Birkmann further noted that extreme age groups have limited mobility and

reduced adaptive capacity [11]. This study is related to Tagoloan because age

demographics were included in the MVI to evaluate social vulnerability and

prioritize at-risk populations.

Structural conditions are critical in assessing vulnerability. Hung Nguyen,

Thanh Tran, and Phuc Le found that areas with poor infrastructure, high

poverty, and weak governance exhibit higher flood vulnerability [15]. Eduardo

Almaraz, Juan Torres, and Luis Ruiz highlighted that poorly constructed

infrastructure amplifies flood impacts [16]. This study is related to Tagoloan

because housing materials and construction quality were included in the MVI to

capture physical vulnerability.

Flood exposure severity measures the extent to which communities or

individuals are impacted. Sanyal and Lu demonstrated that mapping water

depth and flood duration provides clarity on affected areas [17]. Rahmati,

Tehrany, and colleagues emphasized integrating exposure with socio-economic

and physical vulnerability for comprehensive risk assessment [5]. In Tagoloan,

water levels reported by residents were integrated with GIS hazard maps and

MVI to identify populations at highest risk.

 Adaptive capacity reflects a community’s ability to cope with and recover

from flooding. William Adger emphasized that economic resources, social

networks, and access to support enhance adaptive capacity [19]. Cutter et al.

noted that communities with insecure livelihoods are more susceptible to long-

term flood impacts [14]. This study is related to Tagoloan because livelihood

stability was integrated into the MVI to complement social and physical

indicators, improving targeted disaster risk management strategies.

2.3 Community-Based Approaches Using Historical Data

Community-based approaches emphasize the importance of local

knowledge and historical records in understanding flood risk. Past flood events,

observations from residents, and documentation of flood-prone areas provide

insights often missing in technical models. Integrating this community-based

information with GIS ensures that flood hazard and risk assessments reflect

actual experiences, supporting more accurate and context-relevant mapping.

Cayetano Cayamanda and Roland Paunlagui developed a participatory

framework in the Participatory Management Model for Flood-Risk

Communication (PMMFRC) in Davao City, Philippines [20]. They combined key

informant interviews and document analysis to enhance flood risk

communication. Their findings showed that engaging vulnerable communities in

planning improves preparedness and ensures interventions align with lived

experiences. This study is related to the present research because it highlights

the importance of integrating household narratives and participatory mapping in

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental.

Carlos Castaños, Maria Espiritu, Rafael Manga, Jaime Paguican, Antonio

Sator, and Luis Dili, in Local Flood Management Knowledge and Community

Resilience in Valenzuela City, Metro Manila [21], demonstrated that residents’

historical recollections, flood markers, and informal adaptation strategies

provide critical insights often overlooked by formal hazard maps. Their research

showed that combining technical data with community memory enhances the

completeness and relevance of flood risk assessments. This study is related to

the present research because it supports integrating local historical knowledge

with GIS-based hazard mapping in Tagoloan.

Enrico Pelone and Lourdes Sanchez, in Flooding Dynamics and

Community Resilience in Tagum City, Davao del Norte: A Social-Ecological

Systems Approach [22], applied literature review, Fuzzy Delphi, and Analytical

Hierarchy Process (AHP) to integrate institutional, social, and ecological

indicators for mapping community resilience and flood risk zones. Their findings

revealed that local resilience is effectively represented when community

knowledge is combined with spatial analysis. This study is related to the present

research because it demonstrates the utility of integrating social, institutional,

and ecological data with GIS techniques, informing the multidimensional

vulnerability framework used in Tagoloan.

 Despite growing recognition of community-based inputs, many flood risk

studies in the Philippines remain top-down, relying mainly on technical

simulations. Few systematically integrate historical flood records, participatory

mapping, and local narratives with GIS-based hazard models at the barangay

level. The present study addresses this gap by incorporating household flood

narratives, participatory maps, and historical flood data into GIS analysis for

Tagoloan, producing a locally grounded and context-specific flood risk

assessment.

Françoise Gaillard and Ma. Pangilinan highlighted that involving

communities in flood mapping uncovers local flood pathways and recurrence

intervals with high spatial detail [7]. Vojin Vojinovic, Maria Sanchez, and Peter

Thorne emphasized that integrating community historical data with GIS models

corrects model biases and enhances hazard identification [23]. This study is

related to Tagoloan because community-based data complement technical GIS

analysis, improving the accuracy and legitimacy of flood risk maps for disaster

resilience planning.

2.4 Data Integration and Modeling for Flood Risk

Flood risk studies increasingly emphasize integrating diverse datasets

including hydrological, topographical, socio-economic, and community-based

information within a unified GIS framework. Combining multiple sources

enhances the reliability of flood assessments by linking quantitative hazard data

with qualitative community insights, producing comprehensive and actionable

flood risk maps.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are essential for flood risk

mapping, enabling integration, analysis, and visualization of spatial datasets

such as elevation, slope, land use, and river networks. ArcGIS, a commercial

GIS platform, has been widely applied for flood hazard mapping due to its

analytical tools and compatibility with hydrologic and hydraulic models. For

example, Pablo Puno, Ricardo Talisay, and Ernesto Paquit applied ArcGIS with

LiDAR data and HEC-HMS/HEC-RAS models to generate detailed flood hazard

maps for the Gingoog River Basin [4]. In contrast, QGIS, an open-source GIS

platform, offers flexible tools for flood risk assessment through plugins like

Geomorphic Flood Area (GFA) and FloodRiskSwatPlus, enabling floodplain

delineation and integration of hazard and socio-economic data even in data-

scarce environments. This study is related to Tagoloan because QGIS served

as the main platform, integrating DEM, slope, land use, river networks, and

community-based data to generate a comprehensive GIS-based flood risk map.

A recent study by Alex Y. Zhang and Samuel D. Lim (2024)

demonstrated that combining hydrological, land-use, meteorological, and socio-

economic datasets within a GIS framework improved flood susceptibility

predictions in a medium-sized watershed [24]. Their results showed that

integrating multiple layers enhanced hazard mapping accuracy and better

identified vulnerable populations. This study is related to Tagoloan because it

illustrates how multi-source data integration strengthens predictive flood risk

models.

GIS-based tools and plugins automate spatial analysis and integrate

multiple datasets. In QGIS, the Geomorphic Flood Area (GFA) tool delineates

flood-prone zones using terrain indices derived from a DEM, allowing rapid

identification of inundation areas even with limited hydrological data. Similarly,

the FloodRiskSwatPlus plugin integrates hydrological model outputs with GIS to

assess flood impacts under different scenarios [25]. This study is related to

Tagoloan because, although Flood Hazard Hunter was not directly used, the

QGIS environment facilitated the integration of spatial datasets to generate a

flood risk map, underscoring GIS as a platform for synthesizing terrain,

hydrological, and socio-economic data.

Integrating hazard and vulnerability is critical for comprehensive flood risk

mapping. Mohammad Rahmati, Soroush Tehrany, and colleagues

demonstrated that overlaying hazard layers elevation, slope, river proximity, and

land use with socio-economic vulnerability indicators provides accurate

identification of high-risk zones [5]. Similarly, Hung Nguyen, Thanh Tran, and

Phuc Le emphasized that combining GIS-based hazard data with community

vulnerability factors, such as poor infrastructure, age, and poverty, captures the

multifaceted nature of flood risk [15]. This study is related to Tagoloan because

the research integrates GIS-based hazard layers with the Multidimensional

Vulnerability Index (MVI), identifying areas that are not only physically exposed

but also socially and economically vulnerable. Linking hazard and vulnerability

ensures that flood risk mapping reflects both environmental and community-

based factors, providing actionable insights for disaster preparedness and

mitigation.

Synthesis

The review of related literature and studies indicates that flood risk

assessment requires an integrated approach combining hazard identification,

vulnerability assessment, and community-based inputs. GIS-based flood hazard

mapping has been widely applied, with studies emphasizing the use of Digital

Elevation Models (DEM), slope, land use, river networks, and proximity to low-

lying areas to delineate flood-prone zones [1]–[5]. Both commercial platforms

such as ArcGIS and open-source tools like QGIS have proven effective in

generating hazard maps and integrating multiple spatial datasets [4], [25].

However, many existing studies rely primarily on technical modeling and large-

scale datasets, which may overlook localized variations in terrain and flood

behavior.

Vulnerability assessment research underscores the importance of

multidimensional indicators encompassing social, economic, and physical

factors. Age, household structure, housing quality, income, and infrastructure

conditions significantly influence flood susceptibility [6]–[15]. Studies have

shown that relying on a single indicator or only on physical exposure is

insufficient; comprehensive indices such as the Multidimensional Vulnerability

Index (MVI) are necessary to capture the complexity of community vulnerability.

In particular, the quality of infrastructure and housing has been identified as a

key determinant, with poorly constructed structures amplifying the impacts of

flooding [10], [15].

Community-based approaches further enhance flood risk assessments

by incorporating local knowledge, historical flood records, and participatory

mapping [20]–[23]. Integrating community narratives with GIS models improves

the accuracy and social relevance of flood maps, allowing interventions to be

tailored to actual experiences and addressing data gaps in resource-limited

environments.

Integrating hazard and vulnerability layers has also been shown to

produce more actionable flood risk maps [5], [15], [24]. Combining GIS-derived

hazard layers with socio-economic and community-based vulnerability indicators

allows identification of areas that are not only physically exposed but also

socially and economically susceptible. Tools and plugins in QGIS, such as

FloodRiskSwatPlus and Geomorphic Flood Area, facilitate this integration by

enabling detailed, context-specific risk analysis even in the absence of fully

automated software [25].

The present study builds upon these findings by using DEM, slope, land

use, and river network data within QGIS to generate flood hazard maps,

applying the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) to capture physical,

social, and economic susceptibility, and integrating community-based historical

flood accounts to validate GIS outputs. By overlaying hazard and vulnerability

layers, the study produces a comprehensive flood risk map tailored for

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental.

Overall, the literature emphasizes that effective flood risk assessment

requires a hybrid approach combining GIS-based modeling, multiple

vulnerability indicators, and participatory community inputs. The present

research addresses gaps in previous studies by applying this methodology at a

local, barangay-specific scale to ensure both technical rigor and social

relevance for disaster risk reduction and planning

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methods, data collection, and GIS

analyses applied in creating the hazard, vulnerability, and flood risk maps for

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental.

3.1 Research Method

The study employed a GIS-based descriptive and analytical research

design. This approach was suitable because the objective of the research was

to spatially identify and analyze flood-prone areas, exposed communities, and

overall flood risk within the municipality. GIS techniques allowed the researchers

to process large spatial datasets, analyze relationships between physical and

socio-economic factors, and produce map-based outputs for decision-making.

Both QGIS and ArcGIS were utilized for spatial data processing, analysis,

and map generation. The methodology followed a systematic workflow

consisting of data acquisition, GIS data preparation, flood hazard and

vulnerability assessment, spatial integration, and validation using community-

based information. This approach was informed by established flood risk

mapping practices that integrate scientific modeling with local knowledge,

ensuring that the assessment accurately reflected flood conditions experienced

by the community.
 Figure 3.1. Research Methodology Framework

Figure 3.1 illustrates the methodology framework, showing the stepwise

process from data collection to flood risk assessment and outputs.

3.2 Research Locale

The study was conducted in the Municipality of Tagoloan, located in the

province of Misamis Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Tagoloan is a

first-class municipality situated approximately 19 kilometers east of Cagayan de

Oro City. It has a total land area of about 11,773 hectares and is politically

subdivided into ten barangays: Baluarte, Casinglot, Gracia, Natumolan,

Poblacion, Rosario, Santa Ana, Sta. Cruz, Sta. Rosa, and Sugbongcogon. The

municipality is bounded by Cagayan de Oro City to the west, the Municipality of

Villanueva to the east, and the province of Bukidnon to the south.

 The municipality is traversed by the Tagoloan River, one of the major

river systems in Northern Mindanao, along with several tributaries that drain into

Macajalar Bay. Tagoloan is characterized by a mix of industrial, residential, and

agricultural land uses, with large manufacturing facilities, settlements, and

farmlands located along the river floodplain. The presence of extensive low-lying

areas makes the municipality highly susceptible to flooding, particularly during

periods of intense rainfall and typhoon events.

Tagoloan was selected as the research locale due to its recurring flood

incidents, documented damage to properties and livelihoods, and its strategic

role as a rapidly developing industrial center in Misamis Oriental. By covering all

barangays within the municipality, the study aimed to provide a comprehensive

assessment of flood hazards and vulnerabilities, which may serve as a valuable

reference for disaster risk reduction, land use planning, and sustainable

development efforts.

3.3 Data Gathering

3.3.1 Secondary Data

Secondary data were obtained from national agencies, local government

offices, and online geospatial databases. These datasets included elevation and

slope data derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) created using QGIS,

river networks, land use and land cover data, population statistics, rainfall

records, and documented storm and historical flood events. These data served
as essential inputs for flood hazard modeling, exposure analysis, and validation

of flood-prone areas.

3.3.2 Primary Data

Primary data were collected through field visits, household surveys, and

key informant interviews. Field visits focused on identifying flood-prone locations

and settlements located adjacent to rivers, with photographic documentation

and written field notes gathered to support the validation of flood hazard and

vulnerability maps.

Household surveys were administered to collect information on socio-

economic characteristics, housing conditions, flood experiences, and

preparedness practices of residents. In addition, key informant interviews with

barangay officials and personnel from the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Office (MDRRMO) provided historical flood information and

insights into community-level flood impacts and response measures.

3.4 Population Frame and Sampling Scheme

The population frame of the study consisted of residents and key officials

from all ten barangays of the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. The

study focused on developing a flood risk map and assessing community

vulnerability; therefore, respondents were selected based on their direct

experience with flooding and their roles in community disaster preparedness.

This included household heads living in flood-prone areas, barangay officials

responsible for disaster response, and personnel from the Municipal Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Office (MDRRMO).

A purposive sampling scheme was applied to ensure that respondents

possessed first-hand knowledge relevant to the study. A total of 588

respondents were included in the study, distributed across all ten barangays to

capture representative perspectives. At least one barangay official and several

household respondents were included from each barangay, with the remaining

respondents proportionally allocated based on the size of the flood-prone

population in each area. The exact number per barangay was influenced by

availability and willingness to participate, ensuring that all selected respondents

could provide reliable information on historical flood events, affected areas, and

community vulnerabilities.

This sampling approach allowed the study to gather both qualitative and

quantitative insights, which complemented GIS-based analyses and ensured

that the generated flood hazard, vulnerability, and risk maps reflected both

scientific data and local knowledge.

3.5 Statistical Analysis of Data

Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including

frequency counts, percentages, and averages. These methods summarized

household socio-economic characteristics, housing types, flood experiences,

and preparedness practices across the study area. The resulting values were

used to quantify community vulnerability for each barangay.

The processed survey data were then integrated into GIS by assigning

the calculated vulnerability indicators to their respective barangays. These

indicators were combined into the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI),

which provided a composite measure of vulnerability. The MVI was

subsequently incorporated into the GIS environment to support flood risk

mapping and validate the spatial distribution of flood-prone areas.

3.6 Indicators

The study used specific indicators under two main criteria: Hazard and

Vulnerability. These indicators were selected based on their relevance to

flooding in the Municipality of Tagoloan and the availability of data.

3.6.1 Hazard Indicators

Hazard indicators describe the physical factors that influence the

likelihood and severity of flooding in the study area. The following indicators

were considered:

1. Elevation – Areas with lower elevation are more susceptible to flooding

due to the natural accumulation of water in depressions and low-lying

zones.
 2. Slope – Gentler slopes reduce the rate of surface runoff, causing water to

accumulate and increasing flood potential.

3. Distance from Rivers and Tributaries – Locations situated closer to rivers

and streams are at higher risk of inundation, particularly during periods of

heavy rainfall or river overflow.

4. Rainfall Intensity – Areas receiving higher rainfall accumulation are more

likely to experience flooding, as intense precipitation can overwhelm

drainage capacity and river channels.

5. Land Use / Land Cover – Areas with impervious surfaces or reduced

vegetation have higher flood potential due to limited infiltration.

6. Water Accumulation / Flow Convergence Zones – Low-lying depressions

or areas with high flow accumulation are prone to localized flooding.

3.6.2 Vulnerability Indicators and Multidimensional Vulnerability Index

Vulnerability indicators assess the susceptibility and exposure of

communities to flood impacts. The study used four main indicators:

1. Demographic Vulnerability – measures the proportion of socially

vulnerable populations within each barangay.

2. Structural/Physical Vulnerability – assesses households based on the

type of housing materials, where dwellings made of light or salvaged

materials are considered more vulnerable.

 3. Flood Exposure Severity – represents the extent of flood exposure

experienced by respondents, categorized by water depth during past

flood events.

4. Adaptive Capacity (Livelihood Stability) – evaluates the community’s

ability to cope with and recover from flood impacts based on livelihood

security and stability.

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) was generated by

integrating these indicators into a composite score for each barangay. The

indicators were normalized and combined using GIS to create spatially explicit

vulnerability layers.

3.7 Data Processing and GIS Preparation

All spatial and non-spatial datasets were systematically organized into a

geodatabase to facilitate analysis. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was

obtained from Earthdata and imported into QGIS to derive key physical

indicators such as elevation, slope, and flow direction. Slope generation was

performed using the Spatial Analyst or 3D Analyst tools, where the elevation

raster served as the input surface, and outputs were measured either in degrees

or percent rise. The planar method was used for local, projected data, while the

geodesic method was applied when accounting for larger areas, with the Z-

factor adjusted to ensure consistency when vertical and horizontal units differed.

For higher-resolution data, the Surface Parameters tool was also utilized to

generate a slope map that accurately reflected natural terrain variations.

 To prepare maps for presentation, the Layout View in QGIS was

employed to define page size, orientation, and insert essential elements such as

the map title, legend, north arrow, and scale bar. Data frames were focused and

navigated to ensure accurate visualization of the study area. Non-spatial

datasets, including land use, population, and housing information, were cleaned,

standardized, and classified to maintain compatibility with spatial layers.

Vulnerability mapping followed a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

workflow in ArcMap. Relevant indicators were imported, projected to a common

coordinate system, and converted to raster format when necessary. Each

dataset was reclassified into a standardized scale to allow comparison, ensuring

that higher scores consistently reflected higher vulnerability. Weighted overlay

analysis was then conducted, where each indicator was assigned a percentage

weight based on its relative importance, and combined to generate the final

vulnerability raster. Symbology was applied using a color ramp to represent

vulnerability levels, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High,” and the final layout

was prepared in Layout View with all necessary map elements.

For flood hazard mapping, terrain analysis was performed on the DEM to

remove imperfections using the Fill tool, generate flow direction and

accumulation rasters, and produce slope maps. Areas with low slope or high

flow accumulation were identified as more susceptible to flooding. Additional

physical factors, such as distance from rivers and rainfall intensity, were

standardized and reclassified. Weighted overlay was used to integrate these

factors, producing a flood susceptibility raster. Advanced hydrological modeling,

such as HEC-GeoRAS, was optionally used for more precise inundation

mapping, providing estimated water depths for high-risk areas.

Finally, hazard layers generated from the DEM and other physical

indicators, along with vulnerability layers derived from the Multidimensional

Vulnerability Index (MVI), were integrated using GIS overlay techniques. This

approach ensured that the resulting flood risk maps reflected both physical

susceptibility and socio-economic vulnerability, providing a comprehensive

spatial representation of flood risk in the Municipality of Tagoloan.

3.8 Map Generation and Flood Risk Classification

Flood hazard and vulnerability maps were generated using GIS spatial

analysis tools in QGIS and ArcGIS. Hazard layers were derived from the Flood

Hazard Hunter, while vulnerability layers were based on the Multidimensional

Vulnerability Index (MVI).

These layers were then integrated through spatial overlay analysis to

produce the Flood Risk Map of the Municipality of Tagoloan. The map

represents areas with varying levels of flood risk by combining both physical

susceptibility and community vulnerability.

Flood risk was classified into four categories:

 Flood Risk Level Description Color Code

Very High Risk Areas with the highest Red

potential flood impact due to
both high hazard and high
vulnerability

High Risk Areas with substantial flood Orange

hazard and vulnerability

Moderate Risk Areas with moderate flood Green

hazard or vulnerability

Low Risk Areas with relatively low flood Yellow

hazard and vulnerability
Table 3.1. Flood Risk Classification

Table 3.1. Flood Risk Classification relies on the software’s internal

algorithm, which assigns risk levels based on the integrated hazard and

vulnerability data.

3.9 Validation

The accuracy of the Flood Hazard, Vulnerability, and Flood Risk Maps

was validated using historical flood records, barangay reports, and community

accounts. Field inspections were conducted to confirm flood-prone areas and to

observe local conditions, such as areas adjacent to rivers and housing types,

supported by photographs and written field notes.

Any discrepancies identified during the validation process were

addressed through refinement of classification thresholds, reassessment of

indicator values, and supplementary field verification. These measures ensured

that the final maps accurately represented the spatial distribution of flood hazard

and community vulnerability in Tagoloan, providing reliable information for

disaster risk assessment and planning.

3.10 Ethical Considerations

All interviews and surveys conducted with household respondents and

community members were carried out with informed consent. Participation in the

study was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured that their personal

information would remain confidential and used solely for research purposes.

Field visits were coordinated with barangay officials to ensure that community

schedules, local protocols, and participant safety were respected throughout the

data collection process. Ethical conduct was maintained at all stages to uphold

the rights, dignity, and welfare of the participants

3.11 Expected Outputs

The study generated three primary outputs. The Flood Hazard Map

identifies areas most susceptible to flooding based on physical factors such as

elevation, slope, and proximity to rivers. The Vulnerability Map delineates areas

with varying levels of vulnerability, reflecting the combined social, demographic,

and physical factors derived from the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).

The Flood Risk Map integrates the hazard and vulnerability layers to indicate

areas at the highest risk of flooding. Additional outputs include a geospatial

database containing all processed spatial layers, field documentation such as

photographs and observational notes from site visits, and a matrix of

vulnerability indicator scores used in the flood risk assessment. These outputs

provide comprehensive spatial and analytical information to guide disaster risk

reduction, planning, and mitigation strategies within the Municipality of

Tagoloan.
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSES, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

organized in tabular and graphical forms, which are effective and appropriate

for systematic evaluation and spatial analysis.

1. What are the community’s demographic and socio-economic

profile, knowledge, and perspectives relevant to assessing

vulnerability to flooding in the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis

Oriental?

This chapter presents the analysis of flood risk mapping and vulnerability

assessment of the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental using GIS and

community-based historical data. It includes the results of spatial analysis,

hazard, exposure, and vulnerability assessment, as well as the interpretation of

the generated flood risk maps. The data are presented sequentially following the

order of the statement of the problem in Chapter 1. The analysis and

interpretation of findings areThis section presents the community’s

demographic, socio-economic profile, knowledge and perceptions regarding the

causes, impacts, and preparedness for flooding in the Municipality of Tagoloan,

Misamis Oriental. Data were collected through surveys and interviews

conducted with residents, community leaders, and DRRM personnel across

selected barangays. The questionnaire focused on demographic and socio-

economic characteristics, flood history and experiences, flood impacts,

community preparedness, and local perceptions of flood risk.

4.1. Barangay Baluarte

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 12,909

Number of Household 2,630

Number of Families 2,922

Table 4.1.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of Barangay Baluarte, which is

composed of 12,909 individuals, distributed across 2,630 households and 2,922

families. This data provides a general overview of the number of residents

potentially exposed to flood hazards.

Sex Number

Female 6,383

Male 6,526

Total 12,909
Table 4.1.2. Population According to Sex
This table shows the population distribution according to sex. Out of the total

population, 6,383 are female and 6,526 are male, indicating a slightly higher

proportion of males (50.55%) compared to females (49.45%).

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 376 340 716

1-4 902 855 1,757

5-9 775 770 1,545

10-14 890 1,086 1,976

15-19 1,560 1,330 2,890

20-24 1,120 1,290 2,410

60 and above 760 855 1,615

Total 6,383 6,526 12,909

Table 4.1.3 Population According to Age

This table shows the population distribution by age group and sex, with a total

population of 12909 individuals, consisting of 6,383 females and 6,526 males.

The largest age group is 15–19 years old with 2,890 individuals, followed by the

20–24 age group with 2,410, indicating a relatively young population. Children

aged 0–11 total 716, while those aged 1–4 and 5–9 account for 1,757 and 1,545

respectively, reflecting a substantial number of dependents. Adolescents aged

10–14 number 1,976, showing a balanced distribution between male and female

populations. The elderly population aged 60 and above totals 1,615, which

represents a significant vulnerable group in terms of disaster risk and access to

services. Overall, the table highlights a population structure dominated by youth

and working-age individuals, with notable proportions of children and senior

citizens who may require special attention in planning and risk reduction

strategies.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 30

Fishing 230

Poultry and Livestock 0

Carpentry 98

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 900

etc.)

Government Employee 154

Private Employee 1,555

Vending 980

Formal/Licensed Driver 750

Non-Licensed Driver 876

Barker 2

Porter 0

Masseur 5

House Helper 53

Electricians 23

Laborer 1287

Mining 0

Lending 20

Ambulant Vendor 25

Total 6,988
 Table 4.1.4 Socio-economic Information

This table summarizes the socio-economic profile of the population based on

their primary source of livelihood, with a total of 6,988 individuals recorded. The

largest group is private employees with 1,555 persons, followed closely by

laborers at 1,287 and vendors at 980, indicating that most residents rely on

wage-based and informal economic activities. Professionals such as doctors,

teachers, and similar occupations account for 900 individuals, while drivers—

both licensed (750) and non-licensed (876)—also make up a significant portion

of the workforce. Fishing employs 230 individuals, while farming involves only

30 persons, showing limited dependence on agriculture. Government

employees total 154, and smaller livelihood groups include carpenters (98),

house helpers (53), electricians (23), lenders (20), ambulant vendors (25),

masseurs (5), and barkers (2). There are no recorded individuals in poultry and

livestock, porter, or mining sectors. Overall, the table reflects a community with

diverse livelihoods, largely dependent on employment, labor, vending, and

service-related activities.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 800

Semi-Concrete 1,487

Made Up of Light Materials 340

Salvaged House 3

Total 2,630
Table 4.1.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability
This table presents the distribution of housing structures based on the type of

construction materials used in the study area, with a total of 2,630 houses

recorded. The largest portion consists of semi-concrete houses numbering

1,487, indicating that many households use a combination of concrete and light

materials, which may offer moderate resistance to hazards such as flooding.

Concrete houses account for 800 units, suggesting a smaller but significant

number of structures with relatively higher durability and resilience. Houses

made up of light materials total 340, which are generally more vulnerable to

damage during floods and strong weather events. Additionally, there are only 3

salvaged houses, representing a very minimal portion of the housing stock.

Overall, the table highlights that a considerable number of houses may still be

vulnerable due to the prevalence of semi-concrete and light-material structures.

B. Flood Experience and Exposure

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 86 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 16 18.60%

Water depth Knee-level 40 46.51%

 Water depth Waist-level 26 30.23%

Water depth Chest-level or 4 4.65%

higher

Duration <1 hour 5 5.81%

Duration 1–6 hours 25 29.07%

Duration 7–12 hours 26 30.23%

Duration >12 hours 30 34.88%

Table 4.1.6. Flood Experience and Exposure

This table presents the flood experiences of respondents in the study

area, with all 86 respondents (100%) reporting that they have experienced

flooding. In terms of water depth, the majority of respondents (46.51%)

encountered knee-level flooding, followed by 30.23% at waist-level, 18.60% at

ankle-level, and 4.65% at chest-level or higher. Regarding flood duration,

34.88% experienced floods lasting more than 12 hours, 30.23% for 7–12 hours,

29.07% for 1–6 hours, and 5.81% reported floods lasting less than one hour.

These findings indicate that flooding in the area can reach substantial depths

and persist for extended periods, emphasizing the high exposure and

vulnerability of the community to flood hazards.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

 Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 68 79.07%

River overflow 75 87.21%

Poor drainage 86 100%

Deforestation / Land-use 14 16.28%

changes

Improper waste disposal 65 75.58%

Others 0 0%

Table 4.1.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the respondents’ perceptions of the factors

contributing to flooding in the study area. All respondents (100%) identified poor

drainage as a primary cause, indicating its critical role in flood occurrence. River

overflow was cited by 87.21% of respondents, while heavy rainfall was

mentioned by 79.07%, and improper waste disposal by 75.58%. A smaller

portion (16.28%) attributed flooding to deforestation or land-use changes. No

respondents identified other factors. These results suggest that both natural

events, such as rainfall and river overflow, and human-induced conditions,

particularly poor drainage and waste management, are perceived as significant

contributors to flooding in the community.

D. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 13 15.12%

Loss of income/job 0 0%

Health issues 10 11.63%

Loss of crops/livestock 0 0%

Disruption of education 70 81.40%

Emotional stress / trauma 23 26.74%

Others 0 0%

Table 4.1.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households in the study

area. The most commonly reported effect was the disruption of education,

experienced by 81.40% of respondents, highlighting the significant interruption

to students’ learning during flood events. Emotional stress or trauma was

reported by 26.74% of respondents, while damage to houses affected 15.12%.

Health issues were reported by 11.63% of respondents. No respondents

indicated loss of income, crops, livestock, or other impacts. These findings

demonstrate that flooding primarily affects the social and emotional well-being of

the community, with education disruption being the most pronounced

consequence.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 79 91.86%

No 7 8.14%

Evacuation Experience Yes 56 65.12%

No 30 34.88%
Table 4.1.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the level of community preparedness and perception

regarding flooding in the study area. Most respondents (91.86%) reported

having access to early warning systems, indicating that the community is

relatively informed about impending flood events. Additionally, 65.12% of

respondents have experience with evacuation during floods, while 34.88% have

not been evacuated. These findings suggest that while early warning

dissemination is generally effective, not all residents have had the experience of

evacuation, highlighting areas where preparedness measures can still be

strengthened.

4.2. Barangay Casinglot

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 10,184

 Number of Household 2,367

Number of Families 2,535

Table 4.2.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of the community, which consists

of 10,184 individuals distributed across 2,367 households and 2,535 families.

These provide a foundational overview of the community size and serve as a

basis for assessing exposure to flood hazards and other socio-economic

factors.

Sex Number

Female 4,883

Male 5,301

Total 10,184
Table 4.2.2 Population According to Sex

This table shows the population distribution according to sex. Out of the

total population, 4,883 are female and 5,301 are male, indicating a slightly

higher proportion of males (52.03%) compared to females (47.97%).

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 263 223 486

1-2 171 201 372

3-5 257 240 497

6-12 328 404 732

13-17 1,348 1,429 2,777

 18-59 2,290 2,592 4,882

60 and above 226 212 438

Total 4,883 5,301 10,184

Table 4.2.3 Population According to Age

This table presents the population distribution according to age brackets.

The population is predominantly composed of working-age adults (18–59

years), totaling 4,882 individuals, followed by adolescents aged 13–17 years at

2,777. Children aged 6–12 years account for 732 individuals, while those aged

3–5 years and 0–2 years total 497 and 372, respectively. Senior citizens aged

60 years and above number 438, representing a vulnerable segment of the

population. Overall, the table shows a relatively young population with a

substantial proportion of children and adolescents, which is important when

assessing vulnerability, preparedness, and community needs in relation to flood

risks.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 138

Fishing 59

Poultry and Livestock 2

Carpentry 30

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 695

etc.)

Government Employee 202

 Private Employee 5591

Vending 100

Formal/Licensed Driver 800

Non-Licensed Driver 481

Barker 0

Porter 21

Masseur 25

House Helper 25

Electricians 19

Laborer 4,521

Mining 0

Lending 30

Total 12,739
Table 4.2.4 Socio-economic Information

This table presents the distribution of livelihood among the population. The

majority of individuals are employed as private employees (5,591), followed by

laborers (4,521), and professionals such as doctors and teachers (695).

Government employees number 202, while formal or licensed drivers account

for 800 individuals. Other sources of livelihood include farming (138), fishing

(59), carpentry (30), poultry and livestock raising (2), vending (100), non-

licensed drivers (481), porters (21), masseurs (25), house helpers (25),

electricians (19), and lending (30). No respondents reported working as barkers

or in mining. Overall, the data indicate a community with a diverse range of

livelihood sources, predominantly engaged in private employment and labor-

intensive work, which can influence their economic resilience and capacity to

respond to flood-related impacts.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 1, 050

Semi-Concrete 1, 092

Made Up of Light Materials 213

Salvaged House 12

Total 2,367
Table 4.2.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the distribution of housing structures based on the

type of construction materials used. Out of a total of 2,367 houses, 1,050 are

made entirely of concrete, indicating structures with relatively high durability and

resilience. Semi-concrete houses, which combine concrete with lighter

materials, total 1,092, representing the largest portion of the housing stock and

suggesting moderate resistance to hazards. Houses made entirely of light

materials number 213, generally more susceptible to damage during floods or

severe weather events. Additionally, there are 12 salvaged houses, accounting

for a very minimal portion of the housing stock. Overall, the table highlights that

while some households have strong and durable structures, a considerable

number of houses remain vulnerable due to the prevalence of semi-concrete

and light-material construction.

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 72 36.11%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 51 70.83%

Water depth Knee-level 21 29.17%

Water depth Waist-level 0 0

Water depth Chest-level or 0 0

higher

Duration <1 hour 49 68.06%

Duration 1–6 hours 13 18.06%

Duration 7–12 hours 8 11.11%

Duration >12 hours 2 2.78%

Table 4.2.6 Flood History and Experience

 This table presents the flood experiences of respondents. Out of the total

respondents, 72 individuals (36.11%) reported having experienced flooding.

Most of these respondents (70.83%) encountered ankle-level flooding, while

29.17% experienced knee-level flooding. No respondents reported flooding

reaching waist-level or chest-level and above.

In terms of duration, the majority of flood events were short-lived, with 68.06%

of respondents experiencing floods lasting less than one hour. Floods lasting 1–

6 hours were reported by 18.06%, 7–12 hours by 11.11%, and only 2.78%

reported floods exceeding 12 hours. These results indicate that while flooding

affects a smaller portion of the population, it is generally shallow and brief,

though still capable of causing disruption to households and daily activities.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 68 94.44%

River overflow 6 8.33%

Poor drainage 56 77.78%

Deforestation / Land-use 8 11.11%

changes

Improper waste disposal 37 51.39%

 Others 0 0

Table 4.2.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the respondents’ perceptions of factors contributing to

flooding. The most frequently cited cause was heavy rainfall, reported by

94.44% of respondents, followed by poor drainage at 77.78% and improper

waste disposal at 51.39%. Deforestation or land-use changes were identified by

11.11%, while river overflow was mentioned by 8.33%. No respondents

indicated other causes. These results suggest that flooding in the area is

perceived to result primarily from natural events, such as rainfall, and human-

induced factors, particularly drainage issues and waste management.

D. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 23 31.94%

Loss of income/job 6 8.33%

Health issues 36 50%

Loss of crops/livestock 12 16.67%

Disruption of education 3 4.16%

 Emotional stress / trauma 68 94.45%

Others 0 0

Table 4.2.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. The most

commonly reported impact was emotional stress or trauma, experienced by

94.45% of respondents, followed by health issues (50%) and damage to houses

(31.94%). Loss of crops or livestock was reported by 16.67%, loss of income by

8.33%, and disruption of education by 4.16%. No respondents reported other

impacts. These findings highlight that flooding primarily affects the social and

emotional well-being of residents, while also causing physical and economic

consequences for a portion of households.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Yes 64 88.88%

Warning

No 8 11.11%

Evacuation Experience Yes 23 31.94%

No 49
Table 4.2.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the level of community preparedness and perception

regarding flooding. Most respondents (88.88%) reported having access to early

warning systems, suggesting that the community is relatively informed about

potential flood events. However, only 31.94% of respondents have experienced

evacuation during floods, while the majority (68.06%) have not. These results

indicate that although early warning dissemination is generally effective, actual

evacuation experience remains limited, pointing to areas where preparedness

measures could be further strengthened.

4.3 Barangay Gracia

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 2,373

Number of Household 605

Number of Families 714

Table 4.3.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of the community, which consists

of 2,373 individuals, distributed across 605 households and 714 families. These

figures provide a basis for understanding the size of the population and its

potential exposure to flood hazards.

Sex Number
Female 1,167
Male 1,206
Total 2,373
Table 4.3.2 PopulationAccording to Sex

This table shows the distribution of the population according to sex.

There are 1,167 females and 1,206 males, indicating a slightly higher number of
males (50.83%) than females (49.17%). The near-balanced sex distribution is

useful for planning community programs, resource allocation, and assessing

social vulnerability.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 30 24 54

1-2 30 42 72

3-5 62 66 128

6-12 144 137 281

13-17 105 110 215

18-59 692 736 1,428

60 and above 104 91 195

Total 1,167 1,206 2,373

Table 4.3.3 Population According to Age

This table presents the population distribution according to age. The majority of

the population is working-age adults (18–59 years), totaling 1,428 individuals.

Adolescents aged 13–17 years account for 215, children aged 6–12 years total

281, and younger children aged 0–5 years number 254. Senior citizens aged 60

years and above total 195, representing a vulnerable group in terms of disaster

risk and access to services. Overall, the table shows a predominantly young and

working-age population, which is important for understanding community needs

and resilience.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 0

Fishing 1

Poultry and Livestock 5

Carpentry 0

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 130

etc.)

Government Employee 93

Private Employee 389

Vending 0

Formal/Licensed Driver 53

Non-Licensed Driver 41

Barker 0

Porter 0

Masseur 0

House Helper 5

Electricians 0

Laborer 10

Mining 0

Lending 15

Ambulant Vendor 270

Total 1,013
Table 4.3.4 Socio-economic Information

This table presents the distribution of livelihood among the population.

Private employment is the most common, with 389 individuals, followed by

ambulant vending (270) and professionals such as doctors and teachers (130).
Government employees total 93, formal/licensed drivers 53, non-licensed

drivers 41, laborers 10, lending 15, house helpers 5, and poultry/livestock 5.

Fishing has 1 respondent, while no respondents are engaged in farming,

carpentry, mining, or other listed occupations. The table shows that the

community has a diverse range of livelihood activities, with most residents

engaged in private employment and service sectors, which influences economic

resilience to flood impacts.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 80

Semi-Concrete 184

Made Up of Light Materials 341

Salvaged House 0

Total 605
4.3.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the distribution of housing structures based on

construction materials. Out of 605 houses, 80 are made entirely of concrete,

indicating higher durability. Semi-concrete houses total 184, representing

moderate resistance, while 341 houses are made of light materials, which are

more vulnerable to damage during floods or severe weather. No salvaged

houses were recorded. Overall, the table shows that a significant portion of the

housing stock remains vulnerable due to the prevalence of light-material

structures.
B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 67 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 34 50.74%

Water depth Knee-level 24 35.82%

Water depth Waist-level 9 13.43%

Water depth Chest-level or 0 0

higher

Duration <1 hour 38 56.71%

Duration 1–6 hours 21 31.34%

Duration 7–12 hours 6 8.96%

Duration >12 hours 2 2.99%

Table 4.3.6 Flood History and Experience

 This table presents the flood experiences of respondents. All 67

respondents (100%) reported experiencing flooding. Water depth was mostly

ankle-level (50.74%), followed by knee-level (35.82%) and waist-level (13.43%).

No respondents experienced chest-level or higher flooding. In terms of duration,

floods lasted less than 1 hour for 56.71% of respondents, 1–6 hours for 31.34%,

7–12 hours for 8.96%, and more than 12 hours for 2.99%. The table shows that

flooding in the area is generally shallow and short-lived, though longer events

do occur.

B. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 58 86.57%

River overflow 63 94.03%

Poor drainage 31 46.29%

Deforestation / Land-use 3 4.48%

changes

Improper waste disposal 28 41.79%

Others 0 0

Table 4.3.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the respondents’ perceptions of factors contributing to

flooding. River overflow was cited by 94.03% of respondents, heavy rainfall by

86.57%, poor drainage by 46.29%, and improper waste disposal by 41.79%.

Deforestation and land-use changes were identified by 4.48%, while no

respondents cited other causes. The table shows that flooding is perceived as

resulting from both natural events and human-induced conditions, particularly

drainage issues and waste management.

C. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 2 2.96%

Loss of income/job 5 7.46%

Health issues 27 40.30%

Loss of crops/livestock 3 4.48%

Disruption of education 7 10.48%

Emotional stress / trauma 25 37.31%

Others 0 0

Table 4.3.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. Emotional

stress or trauma was reported by 37.31% of respondents, and health issues

affected 40.30%. Damage to houses was reported by 2.96%, loss of income by

7.46%, loss of crops or livestock by 4.48%, and disruption of education by

10.48%. No other impacts were reported. The table shows that while physical

and economic impacts are relatively limited, flooding significantly affects the

social and emotional well-being of residents.

D. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 53 79.10%

No 14 20.90%

Evacuation Experience Yes 10 14.93%

No 57 85.07%
Table 4.3.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the level of community preparedness and perception

regarding flooding. Most respondents (79.10%) have access to early warning

systems, while 20.90% do not. However, only 14.93% of respondents have

experienced evacuation during floods, whereas 85.07% have not. The table

shows that early warning dissemination is generally effective, but practical

evacuation experience remains low, indicating areas for improvement in disaster

preparedness and risk reduction.

4.4 Barangay Mohon

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 4,973

 Number of Household 1,056

Number of Families 1,314

Table 4.4.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of Barangay 4.4, which is

composed of 4,973 individuals, distributed across 1,056 households and 1,314

families. This population represents the residents potentially exposed to flood

hazards.

Sex Number

Female 2,381

Male 2,592

Total 4,973
Table 4.4.2 Population According to Sex

This table presents the population distribution according to sex. There

are 2,381 females and 2,592 males, showing a slightly higher number of males

in the community. Understanding sex distribution helps in planning disaster

response and assessing social vulnerability.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 27 50 77

17 and below 843 883 1,726

18-59 1,374 1,528 2,902

60 and above 137 131 268

Total 2,381 2,592 4,973

Table 4.4.3 Population According to Age
 This table presents the population distribution by age. Children aged 0–

11 years number 77, while those 17 years and below total 1,726 individuals.

The working-age population (18–59 years) comprises 2,902 individuals, and

senior citizens (60 years and above) number 268 individuals. This indicates a

community dominated by working-age residents and children, with a smaller

proportion of elderly, highlighting the presence of both dependent and active

groups relevant for disaster preparedness.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 0

Fishing 0

Poultry and Livestock 0

Carpentry 100

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 300

etc.)

Government Employee 100

Private Employee 300

Vending 350

Formal/Licensed Driver 80

Non-Licensed Driver 30

Barker 2

Porter 0

Masseur 0

House Helper 10

Electricians 5
 Laborer 300

Mining 0

Lending 0

Ambulant Vendor 0

Total 1,577
Table 4.4.4 Socio-economic Information

This table presents the livelihood profile of the community. Out of 1,577

respondents, the most common livelihoods are vending (350), private

employment (300), professional occupations (300), and laborers (300), followed

by carpentry, government employment, formal/licensed drivers, and other small-

scale occupations. Farming, fishing, mining, and poultry/livestock have little or

no representation. This suggests mixed economic resilience, with households

dependent on small-scale trade and labor potentially more vulnerable to flood

impacts.

Type of Materials Used

Concrete 357

Semi-Concrete 496

Made Up of Light Materials 203

Salvaged House 0

Total 1056
Table 4.4.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the type of housing materials. Among 1,056

households, 357 are made of concrete, 496 are semi-concrete, and 203 are
made of light materials. No households are salvaged houses. This indicates that

the community has moderate structural resilience, with houses made of light

materials being more susceptible to flood damage

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 79 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 14 17.72%

Water depth Knee-level 36 45.57%

Water depth Waist-level 21 26.58%

Water depth Chest-level or 8 10.13%

higher

Duration <1 hour 5 6.33%

Duration 1–6 hours 14 17.72%

Duration 7–12 hours 21 26.58%

 Duration >12 hours 39 49.37%

Table 4.4.6 Flood History and Experience

This table presents the flood history of respondents. All 79 respondents

reported experiencing flooding. Ankle-level flooding occurred in 14 respondents

(17.72%), knee-level in 36 (45.57%), waist-level in 21 (26.58%), and chest-level

or higher in 8 (10.13%). Flood duration was less than 1 hour for 5 respondents

(6.33%), 1–6 hours for 14 (17.72%), 7–12 hours for 21 (26.58%), and more than

12 hours for 39 (49.37%), indicating that flooding can be both shallow or deep

and may last from a few hours to more than half a day.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 73 92.41%

River overflow 5 6.33%

Poor drainage 70 88.61%

Deforestation / Land-use 4 5.06%

changes

Improper waste disposal 68 86.08%

Others 6 7.59%

Table 4.4.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

 This table presents the perceived causes of flooding. Heavy rainfall was

identified by 73 respondents (92.41%), poor drainage by 70 (88.61%), improper

waste disposal by 68 (86.08%), river overflow by 5 (6.33%), and

deforestation/land-use changes by 4 (5.06%), while 6 respondents (7.59%)

mentioned other factors. This suggests that flooding is largely driven by natural

factors, with human-induced causes such as waste management and drainage

issues also contributing.

D. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 8 10.13%

Loss of income/job 0 0%

Health issues 10 12.66%

Loss of crops/livestock 8 10.13%

Disruption of education 18 22.78%

Emotional stress / trauma 29 36.71%

Others 2 2.53%

Table 4.4.8 Flood Impacts on Households

 This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. The most

frequently reported impacts were emotional stress/trauma (29 respondents,

36.71%) and disruption of education (18, 22.78%), followed by health issues

(10, 12.66%), damage to houses (8, 10.13%), and loss of crops/livestock (8,

10.13%). Few respondents reported other impacts (2, 2.53%), and no

respondents reported loss of income/job. This indicates that while flooding

affects the well-being and daily life of residents, severe economic loss is

relatively limited.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 71 89.87%

No 8 10.13%

Evacuation Experience Yes 22 27.89%

No 57
Table 4.4.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the community’s preparedness and perception of

flooding. Access to early warning was reported by 71 respondents (89.87%),

while 8 respondents (10.13%) did not have access. Evacuation experience was

reported by 22 respondents (27.89%), with 57 respondents (72.11%) not having

evacuated. This suggests that while early warning mechanisms are largely

available, actual evacuation practices are limited.

4.5 Barangay Natumolan

 A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 10,849

Number of Household 2,280

Number of Families 2,680

Table 4.5.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of the community, which consists

of 4,973 individuals, distributed across 1,056 households and 1,314 families.

These figures provide an overview of the population size, which is important for

assessing exposure and vulnerability to flood hazards.

Sex Number

Female 5,306

Male 5,543

Total 10,849
Table 4.5.2 Population According to Sex

This table shows the distribution of the population according to sex.

There are 2,381 females and 2,592 males, indicating a slightly higher proportion

of males (52.15%) compared to females (47.85%). The near-balanced sex

distribution is relevant for planning community programs, resource allocation,

and social vulnerability assessments.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

 0-11 112 149 261

1-4 406 406 803

5-9 533 628 1161

10-14 510 584 1094

15-19 496 490 986

20-24 488 457 945

25-29 497 512 1009

30-34 449 505 954

35-39 353 391 744

40-44 332 327 659

45-49 277 284 561

50-54 226 250 476

55-59 196 211 407

60-54 175 148 323

65 above 256 210 466

Total 5,306 5,543 10,849

Table 4.5.3 Population According to Age

This table presents the population distribution by age. The majority of the

population is composed of working-age adults (18–59 years), totaling 2,902

individuals. Adolescents aged 17 years and below number 1,726, while children

aged 0–11 years total 77. Senior citizens aged 60 years and above number 268,

representing a vulnerable segment in terms of disaster risk. Overall, the table

shows a predominantly working-age population with substantial proportions of

children and elderly residents, which is important for understanding community

needs and resilience.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 30

Fishing 0

Poultry and Livestock 4

Carpentry 64

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 445

etc.)

Government Employee 349

Private Employee 821

Vending 179

Formal/Licensed Driver 161

Non-Licensed Driver 119

Barker 0

Porter 2

Masseur 0

House Helper 42

Electricians 23

Laborer 525

Mining 0

Lending 12

Pensioner 293

ofa 130

house rental 167

 Total 3,366
Table 4.5.4 Socio-economic Information

This table presents the distribution of livelihood among the population.

Private employees and laborers each account for 300 individuals, professionals

such as doctors and teachers number 300, and vendors total 350. Other

livelihoods include carpentry (100), formal/licensed drivers (80), non-licensed

drivers (30), barkers (2), house helpers (10), and electricians (5). No

respondents were engaged in farming, fishing, poultry/livestock, mining, or

lending. The table shows that the community has diverse livelihood sources,

primarily in formal employment and service sectors, which affects economic

resilience to flood impacts.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 977

Semi-Concrete 591

Made Up of Light Materials 712

Salvaged House 0

Total 2,280
Table 4.5.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the distribution of housing structures based on

construction materials. Out of 1,056 houses, 357 are made entirely of concrete,

indicating higher durability, while 496 are semi-concrete, representing moderate

resistance to hazards. Houses made of light materials total 203, which are more

vulnerable to flood and weather-related damage. No salvaged houses were

recorded. The table shows that a significant portion of the housing stock

remains moderately to highly vulnerable.

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 34 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 28 82.35%

Water depth Knee-level 6 17.65%

Water depth Waist-level 0 0

Water depth Chest-level or 0 0

higher

Duration <1 hour 31 91.18%

Duration 1–6 hours 3 8.82

Duration 7–12 hours 0 0

 Duration >12 hours 0 0

Table 4.5.6 Flood History and Experience

This table presents the flood experiences of respondents. All 79

respondents (100%) reported experiencing flooding. Water depth was mostly

knee-level (45.57%), followed by waist-level (26.58%), ankle-level (17.72%),

and chest-level or higher (10.13%). Regarding duration, 49.37% of respondents

experienced floods lasting more than 12 hours, 26.58% for 7–12 hours, 17.72%

for 1–6 hours, and 6.33% for less than 1 hour. The table shows that flooding in

the area can reach significant depths and durations, affecting a large portion of

households.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 34 100%

River overflow 4 11.76%

Poor drainage 28 82.35%

Deforestation / Land-use 1 2.94%

changes

Improper waste disposal 25 73.52%

 Others 0 0

Table 4.5.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the respondents’ perceptions of factors contributing to

flooding. Heavy rainfall was cited by 92.41% of respondents, poor drainage by

88.61%, and improper waste disposal by 86.08%. River overflow,

deforestation/land-use changes, and other factors were identified by 6.33%,

5.06%, and 7.59%, respectively. The table shows that flooding is perceived as

resulting from both natural events and human-induced conditions, particularly

drainage problems and waste management.

D. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 0 0

Loss of income/job 3 8.82%

Health issues 26 76.47%

Loss of crops/livestock 2 5.88%

Disruption of education 3 8.82%

Emotional stress / trauma 17 50%

 Others 0 0

Table 4.5.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. Emotional

stress or trauma was reported by 36.71% of respondents, health issues by

12.66%, disruption of education by 22.78%, damage to houses by 10.13%, and

loss of crops or livestock by 10.13%. Loss of income was reported by 0%, while

other impacts were noted by 2.53% of respondents. The table shows that

flooding affects the social, physical, and economic well-being of households,

with emotional and educational impacts being particularly significant.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 31 91.17%

No 3 8.82%

Evacuation Experience Yes 0 0

No 34 100%
Table 4.5.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the level of community preparedness and perception

regarding flooding. Most respondents (89.87%) reported having access to early

warning systems, while 10.13% do not. Only 27.89% of respondents have

experience with evacuation, whereas 72.11% have not been evacuated. The

table shows that although early warning dissemination is relatively effective,

practical evacuation experience is limited, highlighting the need for improved

preparedness and risk reduction measures.

4.6 Barangay Poblacion

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 13,286

Number of Household 2,835

Number of Families 2,882

Table 4.6.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of the community, which consists

of 13,286 individuals, distributed across 2,835 households and 2,882 families.

These figures provide an overview of the population size and are useful for

assessing exposure and vulnerability to flood hazards.

Sex Number

Female 6,568

Male 6,718

Total 13,286
Table 4.6.2 PopulationAccording to Sex

This table shows the distribution of the population according to sex.

There are 6,568 females and 6,718 males, indicating a slightly higher proportion

of males (50.56%) compared to females (49.44%). This near-balanced sex

distribution is relevant for planning community programs, resource allocation,

and social vulnerability assessments.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 187 170 357

1-2 320 322 642

3-4 314 329 643

5-6 320 320 640

7-9 343 347 690

10-14 643 659 1,302

15-19 632 655 1,287

20-24 591 576 1,167

25-29 451 423 874

30-34 413 435 848

35-39 391 424 815

40-44 370 411 781

45-49 349 379 728

50-54 306 337 643

55-59 275 372 647

60-64 204 161 365

65-89 453 390 843

90 and above 6 8 14

Total 6,568 6,718 13,286

Table 4.6.3 Population According to Age
 This table presents the population distribution by age. The majority of the

population falls within the working-age brackets, with 20–59 years totaling 5,082

individuals. Children aged 0–14 years total 2,992, while senior citizens aged 60

years and above number 1,222. The table shows that the community has a

predominantly working-age population, with significant proportions of children

and elderly residents who may require special attention in disaster

preparedness and social services.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 15

Fishing 20

Poultry and Livestock 50

Carpentry 180

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 300

etc.)

Government Employee 580

Private Employee 490

Vending 780

Formal/Licensed Driver 350

Non-Licensed Driver 210

Barker 14

Porter 0

Masseur 12

House Helper 30

Electricians 14
 Laborer 410

Mining 0

Lending 105

Ambulant Vendor -

Total 3,560
Table 4.6.4 Socio-economic Information

This table presents the distribution of livelihood among the population.

Vending is the most common livelihood (780 individuals), followed by

government employees (580), private employees (490), and laborers (410).

Other occupations include professionals (300), carpentry (180), formal/licensed

drivers (350), non-licensed drivers (210), farming (15), fishing (20),

poultry/livestock (50), house helpers (30), masseurs (12), barkers (14),

electricians (14), and lending (105). No respondents were engaged in mining or

as porters. The table shows that the community has diverse livelihood sources,

predominantly in service and formal employment sectors, which influence

economic resilience to flood impacts.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 2,340

Semi-Concrete 361

Made Up of Light Materials 129

Salvaged House 5

Total 2,835
Table 4.6.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability
 This table presents the distribution of housing structures based on

construction materials. Out of 2,835 houses, 2,340 are made entirely of

concrete, indicating high durability and resilience. Semi-concrete houses total

361, representing moderate resistance, while 129 houses are made of light

materials, which are more vulnerable to flood and weather-related damage.

Salvaged houses account for 5 units. Overall, the table shows that the majority

of the housing stock is durable, but a small portion remains vulnerable.

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 57 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 48 84.21%

Water depth Knee-level 9 15.79%

Water depth Waist-level 0 0

Water depth Chest-level or 0 0

higher

Duration <1 hour 38 66.67%

 Duration 1–6 hours 17 29.82%

Duration 7–12 hours 2 3.51%

Duration >12 hours 0 0

Table 4.6.6 Flood History and Experience

This table presents the flood experiences of respondents. All 57

respondents (100%) reported experiencing flooding. Water depth was mostly

ankle-level (84.21%), followed by knee-level (15.79%). No respondents reported

waist-level or chest-level flooding. In terms of duration, floods lasted less than 1

hour for 66.67% of respondents, 1–6 hours for 29.82%, and 7–12 hours for

3.51%. The table shows that flooding in this community is generally shallow and

short-lived, affecting a majority of households at minimal depth.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 56 98.24%

River overflow 13 22.81%

Poor drainage 24 42.11%

Deforestation / Land-use 4 7.02%

 changes

Improper waste disposal 17 29.82%

Others 0 0

Table 4.6.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the respondents’ perceptions of factors contributing to

flooding. Heavy rainfall was cited by 98.24% of respondents, poor drainage by

42.11%, river overflow by 22.81%, improper waste disposal by 29.82%, and

deforestation/land-use changes by 7.02%. No respondents reported other

causes. The table shows that flooding is perceived primarily as a result of

natural events, such as heavy rainfall, as well as human-induced factors like

drainage issues and waste management.

D. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 1 1.75%

Loss of income/job 0 0

Health issues 15 26.32%

Loss of crops/livestock 2 3.51%

Disruption of education 3 5.26%

 Emotional stress / trauma 9 15.79%

Others 0 0

Table 4.6.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. Emotional

stress or trauma was reported by 15.79% of respondents, health issues by

26.32%, disruption of education by 5.26%, damage to houses by 1.75%, and

loss of crops or livestock by 3.51%. No respondents reported loss of income,

while other impacts were noted by 2.53%. The table shows that flooding

primarily affects the social and health aspects of households, with physical and

economic impacts being minimal.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 51 89.47%

No 6 10.53%

Evacuation Experience Yes 4 7.02%

No 53 92.
Table 4.6.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the level of community preparedness and perception

regarding flooding. Most respondents (89.47%) reported having access to early

warning systems, while 10.53% do not. Only 7.02% of respondents have

experience with evacuation, whereas 92.98% have not been evacuated. The
table shows that while early warning dissemination is relatively effective,

practical evacuation experience is very limited, indicating the need for improved

preparedness measures.

4. 7 Barangay Rosario

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 1,130

Number of Household 229

Number of Families 248

Table 4.7.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of the community, which is

composed of 1,130 individuals, 229 households, and 248 families. These data

provide a general overview of the population size that may be exposed to flood

hazards.

Sex Number

Female 574

Male 556

Total 1,130
Table 4.7.2 Population According to Sex

This table shows the population distribution according to sex. Females

number 574, while males total 556, indicating a nearly balanced sex distribution
within the community. Such distribution is important in understanding social

vulnerability and demographic structure.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 17 18 35

1-4 56 51 107

5-9 71 68 139

10-14 63 65 128

15-19 48 50 98

20-24 47 46 93

25-29 42 45 87

30-34 39 37 76

35-39 36 36 72

40-44 32 29 61

45-49 34 27 61

50-54 30 26 56

55-59 24 22 46

60 and above 35 36 71

Total 574 556 1,130

Table 4.7.3 Population According to Age

This table presents the population distribution by age group. The largest

proportion of the population belongs to the younger age brackets, particularly

those aged 5–14 years. The working-age population (15–59 years) also

constitutes a significant portion, while individuals aged 60 years and above

account for a smaller share of the population. The presence of children and
elderly individuals highlights groups that may be more vulnerable during flood

events.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 108

Fishing 2

Poultry and Livestock 18

Carpentry 11

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 67

etc.)

Government Employee 34

Private Employee 85

Vending 16

Formal/Licensed Driver 22

Non-Licensed Driver 5

Barker 8

Porter 12

Masseur 2

House Helper 24

Electricians 4

Laborer 95

Mining 0

Lending 0

Ambulant Vendor 6

Total 519
Table 4.7.4 Socio-economic Information
 This table presents the livelihood distribution of Barangay 4.7. Out of 519

respondents, the most common occupations are laborers (95 individuals),

private employees (85), and professional occupations such as doctors and

teachers (67). Farming employs 108 respondents, followed by smaller numbers

in vending, government employment, carpentry, formal/licensed driving, and

household services. Other livelihoods, including fishing, poultry/livestock, non-

licensed drivers, barker, porter, masseur, electricians, and ambulant vendors,

have relatively few participants, while mining and lending have none. This

indicates a diverse range of livelihoods, with a significant portion of the

population engaged in labor-intensive, service, and professional sectors, which

may affect economic resilience to flood events.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 138

Semi-Concrete 52

Made Up of Light Materials 34

Salvaged House 5

Total 229
Table 4.7.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the type of housing materials used in the barangay.

Out of 229 households, 138 are constructed of concrete, 52 of semi-concrete

materials, 34 of light materials, and 5 are salvaged houses. This suggests that
most households have moderate structural resilience, though houses made of

light or salvaged materials remain more vulnerable to flood impacts.

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 20 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 18 90%

Water depth Knee-level 4 20%

Water depth Waist-level 0 0%

Water depth Chest-level or 0 0%

higher

Duration <1 hour 15 75%

Duration 1–6 hours 5 25%

Duration 7–12 hours 0 0%

 Duration >12 hours 0 0%

Table 4.7.6 Flood History and Experience

This table presents the flood experiences of respondents. All 20

respondents (100%) reported experiencing flooding. The majority experienced

ankle-level flooding, while some reported knee-level flooding. No respondents

experienced waist-level or chest-level flooding. In terms of duration, most floods

lasted for less than one hour, while others persisted for one to six hours. This

indicates that flooding in the area is generally shallow and short in duration.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 17 85%

River overflow 3 15%

Poor drainage 5 25%

Deforestation / Land-use 0 0%

changes

Improper waste disposal 0 0%

Others 0 0%

Table 4.7.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

 This table presents the perceived causes of flooding as identified by

respondents. Heavy rainfall is considered the primary contributing factor,

followed by poor drainage and river overflow. No respondents identified

deforestation, improper waste disposal, or other factors. The findings suggest

that flooding is mainly attributed to natural causes, with limited influence from

human-induced factors.

B. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 0 0%

Loss of income/job 0 0%

Health issues 0 0%

Loss of crops/livestock 6 30%

Disruption of education 18 90%

Emotional stress / trauma 0 0%

Others 0 0%

Table 4.7.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. The most

commonly reported impact is the disruption of education, followed by losses in

crops or livestock. No respondents reported damage to houses, loss of income,

health issues, emotional stress, or other impacts. The results indicate that

flooding primarily affects education and agricultural activities rather than causing

severe physical or economic damage.

D. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 16 80%

No 4 20%

Evacuation Experience Yes 2 10%

No 18 90%
Table 4.7.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the level of community preparedness and perception

related to flooding. Most respondents reported having access to early warning

systems, while a smaller portion indicated no access. Only a few respondents

have experienced evacuation, whereas the majority have not. This suggests

that while early warning mechanisms are relatively accessible, evacuation

practices remain limited.

4.8 Barangay Santa Ana

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

 Number of Individual 9,720

Number of Household 2,206

Number of Families 2,663

Table 4.8.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of the community, consisting of

9,720 individuals distributed among 2,206 households and 2,663 families.

These figures provide a general overview of the population size that may

potentially be exposed to flood hazards.

Sex Number

Female 4,824

Male 4,896

Total 9,720
Table 4.8.2 Population According to Sex

This table shows the population distribution according to sex. The male

population slightly exceeds the female population, with 4,896 males and 4,824

females. The nearly equal distribution indicates a balanced demographic

structure in terms of sex.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 150 172 322

1-2 201 251 452

 3-5 305 323 628

6-12 752 746 1,498

13-17 501 481 982

18-59 2,644 2,679 5,323

60 and above 271 244 515

Total 4,824 4,896 9720

Table 4.8.3 Population According to Age

This table presents the population distribution by age group. The largest

proportion belongs to the working-age group (18–59 years), followed by children

and adolescents aged 0–17 years. Individuals aged 60 years and above

represent a smaller portion of the population. The presence of both young and

elderly groups highlights varying levels of vulnerability during flood events.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 301

Fishing 20

Poultry and Livestock 50

Carpentry 25

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 201

etc.)

Government Employee 350

Private Employee 352

Vending 245
 Formal/Licensed Driver 154

Non-Licensed Driver 75

Barker 0

Porter 0

Masseur 0

House Helper 20

Electricians 5

Laborer 408

Mining 0

Lending 0

Ambulant Vendor -

Total 2,206
Table 4.8.4 Socio-economic Information

This table presents the socio-economic characteristics of the population

based on livelihood. The majority of residents are engaged as laborers, private

employees, government employees, and farmers. Other livelihoods include

vending, professional services, and driving. The diversity of income sources

indicates a mixed economic structure, with some livelihoods being highly

susceptible to disruption during flooding.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 798

Semi-Concrete 727

Made Up of Light Materials 681

 Salvaged House 0

Total 2,206
Table 4.8.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the types of housing materials used in Barangay

Rosario. Most houses are constructed from concrete and semi-concrete

materials, while a smaller number are made of light materials or salvaged

materials. This suggests a generally moderate level of structural resilience,

although houses made of light and salvaged materials remain more vulnerable

to flooding.

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 40 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 31 77.5%

Water depth Knee-level 9 22.5%

Water depth Waist-level 0 0

Water depth Chest-level or 0 0

 higher

Duration <1 hour 26 65%

Duration 1–6 hours 10 25%

Duration 7–12 hours 4 10%

Duration >12 hours 0 0

Table 4.8.6 Flood History and Experience

This table presents the flood experiences of respondents in Barangay

4.8. All 40 respondents (100%) reported experiencing flooding. The majority of

floods were ankle-level (77.5%), while a smaller number experienced knee-level

flooding (22.5%). No respondents reported waist-level or chest-level flooding.

Regarding flood duration, most events lasted less than one hour (65%), followed

by 1–6 hours (25%), and 7–12 hours (10%), indicating that flooding in this area

is generally shallow but can occasionally last longer.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 34 85%

River overflow 25 62.5%

Poor drainage 14 35%

 Deforestation / Land-use 3 7.5%

changes

Improper waste disposal 9 22.5%

Others 0 0

Table 4.8.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the perceived causes of flooding as identified by

respondents. Heavy rainfall (85%) and river overflow (62.5%) were the most

commonly cited factors, followed by poor drainage (35%) and improper waste

disposal (22.5%). Deforestation or land-use changes were reported by only a

few respondents (7.5%), while no respondents indicated other causes. These

results suggest that flooding in the barangay is largely influenced by natural

factors, particularly heavy rainfall, but is exacerbated in some areas by

inadequate drainage and waste management.

C. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 2 5%

Loss of income/job 3 7.5%

Health issues 18 45%

 Loss of crops/livestock 7 17.5%

Disruption of education 3 7.5%

Emotional stress / trauma 12 30%

Others 0 0

Table 4.8.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. The most

commonly reported effects include health issues (45%), emotional stress or

trauma (30%), and loss of crops or livestock (17.5%). Minor impacts include

damage to houses (5%), loss of income/job (7.5%), and disruption of education

(7.5%). No respondents reported other impacts. The findings indicate that while

flooding rarely causes significant structural or economic damage, it has notable

social and health-related consequences for affected residents.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 33 82.5%

No 7 17.5%

Evacuation Experience Yes 4 10%

No 36 7.5%
Table 4.8.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the community’s preparedness and perception of

flooding. Most respondents (82.5%) reported having access to early warning

systems, while 17.5% indicated no access. Evacuation experience is limited,

with only 4 respondents (10%) having evacuated during past flood events, and

the majority (36 respondents, 90%) reporting no evacuation experience. This

suggests that although early warning mechanisms are relatively accessible,

proactive evacuation is uncommon, likely reflecting the shallow and short-lived

nature of floods in the area.

4.9 Barangay Santa Cruz

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 16,480

Number of Household 3,761

Number of Families 4,185

Table 4.9.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of Barangay 4.9, which is

composed of 16,480 individuals, distributed across 3,761 households and 4,185

families. This data provides a general overview of the number of residents

potentially exposed to flood hazards.

Sex Number

Female 7,993

Male 8,487

Total 16,480
Table 4.9.2 Population According to Sex
 This table presents the population distribution according to sex. There

are 7,993 females and 8,487 males, indicating a slightly higher number of males

in the community. Understanding sex distribution is important in assessing

social vulnerability and planning inclusive disaster response strategies.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 175 180 355

1-2 273 295 568

3-5 452 462 914

6-12 1,199 1,190 2,389

13-17 794 886 1,680

18-59 4,564 4,945 9,509

60 and above 536 529 1,065

Total 7,993 8,487 16,480

Table 4.9.3 Population According to Age

This table presents the population distribution by age. Children aged 0–

12 years comprise a significant portion of the population, while adolescents and

working-age adults (13–59 years) represent the largest segment. Senior citizens

(60 years and above) account for a smaller share, highlighting vulnerable

groups that may require special attention during flood events.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 586

Fishing 18

Poultry and Livestock 41

 Carpentry 305

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 148

etc.)

Government Employee 185

Private Employee 210

Vending 477

Formal/Licensed Driver 251

Non-Licensed Driver 83

Barker 3

Porter 5

Masseur 19

House Helper 15

Electricians 203

Laborer 989

Mining 0

Lending 0

Ambulant Vendor 187

Total 3,725
Table 4.9.4 Socio-Economic and Community Information

This table presents the livelihood profile of residents. A total of 3,725

individuals are engaged in various occupations, with laborers (989), farming

(586), vending (477), carpentry (305), and licensed drivers (251) being the most

common. Other occupations include professional work, private and government

employment, electricians, and household services. This diversity of livelihoods

suggests varying levels of economic resilience, with households dependent on

farming and labor being more susceptible to flood impacts.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 1,063

Semi-Concrete 1,167

Made Up of Light Materials 1,522

Salvaged House 9

Total 3,761
Table 4.9.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the type of materials used for housing. The majority

of dwellings are constructed with light materials (1,522), followed by semi-

concrete (1,167) and concrete (1,063). A very small number are salvaged

houses (9). This indicates a moderate level of structural resilience, with homes

made of light materials being more vulnerable to flood damage.

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Experienced Yes 65 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 10 15.38%

 Water depth Knee-level 35 53.85%

Water depth Waist-level 15 23.08%

Water depth Chest-level or 5 7.69%

higher

Duration <1 hour 10 15.38%

Duration 1–6 hours 26 40%

Duration 7–12 hours 15 23.08%

Duration >12 hours 14 21.54%

Table 4.9.6 Flood History and Experience

This table presents flood experiences of respondents. All 65 respondents

(100%) reported experiencing flooding. Most floods reached knee-level

(53.85%), while ankle-level (15.38%), waist-level (23.08%), and chest-level or

higher (7.69%) were also reported. Flood duration varied, with less than 1 hour

(15.38%), 1–6 hours (40%), 7–12 hours (23.08%), and more than 12 hours

(21.54%), indicating that some floods are prolonged and potentially hazardous.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

 Heavy rainfall 65 100%

River overflow 15 23.08%

Poor drainage 60 92.31%

Deforestation / Land-use 10 15.38%

changes

Improper waste disposal 58 89.23%

Others 2 3.08%

Table 4.9.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the perceived causes of flooding. 65 respondents

identified heavy rainfall (100%) as the primary cause, followed by poor drainage

(92.31%), improper waste disposal (89.23%), river overflow (23.08%), and

deforestation or land-use changes (15.38%). Other factors were minimal

(3.08%). These results indicate that flooding in the barangay is primarily driven

by natural conditions, with human-induced factors contributing in certain areas.

D. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 1 1.54%

 Loss of income/job 0 0

Health issues 7 10.77%

Loss of crops/livestock 0 0

Disruption of education 15 23.08%

Emotional stress / trauma 4 6.15%

Others 0 0

Table 4. 9.8 Flood Impacts on Households

T This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. The most

frequently reported effect is disruption of education (23.08%), followed by health

issues (10.77%) and emotional stress (6.15%). Minimal respondents reported

damage to houses (1.54%), while no respondents reported loss of income or

crops/livestock. This suggests that floods in the area, while frequent, generally

do not cause significant economic losses but can affect education and well-

being.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

Indicator Category Respondents Percentage (%)

Access to Early Warning Yes 50 76.92%

No 15 23.08%
 Evacuation Experience Yes 25 38.46%

No 40 61.54%
Table 4.9.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the community’s preparedness and perception of

flooding. Most respondents (76.92%) have access to early warning systems,

while 23.08% do not. Evacuation experience is limited, with 25 respondents

(38.46%) having evacuated, while the majority (61.54%) have not. This

indicates that while early warning mechanisms are relatively accessible,

proactive evacuation is not widely practiced, possibly due to the shallow or

short-lived nature of most floods.

4.10 Barangay Sugbongcogon

A. Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile

Barangay Population Number

Number of Individual 5,065

Number of Household 892

Number of Families 1,092

Table 4.10.1 Total Population

This table presents the total population of Barangay 4.10, which is

composed of 5,065 individuals, distributed across 892 households and 1,092

families. This population represents the residents potentially exposed to flood

hazards.

Sex Number
 Female 2,411

Male 2,654

Total 5,065
Table 4.10.2 Population According to Sex

This table presents the population distribution according to sex. There

are 2,411 females and 2,654 males, showing a slightly higher number of males

in the community. Understanding sex distribution helps in planning disaster

response and assessing social vulnerability.

Age Bracket (Year) Female Male Total

0-11 111 120 231

1-2 75 83 158

3-5 130 117 247

6-12 187 194 381

13-17 173 184 357

18-59 1.610 1,846 3,456

60 and above 125 110 235

Total 2,411 2,654 5,065

Table 4.10.3 Population According to Age

This table presents the population distribution by age. Children aged 0–

12 years account for 1,017 individuals, adolescents and working-age adults

(13–59 years) comprise 3,813 individuals, and senior citizens aged 60 years

and above number 235 individuals. This highlights the presence of both
vulnerable groups (children and elderly) and the working-age population that

may participate in disaster response and recovery.

Type of Livelihood Total Number of Person

Farming 0

Fishing 2

Poultry and Livestock 10

Carpentry 5

Professional (ex. Doctor, Teacher, 87

etc.)

Government Employee 253

Private Employee 83

Vending 23

Formal/Licensed Driver 27

Non-Licensed Driver 125

Barker 2

Porter 1

Masseur 3

House Helper 5

Electricians 2

Laborer 520

Mining 0

Lending 3

Ambulant Vendor 0

Total 1,147
Table 4.10.4 Socio-economic Information
 This table presents the livelihood profile of the community. Out of 1,147

respondents, the largest groups include loss of crops/livestock (42

respondents), laborers (520), and government employees (253). Other

occupations include professionals, private employees, non-licensed drivers, and

various small-scale services. Farming, fishing, and mining are minimal. The

variety of livelihood types indicates mixed economic resilience, with agricultural

households more susceptible to flood-related losses.

Type of Materials Used Total

Concrete 21

Semi-Concrete 140

Made Up of Light Materials 723

Salvaged House 8

Total 892
Table 4.10.5 Housing and Infrastructure Vulnerability

This table presents the type of housing materials. Among 892

households, 723 are made of light materials, 140 are semi-concrete, 21 are

concrete, and 8 are salvaged houses. This indicates moderate structural

resilience, with the majority of houses being more vulnerable to flood impacts

due to lighter construction materials.

B. Flood History and Experience

Flood Attribute Category Number of Percentage (%)

 Respondents

Experienced Yes 68 100%

flooding

Water depth Ankle-level 32 47.06%

Water depth Knee-level 25 36.76%

Water depth Waist-level 9 13.24%

Water depth Chest-level or 2 2.94%

higher

Duration <1 hour 29 42.64%

Duration 1–6 hours 21 30.88%

Duration 7–12 hours 14 20.59%

Duration >12 hours 4 5.89%

Table 4.10.6 Flood History and Experience

This table presents the flood history of respondents. All 68 respondents

reported experiencing flooding. Water depth reached ankle-level in 32

respondents (47.06%), knee-level in 25 (36.76%), waist-level in 9 (13.24%), and

chest-level or higher in 2 (2.94%). Flood duration was less than 1 hour for 29
respondents (42.64%), 1–6 hours for 21 (30.88%), 7–12 hours for 14 (20.59%),

and more than 12 hours for 4 (5.89%), indicating that floods vary in both depth

and length.

C. Perceived Causes of Flooding

Contributing Factor Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Heavy rainfall 53 77.94%

River overflow 17 25%

Poor drainage 24 35.29%

Deforestation / Land-use 0 0%

changes

Improper waste disposal 12 17.65%

Others 0 0%

Table 4.10.7 Perceived Causes of Flooding

This table presents the perceived causes of flooding. Heavy rainfall was

identified by 53 respondents (77.94%), poor drainage by 24 (35.29%), river

overflow by 17 (25%), and improper waste disposal by 12 (17.65%). No

respondents identified deforestation or other causes. This suggests that flooding

in Barangay 4.10 is primarily driven by natural causes, with some contribution

from human-induced factors.

D. Flood Impacts on Households

Impact Number of Percentage (%)

Respondents

Damage to house 14 20.59%

Loss of income/job 8 11.76%

Health issues 15 22.06%

Loss of crops/livestock 42 61.76%

Disruption of education 61 89.71%

Emotional stress / trauma 18 26.47%

Others 0 0%

Table 4.10.8 Flood Impacts on Households

This table presents the impacts of flooding on households. Among the 68

respondents, the most reported impact was disruption of education (61

respondents, 89.71%), followed by loss of crops/livestock (42, 61.76%), health

issues (15, 22.06%), emotional stress (18, 26.47%), damage to houses (14,

20.59%), and loss of income/job (8, 11.76%). This indicates that floods affect

both livelihood and educational activities, with moderate physical and economic

impacts.

E. Community Preparedness and Perception

 Indicator Category Respondents Percentage

Access to Early Warning Yes 49 72.06%

No 19 27.94%

Evacuation Experience Yes 43 63.24%

No 25 36.76%
Table 4.10.9 Community Preparedness and Perception

This table presents the community’s preparedness and perception of

flooding. Access to early warning was reported by 49 respondents (72.06%),

while 19 respondents (27.94%) did not have access. Evacuation experience

was reported by 43 respondents (63.24%), with 25 respondents (36.76%) not

having evacuated. This suggests that while early warning and evacuation

mechanisms exist, a portion of the community remains unprepared or unable to

act during flood events.

Summary and Interpretation

A. Demographic and Socio- Economic Profile

 Figure 4.1 Total Population

Figure 4.1 presents the total number of individuals, households, and

families across the barangays of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. Among the

barangays, Santa Cruz recorded the highest population, followed by Baluarte,

Poblacion, Casinglot, and Natumolan, indicating relatively dense settlements in

these areas. In contrast, Rosario and Gracia exhibited the lowest population

counts, suggesting smaller and less concentrated communities. Barangays with

higher numbers of households and families, particularly Santa Cruz, Baluarte,

and Poblacion, are more vulnerable to flooding impacts due to the greater

number of people and residential structures exposed to flood hazards. A higher

population density increases the potential for damage to housing, disruption of

livelihoods, and strain on evacuation and emergency response systems during

flood events. Meanwhile, barangays with smaller populations may experience

fewer absolute impacts; however, limited resources and infrastructure may still

heighten their vulnerability.

Figure 4.2 Population According to Sex

Figure 4.2 illustrates the distribution of the population by sex across the

barangays of Tagoloan. Results show that male and female populations are

relatively balanced in most barangays, with slight variations observed in areas

such as Santa Cruz, Poblacion, and Baluarte, where the total population is also

highest. The near-equal distribution of males and females suggests that flood

impacts affect both genders almost equally. However, in vulnerability

assessment, this balance is significant as women, children, and the elderly are

often considered more vulnerable during disaster events, particularly in

evacuation, health, and post-disaster recovery phases. Barangays with larger

populations, regardless of sex distribution, face increased challenges in

ensuring inclusive disaster preparedness, access to early warning systems, and

effective evacuation procedures.

Figure 4.3 Socio-Economic Information

Figure 4.3 presents the distribution of livelihood sources across the barangays

of the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. The figure shows that

employment patterns vary significantly among barangays, reflecting differences

in local economic activities and exposure to flood-related risks. Agriculture-

related livelihoods such as farming, fishing, poultry, and livestock are prominent

in several barangays, indicating a strong dependence on climate- and flood-

sensitive sectors. Barangays such as Baluarte, Casinglot, Natumolan, and

Santa Cruz show higher counts of residents engaged in farming and fishing,

suggesting greater vulnerability to flood impacts that disrupt agricultural

production and income. Meanwhile, wage-based employment, including private

employees, government employees, drivers, and laborers, is more concentrated

in barangays closer to urban and industrial zones, such as Poblacion and Santa

Cruz. Informal occupations (e.g., vending, porter services, barkers, and house

helpers) are also present across multiple barangays, indicating income

instability and limited capacity to absorb flood-related losses. Overall, the figure

highlights that many households rely on livelihoods that are highly sensitive to

flooding, reinforcing the importance of incorporating socio-economic conditions

into the vulnerability assessment.

 Figure 4.4 Housing and Infrastructure

Figure 4.4 illustrates the distribution of housing types across the barangays of

Tagoloan, categorized into concrete, semi-concrete, light-material, and salvaged

houses. The figure reveals substantial variation in housing quality, which directly

influences structural vulnerability to flooding. Concrete and semi-concrete

houses are dominant in more urbanized barangays such as Poblacion, Santa

Cruz, and Baluarte, indicating relatively higher structural resilience to flood

damage. However, these barangays also have higher population

concentrations, which may increase overall exposure despite stronger housing

materials.

In contrast, barangays such as Gracia, Natumolan, Santa Ana, and

Sugbongcogon show a higher proportion of houses made from light materials

and salvaged components, which are more susceptible to flood damage,

collapse, and prolonged displacement during inundation events.

The presence of vulnerable housing types across multiple barangays

underscores unequal structural resilience within the municipality. These findings

support the need to integrate housing characteristics into flood vulnerability

mapping, as structural conditions significantly affect the severity of flood impacts

on households.

Figure 4.5 Flood Experience and Exposure

Figure 4.5 illustrates the level of flood exposure experienced by

households across the barangays of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. Results

indicate that a large proportion of respondents in low-lying barangays such as

Baluarte, Casinglot, Mohon, Santa Cruz, and Sugbongcogon have experienced

flooding, with water depths frequently reaching knee to waist level. In some

areas, chest-level flooding was also reported, indicating severe flood events. In

terms of flood duration, many households experienced flooding lasting 1–6

hours, while several barangays recorded floodwaters persisting for more than 7

hours, particularly in areas near river networks and poorly drained zones.

Prolonged flood duration increases household vulnerability as it leads to greater

damage to homes, livelihoods, and essential services. These findings suggest

that exposure to flooding is not only frequent but also severe in several

barangays, contributing significantly to overall community vulnerability.

Figure 4.6 Perceived Causes of Flooding

 Figure 4.6 presents the community’s perception of the primary causes of

flooding. Across all barangays, heavy rainfall and river overflow were

consistently identified as the leading causes of flood events. This aligns with the

municipality’s exposure to intense rainfall during monsoon seasons and typhoon

occurrences.

Additionally, poor drainage systems were identified as a significant

contributing factor, especially in more urbanized and densely populated

barangays such as Poblacion, Santa Cruz, and Sugodgogon. Respondents also

cited improper waste disposal and land use changes, including deforestation, as

aggravating flood conditions by obstructing natural water flow and reducing

infiltration capacity. These perceptions highlight the combined influence of

natural and human-induced factors in increasing flood vulnerability.

 Figure 4.7 Flood Impacts on Households

Figure 4.7, flooding has caused substantial impacts on households

across the study area. The most commonly reported impacts include damage to

houses, loss of income, and emotional stress. Barangays with higher flood

exposure, such as Baluarte, Casinglot, Mohon, and Sugbongcogon, recorded

the greatest number of affected households. Loss of crops and livestock was

particularly evident in barangays with agricultural activities, further increasing

economic vulnerability. Disruption of education and health-related issues were

also reported, indicating that flooding affects not only physical assets but also

social well-being. The prevalence of emotional stress underscores the long-term

psychological impacts of recurrent flooding on communities.

 4.8 Community Preparedness and Perception

Figure 4.8 illustrates community preparedness in terms of access to early

warning systems and evacuation experience. Results show that while many

households reported having access to early warning information, a significant

number still lack sufficient warning mechanisms, particularly in interior and river-

adjacent barangays. Evacuation experience varied across barangays, with

some communities showing limited evacuation history despite repeated flood

exposure. This suggests gaps in disaster preparedness, evacuation planning,

and risk communication.

2.1 What baseline data are needed to assess flood hazards in terms of:

Hydrometeorological characteristics (e.g., rainfall and

storm events)
 Hydrometeorological characteristics are essential in assessing flood

hazards, as they describe the natural conditions that contribute to flooding. In

the Municipality of

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, these characteristics include rainfall patterns, and

historical storm events. Data for this study were obtained from local

meteorological records, river observations, and community-based historical

accounts.

4.11.1 Monthly Rainfall Intensity 2025

Month Rainfall Intensity (mm)

January 199.5mm

February 198.5mm

March 286.0mm

April 126.0mm

May 725.5mm

June 370.0mm

July 232.1mm

August 639.0mm

September 550.0mm

October 597.5mm

November 418.5mm

December 124.0mm
Table 4.11.1 Monthly Rainfall Intensity (Source: Department of Science and
Technology-Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration 2025
 Table 4.11.1 presents the monthly rainfall intensity in Tagoloan for 2025.

Rainfall is highest between May and October, peaking in May at 725.5 mm,

followed by August with 639 mm and October with 597.5 mm, while the lowest

rainfall occurs in December and April, at 124 mm and 126 mm, respectively.

This pattern indicates a pronounced wet season during the mid-year months,

which aligns with the periods when flooding is most frequently observed in the

municipality. The high rainfall during these months likely contributes to river

overflow, inadequate drainage, and inundation of low-lying areas, making these

periods critical for flood risk. Overall, the rainfall data confirms that heavy and

prolonged precipitation is a major factor influencing flooding in Tagoloan and

provides essential information for developing flood hazard maps and planning

mitigation strategies.

4.11.2 Historical Storm and Typhoon Events Affecting Tagoloan

Year Storm/Typhoon Name Type Intensity Frequency per Year

2015 Seniang (Jangmi) Tropical Storm Moderate 1

2016 Aere (Julian) Tropical Storm Moderate 1

2017 Tail-end of Cold Front Low Pressure Area Low 1

2017 Vinta (Tembin) Typhoon High 2

2018 Samuel Tropical Depression Low 1

2019 Falcon Tropical Storm Moderate 1

2020 Vicky (Krosa) Tropical Depression Low 1

2021 Odette (Rai) Typhoon High 1

 2022 Paeng (Nalgae) Tropical Storm Moderate 1

2024 Kristine Tropical Storm Moderate 1

2024 Man-yi Typhoon High 2

Table 4.11.2 Storm and Typhoon Events Affecting Tagoloan (Source:
Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical,
and Astronomical Services Administration 2025)

Table 4.11.2 presents storm and typhoon events affecting Tagoloan,

between 2015 and 2024, the Municipality of Tagoloan experienced frequent

hydrometeorological events, including tropical storms, typhoons, tropical

depressions, and low-pressure areas. On average, the municipality is affected

by one to two significant events per year, with some years, such as 2017 and

2024, experiencing multiple occurrences. The intensity of these events ranges

from low-impact tropical depressions to high-impact typhoons, including

Typhoon Vinta (2017), Typhoon Odette (2021), and Typhoon Man-yi (2024),

which caused notable flooding and disruption. Tropical storms, such as Seniang

(2015), Aere (2016), Falcon (2019), and Paeng (2022), are more frequent but

generally moderate in intensity. Overall, the frequency, intensity, and type of

these storms highlight Tagoloan’s high exposure to flooding and emphasize the

need for flood hazard and risk mapping for disaster preparedness and mitigation

planning.

2.2 Topographic and geospatial features (e.g., elevation, slope, land use,

river network)
 Topographic and geospatial characteristics play a crucial role in

understanding flood risk, as they influence the movement and accumulation of

water in the municipality. This section presents the elevation, land use, and river

network of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, using GIS analysis. The data help

identify areas that are more prone to flooding due to their physical and spatial

characteristics.

Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Digital Elevation Model Map

 Figure 4.9 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Digital Elevation Model Map

Figure 4.9 presents the elevation characteristics of the Municipality of

Tagoloan generated from a Digital Elevation Model using GIS. The red

boundary line delineates the study area, while thick contour lines indicate 100-

meter elevation intervals and thin contour lines represent 5-meter intervals,
allowing both general and detailed visualization of terrain variations. Elevation

values are classified using a color gradient, with higher elevations above 650

meters shown in red, transitioning to orange below 500 meters, yellow below

400 meters, yellow-green below 300 meters, cyan below 200 meters, and sky

blue below 100 meters, while very low-lying areas are further emphasized by

progressively darker shades for elevations below 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 25, 20, 15,

10, 5, and 0 meters. The map clearly distinguishes upland and lowland areas

within Tagoloan and highlights low-elevation zones, which are more susceptible

to flood accumulation, making elevation a critical factor in the flood hazard and

risk assessment of the study area.

Figure 4.10 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Contour Map

Figure 4.10 shows the contour map of Tagoloan, with thick lines

representing 100 m intervals and thin lines representing 5 m intervals. High

elevation areas have widely spaced contours, while low-lying zones show
closely spaced lines. This topographic information provides the basis for

generating the DEM and deriving terrain parameters, such as slope, which are

essential for assessing flood susceptibility in the municipality.

Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Slope Map

Figure 4.11 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Slope Map

Figure 4.11 presents the slope map of Tagoloan, showing the variation of

terrain steepness across the municipality. Slopes are classified into five

categories: 0 to 5 percent as undulating shown in light brown, 5 to 15 percent as

undulating to rolling shown in yellow, 15 to 25 percent as rolling to hilly shown in

green, 25 to 50 percent as hilly to mountainous shown in orange, and 50 to 100

percent as mountainous shown in red. The black line represents the municipal
administrative boundary, and white lines indicate barangay boundaries. Low-

slope areas are mostly found in low-lying zones near rivers and flatlands,

making them more prone to flooding due to slower surface runoff. In contrast,

higher slopes are located in upland and mountainous regions where steeper

terrain facilitates faster runoff and reduces flood hazard. This slope map was

derived from the DEM in QGIS and served as a critical parameter in the flood

hazard analysis, helping to identify areas with higher susceptibility to inundation.

Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Land Use Map

Figure 4.12 Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental Land Use Map

 Figure 4.12 shows the spatial distribution of land use and land cover

classes in the Municipality of Tagoloan based on GIS analysis. Agricultural land

covers the largest portion of the municipality at 6,430 hectares or 81 percent,

indicating widespread exposure of farmlands to flooding that may result in

moderate economic impacts. Residential areas cover 160 hectares or 2 percent

of the total land area and are associated with moderate to high flood risk due to

population concentration and housing exposure in low-lying locations.

Commercial and industrial areas occupy 50 hectares or 6 percent and exhibit

high flood risk because of the presence of critical infrastructure and economic

assets. Forest and vegetation areas account for 770 hectares or 20 percent and

show low flood risk due to their role in reducing surface runoff. Water bodies

cover 128 hectares or 1 percent and function as natural flood pathways that

influence the direction and accumulation of floodwaters. Overall, the land use

and land cover map highlights how different land use types contribute to varying

levels of flood exposure and risk across the municipality.

Tagoloan , Misamis Oriental River Networks Map

 Figure 4.13 Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental River Networks Map (Source:
Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental)

Figure 4.13 presents the river network system of the Municipality of

Tagoloan used in the flood hazard and risk assessment. Blue lines represent

existing river channels and proposed structural measures along the river

system. Parallel red lines indicate the alignment of dikes intended to control

overflow during high rainfall and river discharge events. Dotted areas identify

zones proposed for excavation as part of non-structural flood mitigation

measures to improve water conveyance and reduce flood depth. Slanted line

patterns mark river areas designated for preservation to maintain natural flow

paths and minimize encroachment. Green shaded areas represent the coastal
control zone, which plays an important role in managing floodwater discharge

into coastal areas and mitigating coastal flooding. The map highlights how river

networks and planned management measures influence flood behavior and

support flood risk reduction planning in Tagoloan.

Summary

The topographic and geospatial analysis of Tagoloan provides critical

insight into areas susceptible to flooding. The Digital Elevation Model in Figure

4.9 shows the variation in elevation across the municipality, distinguishing

upland and lowland zones, with lower elevations identified as more prone to

flood accumulation. The contour map in Figure 4.10 highlights terrain gradients,

providing the foundation for generating the DEM and deriving slope. The slope

map in Figure 4.11 indicates that low-slope areas in low-lying zones are more

flood-prone, while higher slopes in upland regions facilitate faster runoff.

Land use analysis in Figure 4.12 shows that agricultural lands cover the

majority of the municipality, exposing farmlands to moderate economic impacts

during floods. Residential, commercial, and industrial areas are concentrated in

low-lying zones, increasing exposure to flood risk. Forested and vegetated

areas reduce surface runoff, while water bodies act as natural flood pathways.

The river network map in Figure 4.13 demonstrates how existing rivers, dikes,

excavation zones, and coastal control areas influence flood behavior and

support flood mitigation planning.

 Overall, integrating elevation, slope, land use, and river network, rainfall

intensity, flow accumulation data through GIS provides a comprehensive

understanding of physical and spatial characteristics, helping identify hazard-

prone areas and inform flood risk assessment in Tagoloan.

3. What procedures, analytical parameters, and calculations are required

to produce a flood risk map and vulnerability assessment of Tagoloan

using GIS and community-based historical data?

The flood risk map and vulnerability assessment of Tagoloan were

generated using a GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

framework integrating physical flood hazard indicators and socio-environmental

vulnerability factors, including community-based historical flood data. The

procedures, analytical parameters, and computational processes applied in the

study are described below.

3.1. Flood Hazard Analysis

Flood hazard was derived from terrain and hydrological parameters

extracted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The DEM was preprocessed

using the Fill tool to remove surface depressions, followed by the generation of

Flow Direction and Flow Accumulation rasters to determine runoff patterns and

drainage convergence zones.

The flood hazard component included the following parameters:

 ● Elevation

● Slope

● Flow Accumulation

● Rainfall Distribution

● Distance from River

Each parameter was reclassified into a standardized scale of 1 to 5,

where 1 represents very low susceptibility and 5 represents very high

susceptibility. Reclassification ensured comparability among variables with

different units of measurement.

The Flood Hazard Index (FHI) was computed using the Weighted

Overlay tool in ArcMap, applying the formula:

FHI=(Wi×Xi)

where:

Wi = assigned weight of parameter

Xi = reclassified score of parameter

1. Elevation Component= WElevation×SElevation

2. Slope Component= WSlope×SSlope

3. Flow Accumulation Component= WFlowAccum×SFlowAccum

4. Rainfall Component= WRainfall×SRainfall

5. Distance to River Component= WDistanceRiver×SDistanceRiver

 6. Land Use Component= WLandUse×SLandUse

The computation was performed on a cell-by-cell basis, generating a

composite hazard surface for the entire municipality.

3.2. Vulnerability Assessment and Municipal Vulnerability Index (MVI)

Vulnerability was assessed at the barangay level using exposure

indicators and community-based historical flood data. Indicators included:

● Demographic Vulnerability

● Structural/Physical Vulnerability

● Flood Exposure Severity

● Adaptive Capacity

Vulnerability Calculations

1. Demographic Vulnerability

Vdemographic=Population( Ages 0−17)+ Population ¿ ¿

2. Physical/ Structural Vulnerability

Vstructural=Light Materials +Salvaged Materials ¿ ¿ x 100

Total Households

3. Weighted Flood Exposure Index

Knee level +Waist level+Chest level

Eseverity = x 100
Total Respondent

4. Adaptive Capacity (Livelihood Stability)

 Professional livelihoods
AClivelihood= x 100
Total Workforce Surveyed

5. Multidimensional Vulnerability Index

VD+ VS+ ES+ AC

MVI =
4

Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) Classification

MVI (%) Vulnerability Level

0.00 – 20.00 Very Low

20.01 – 40.00 Low

40.01 – 60.00 Moderate

60.01 – 80.00 High

80.01 – 100.00 Very High

Table 4.12.1 Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) Classification

Table 4.12.1 shows the classification of vulnerability levels based on the

Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) in percentages. Categories range

from Very Low (0.00–20.00%) to Very High (80.01–100.00%), allowing easy

identification of barangays with low, moderate, or high vulnerability. This

classification provides a clear, standardized basis for comparing barangays and

supporting flood preparedness and mitigation planning.

A. Barangay Baluarte
 (716+ 1757+1545+1976)+(1615)
Vdemographic= x 100
12909

Vdemographic=58.94 %

340+ 3
Vstructural= x 100
2630

Vstructural=13.04 %

40+26+ 4
Eseverity= x 100
86

Eseverity=81.40 %

900
AClivelihood= x 100
6988

AClivelihood=12.88 %

58.94 % +13.04 % +81.40 %+ 12.88 %

MVI = =¿ 41.57%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Baluarte

was computed by integrating demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 58.94 percent, reflecting the proportion

of population groups most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural vulnerability

was 13.04 percent, indicating a smaller portion of housing is highly susceptible

to flooding. Exposure severity reached 81.40 percent, showing that a significant

part of the barangay is frequently exposed to flood events. Adaptive capacity for
livelihood was 12.88 percent, highlighting limited economic resilience of

households. Averaging these components resulted in an overall MVI of 41.57

percent, indicating a moderate vulnerability to flooding. The high exposure and

demographic vulnerability values were the main contributors to the barangay’s

overall flood susceptibility.

B. Barangay Casinglot

(486+372+ 497+732)+(438)
Vdemographic= x 100
10184

Vdemographic=17.9 %

213+ 12
Vstructural= x 100
2367

Vstructural=9.51 %

21+0+ 0
Eseverity= x 100
72

Eseverity=29.17 %

695
AClivelihood= x 100
12739

AClivelihood=5.46 %

17.9 %+ 9.51% +29.17 % +5.46 %

MVI = =¿15.51%
4
 The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Casinglot

was calculated by combining demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 17.9 percent, reflecting the proportion of

the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural vulnerability was

9.51 percent, indicating that only a small portion of housing is highly susceptible

to flooding. Exposure severity reached 29.17 percent, showing moderate

exposure of households and infrastructure to flood events. Adaptive capacity for

livelihood was 5.46 percent, suggesting limited economic resilience in the

community. Averaging these four components resulted in an overall MVI of

15.51 percent, indicating a very low vulnerability to flooding compared to other

barangays. The main contributor to the vulnerability index in this barangay was

exposure severity.

C. Barangay Gracia

(54 +72+128+281)+(195)
Vdemographic= x 100
2373

Vdemographic=30.76 %

341+0
Vstructural= x 100
605

Vstructural=56.36 %

24 +9+0
Eseverity= x 100
67
 Eseverity=49.25 %

130
AClivelihood= x 100
1013

AClivelihood=12.83 %

30.76 %+ 56.36 %+ 49.25 %+12.83 %

MVI = =¿37.3%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Gracia was

calculated by integrating demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 30.76 percent, reflecting the proportion

of the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural vulnerability was

56.36 percent, indicating that a significant portion of housing is highly

susceptible to flooding. Exposure severity reached 49.25 percent, showing

moderate-to-high exposure of households and infrastructure to flood events.

Adaptive capacity for livelihood was 12.83 percent, suggesting limited economic

resilience of residents. Averaging these four components resulted in an overall

MVI of 37.3 percent, indicating a low vulnerability to flooding. Structural

vulnerability and exposure severity were the main contributors to the barangay’s

overall flood susceptibility.

D. Barangay Mohon

(77+ 1726)
Vdemographic= x 100
4973
 Vdemographic=36.36 %

203+ 0
Vstructural= x 100
1056

Vstructural=19.22 %

36+ 21+ 8
Eseverity= x 100
79

Eseverity=82 %

300
AClivelihood= x 100
1577

AClivelihood=19.02 %

36.26 %+ 19.22% +82 %+ 19.02%

MVI = =¿39.13%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Mohon was

calculated by combining demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 36.36 percent, reflecting the proportion

of the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural vulnerability was

19.22 percent, indicating that a smaller portion of housing is highly susceptible

to flooding. Exposure severity reached 82 percent, showing that a significant

portion of households and infrastructure are frequently exposed to flood events.

Adaptive capacity for livelihood was 19.02 percent, suggesting limited economic

resilience among residents. Averaging these four components resulted in an

overall MVI of 39.13 percent, indicating a low vulnerability to flooding. The high

exposure severity was the primary contributor to the barangay’s overall

vulnerability, emphasizing the importance of flood preparedness and mitigation

measures.

E. Barangay Natumolan

(261+ 803+1161+1094)+(466)
Vdemographic= x 100
10849

Vdemographic=34.89 %

712+0
Vstructural= x 100
2280

Vstructural=31.23 %

6
Eseverity= x 100
34

Eseverity=17.65 %

445
AClivelihood= x 100
3366

AClivelihood=¿ 13.22%

34.89 %+31.23 % +17.65 % +13.22 %

MVI = =¿ 24.24%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Natumolan was

calculated by integrating demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 34.89 percent, reflecting the proportion

of the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural vulnerability was

31.23 percent, indicating that nearly one-third of housing structures are highly

susceptible to flooding. Exposure severity was 17.65 percent, showing relatively

lower direct exposure of households and infrastructure to flood events. Adaptive

capacity for livelihood was 13.22 percent, suggesting limited economic

resilience among residents. Averaging these four components resulted in an

overall MVI of 24.24 percent, indicating a low vulnerability to flooding. The

combination of moderate demographic and structural vulnerability values

primarily influences the barangay’s overall flood susceptibility.

F. Barangay Poblacion

(357 +642+643+640+690+ 1302)(365+ 843+14)

Vdemographic= x 100
13286

Vdemographic=41.37 %

129+5
Vstructural= x 100
2835

Vstructural=4.73 %

9+ 0+0
Eseverity= x 100
57

Eseverity=15 %
 300
AClivelihood= x 100
3560

AClivelihood=8.43 %

41.37 % + 4.73 %+15 % +8.43 %

MVI = =¿17.38%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Poblacion

was calculated by integrating demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 41.37 percent, reflecting a relatively

large portion of the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural

vulnerability was 4.73 percent, indicating that only a small fraction of housing is

highly susceptible to flooding. Exposure severity reached 15 percent, showing

limited direct exposure of households and infrastructure to flood events.

Adaptive capacity for livelihood was 8.43 percent, suggesting low economic

resilience of residents. Averaging these four components resulted in an overall

MVI of 17.38 percent, indicating a very low vulnerability to flooding.

Demographic vulnerability is the main factor influencing the barangay’s overall

flood susceptibility.

G. Rosario

(35+ 107+139+128+71)
Vdemographic= x 100
1130

Vdemographic=42.48 %
 34 +5
Vstructural= x 100
229

Vstructural=20 %

4+0+ 0
Eseverity= x 100
20

Eseverity=17.03 %

67
AClivelihood= x 100
519

AClivelihood=12.91 %

42.48 % +20 %+ 17.03 % 12.91 %

MVI = =¿ 23.11%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Rosario

was calculated by combining demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 42.48 percent, reflecting a relatively

high proportion of the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural

vulnerability was 20 percent, indicating that a significant portion of housing is

highly susceptible to flooding. Exposure severity reached 17.03 percent,

showing moderate direct exposure of households and infrastructure to flood

events. Adaptive capacity for livelihood was 12.91 percent, suggesting limited

economic resilience of residents. Averaging these four components resulted in

an overall MVI of 23.11 percent, indicating a low vulnerability to flooding.

Demographic vulnerability and structural vulnerability are the primary

contributors to the barangay’s overall flood susceptibility.

H. Barangay Santa Ana

(322+ 452+628+1498+515)
Vdemographic= x 100
9720

Vdemographic=35.75 %

681+ 0
Vstructural= x 100
2206

Vstructural=30.87 %

9+ 0+0
Eseverity= x 100
40

Eseverity=22.5 %

201
AClivelihood= x 100
2206

AClivelihood=9.11%

35.75 %+30.87 %+22.5 % +9.11%

MVI = =¿24.55%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Santa Ana

was calculated by integrating demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 35.75 percent, reflecting a moderate

proportion of the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural

vulnerability was 30.87 percent, indicating that nearly one-third of housing is

highly susceptible to flooding. Exposure severity reached 22.5 percent, showing

moderate exposure of households and infrastructure to flood events. Adaptive

capacity for livelihood was 9.11 percent, suggesting limited economic resilience

of residents. Averaging these four components resulted in an overall MVI of

24.55 percent, indicating a low vulnerability to flooding. Demographic and

structural vulnerabilities are the main contributors to the barangay’s overall flood

susceptibility.

I. Barangay Cruz

(355+ 568+914+ 2389+1065)

Vdemographic= x 100
16480

Vdemographic=32.11%

1522+ 9
Vstructural= x 100
3761

Vstructural=40.71 %

35+15+ 5
Eseverity= x 100
65

Eseverity=84.62 %

148
AClivelihood= x 100
3725

AClivelihood=3.97 %
 32.11%+ 40.71 %+ 84.62 %+3.97 %
MVI = =¿40.35%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay Cruz was

calculated by integrating demographic vulnerability, structural vulnerability,

exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to livelihood. The barangay

recorded a demographic vulnerability of 32.11 percent, reflecting a moderate

proportion of the population most susceptible to flood impacts. Structural

vulnerability was 40.71 percent, indicating that a substantial portion of housing

is highly susceptible to flooding. Exposure severity reached 84.62 percent,

showing that the majority of households and infrastructure are frequently

exposed to flood events. Adaptive capacity for livelihood was 3.97 percent,

suggesting very limited economic resilience among residents. Averaging these

four components resulted in an overall MVI of 40.35 percent, indicating a

moderate vulnerability to flooding. Exposure severity and structural vulnerability

are the primary contributors to the barangay’s overall flood susceptibility.

J. Barangay Sugbongcogon

(231+150+ 247+381)+(235)
Vdemographic= x 100
5065

Vdemographic=24.72 %

723+ 8
Vstructural= x 100
892

Vstructural=81.95 %
 25+ 9+2
Eseverity= x 100
68

Eseverity=52.94 %

87
AClivelihood= x 100
1147

AClivelihood=7.59 %

24.72 %+81.95 %+52.94 %+7.59 %

MVI = =¿41.8%
4

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI for Barangay

Sugbongcogon was calculated by integrating demographic vulnerability,

structural vulnerability, exposure severity, and adaptive capacity related to

livelihood. The barangay recorded a demographic vulnerability of 24.72 percent,

reflecting a relatively low proportion of the population most susceptible to flood

impacts. Structural vulnerability was 81.95 percent, indicating that the majority

of housing is highly susceptible to flooding. Exposure severity reached 52.94

percent, showing that a significant portion of households and infrastructure are

exposed to flood events. Adaptive capacity for livelihood was 7.59 percent,

suggesting limited economic resilience among residents. Averaging these four

components resulted in an overall MVI of 41.8 percent, indicating a moderate

vulnerability to flooding. Structural vulnerability is the main contributor to the

barangay’s overall flood susceptibility, highlighting the importance of housing

improvement and flood preparedness measures.

3.3. Flood Risk Computation

Flood risk was determined by integrating the hazard and vulnerability

components using the relationship:

Flood Risk = Flood Hazard Index × Municipal Vulnerability Index\textbf{Flood

Risk = Flood Hazard Index × Municipal Vulnerability Index}Flood Risk = Flood

Hazard Index × Municipal Vulnerability Index

This approach ensures that areas with both high physical susceptibility

and high socio-environmental vulnerability produce higher overall risk values.

The resulting flood risk raster was categorized into five levels:

● Very Low Risk

● Low Risk

● Moderate Risk

● High Risk

● Very High Risk

High and very high risk zones were predominantly concentrated in low-

elevation, river-adjacent, and built-up areas of Tagoloan. These areas also

corresponded with locations identified by community members as historically

flood-prone, indicating spatial agreement between modeled results and actual

flood experiences.

Summary and Interpretation

 Figure 4.14 Multidimensional Vulnerability Index of Barangays in the

Municipality of Tagoloan

The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index or MVI was calculated for ten

barangays in the Municipality of Tagoloan by integrating demographic

vulnerability, structural vulnerability, exposure severity, and adaptive capacity

related to livelihood. Barangay Baluarte recorded a moderate vulnerability of

41.57 percent driven by high exposure severity of 81.40 percent and

demographic vulnerability of 58.94 percent. Barangay Casinglot had a very low

MVI of 15.51 percent reflecting low exposure and limited adaptive capacity.

Barangay Garcia showed a low MVI of 37.3 percent with structural vulnerability

of 56.36 percent and exposure severity of 49.25 percent as main contributors.

Barangay Mohon also had a low MVI of 39.13 percent largely due to high
exposure severity of 82 percent. Barangay Natumolan recorded a low MVI of

24.24 percent reflecting moderate demographic and structural vulnerability but

relatively low exposure severity of 17.65 percent.

Barangay Poblacion registered a very low MVI of 17.38 percent

influenced by high demographic vulnerability of 41.37 percent but low structural

vulnerability and exposure severity. Barangay Rosario had a low MVI of 23.11

percent with demographic and structural vulnerabilities as primary contributors.

Barangay Santa Ana recorded a low MVI of 24.55 percent driven by

demographic vulnerability of 35.75 percent and structural vulnerability of 30.87

percent. Barangay Cruz showed a moderate MVI of 40.35 percent with very

high exposure severity of 84.62 percent and structural vulnerability of 40.71

percent. Finally, Barangay Sugbongcogon had a moderate MVI of 41.8 percent

largely influenced by extremely high structural vulnerability of 81.95 percent and

high exposure severity of 52.94 percent.

Overall, MVI values across the municipality ranged from 15.51 percent to

41.8 percent indicating varying levels of flood vulnerability. Barangays with

higher exposure severity and structural vulnerability generally exhibited higher

MVI highlighting priority areas for flood preparedness, housing improvements,

and livelihood resilience measures. This classification provides a clear

quantitative basis for assessing community vulnerability and informs subsequent

flood risk mapping and intervention planning.

 The production of the flood risk map involved a systematic integration of

terrain analysis, hydrological modeling, vulnerability assessment, and spatial

overlay techniques. Initially, DEM-based terrain and hydrological analyses were

conducted to derive key flood hazard parameters such as elevation, slope, and

flow accumulation. These parameters were then standardized and reclassified

into a uniform vulnerability scale to ensure comparability across variables.

Subsequently, the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) was computed using the

Weighted Overlay method, which applied assigned weights to each

standardized hazard factor on a cell-by-cell basis. Parallel to this, the Municipal

Vulnerability Index (MVI) was calculated using community-based historical flood

indicators, including reported flood frequency, depth, duration, and observed

damages.

Finally, the hazard and vulnerability components were integrated to

generate the overall flood risk map of Tagoloan, allowing for the identification of

areas with varying levels of flood risk. The integration of GIS-derived physical

parameters and community-reported historical data strengthened the reliability,

accuracy, and contextual relevance of the flood risk assessment for the

municipality.

4. How can the developed flood risk map and vulnerability assessment

provide a clear representation of hazard-prone areas and levels of

community exposure in the Municipality of Tagoloan?

 This section presents the results of the flood risk mapping and

vulnerability assessment of the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental,

generated using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and community-based

historical data. The analysis integrates flood hazard, and vulnerability indicators

to provide a clear spatial representation of flood-prone areas and the levels of

community exposure.

Flood Hazard Map

Figure 4.15 Flood Hazard Map

Figure 4.15 presents the Flood Hazard Map of Tagoloan, showing areas

susceptible to flooding based on physical factors such as elevation, slope, flow

accumulation, rainfall, proximity to rivers. Low-lying areas and barangays

adjacent to major river systems are identified as highly susceptible to flooding,

while higher elevation areas exhibit lower flood hazard.

Vulnerability Map

Figure 4.16 Vulnerability Map

Figure 4.16 shows the Vulnerability Map, highlighting barangays with

varying levels of community exposure. Higher vulnerability is observed in

barangays with dense populations and a higher proportion of light-material or

semi-concrete dwellings. Lower vulnerability levels are found in areas with fewer

exposed elements and more resilient housing structures.

Flood Risk Map

Figure 4.17 Flood Risk Map

Figure 4.17 presents the Flood Risk Map, which integrates hazard and

vulnerability to classify the municipality into low, moderate, high, and very high

flood risk zones. High and very high-risk areas are concentrated in low-lying

barangays along river channels, closely matching locations historically reported

by residents as frequently flooded. Moderate-risk zones occur in areas with

intermediate elevation and partial exposure to flood drivers, while low-risk zones

are located in higher elevation areas with minimal exposure, indicating lower

susceptibility to flooding.
Summary

The flood risk map serves as a practical tool for local authorities and

stakeholders by clearly identifying areas most at risk. It enables decision-

makers to prioritize barangays for flood mitigation measures and early warning

systems, plan evacuation routes efficiently, and allocate resources to the most

vulnerable communities. The reliability of the map is supported by its

correspondence with historical flood events reported by residents,

demonstrating that it is both accurate and contextually relevant for disaster risk

reduction planning in the municipality.

Overall, the integration of GIS-based hazard analysis with community-

based vulnerability data provides a comprehensive and actionable

representation of flood risk, highlighting areas that require urgent intervention

and supporting informed decision-making for flood preparedness and

management in Tagoloan.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides a concise summary of the findings, conclusions,

and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

Flooding remains a significant natural hazard in the Municipality of

Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, affecting households, infrastructure, and

livelihoods. Existing challenges, such as low-lying areas, dense settlements

near rivers, and inadequate drainage systems, have resulted in frequent

inundation, property damage, and disruptions to daily life. This study aimed to

assess the physical and socio-economic factors contributing to flood risk and to

develop a GIS-based flood risk map and vulnerability assessment to support

local disaster preparedness and mitigation planning.

In assessing flood hazard, several factors were considered, including

elevation, slope, flow accumulation, rainfall distribution, and proximity to rivers.

These parameters were derived from a Digital Elevation Model and

hydrometeorological data and were reclassified to generate the Flood Hazard

Index (FHI), which identifies areas of low to very high susceptibility to flooding.

Concurrently, community-based historical data on flood frequency, depth, and

duration were collected and integrated with demographic, structural, and

livelihood indicators to calculate the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI)

at the barangay level. The MVI results highlighted variations in vulnerability, with
barangays such as Baluarte, Cruz, and Sugbongcogon exhibiting moderate

vulnerability due to high exposure and structural susceptibility, while Casinglot

and Poblacion recorded very low vulnerability owing to lower exposure and

more resilient housing.

The integration of hazard and vulnerability components produced the

flood risk map of Tagoloan, classifying areas into low, moderate, high, and very

high flood risk zones. High-risk zones were concentrated in low-lying, river-

adjacent, and densely populated barangays, corresponding with areas

historically reported by residents as frequently flooded. The findings provide a

clear representation of hazard-prone areas and community exposure levels,

offering a practical tool for local authorities to prioritize flood mitigation

strategies, plan evacuation routes, and allocate resources effectively. Overall,

the study demonstrates that combining GIS-based physical analysis with

community-based vulnerability data allows for a reliable, actionable, and

contextually relevant assessment of flood risk in Tagoloan.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following were accomplished by the researchers in the

conduct of the GIS-based flood risk mapping and vulnerability assessment of

the Municipality of Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental:

 1. The researchers successfully assessed the flood vulnerability and hazard

of the Municipality of Tagoloan, showing that the GIS-based flood risk

mapping accurately represents flood-prone areas.

2. Analysis of community demographics, housing, livelihoods, and historical

flood experiences revealed that barangays with higher population

density, low-quality housing, and flood-sensitive livelihoods are more

vulnerable.

3. Hydrometeorological and topographic data, including rainfall intensity,

flow accumulation, storm events, elevation, slope, land use, and river

networks, were effectively integrated to determine flood hazard and risk

levels across the municipality.

4. The calculation of the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) for each

barangay identified priority areas for disaster preparedness, flood

mitigation, and community support based on exposure, structural

vulnerability, demographic sensitivity, and adaptive capacity.

5. The resulting flood risk maps provide a clear, actionable visualization of

low, moderate, high, and very high-risk zones, supporting decision-

makers, local authorities, and stakeholders in planning interventions and

allocating resources to reduce flood impacts.

Recommendation

Based on the summary and conclusion of the study, the following are

recommended:
1. The researchers suggest prioritizing flood mitigation measures in

barangays with high and very high Multidimensional Vulnerability Index

(MVI) scores to reduce the impact of flooding on households,

infrastructure, and livelihoods.

2. The researchers recommend implementing community-based programs

to raise awareness about flood preparedness, early warning systems,

and proper waste management to enhance adaptive capacity and reduce

vulnerability.

3. The researchers advise conducting regular monitoring of rainfall, river

levels, and land use changes, combined with updates to the flood risk

maps, to ensure the accuracy and relevance of flood hazard

assessments over time.

4. The researchers suggest improving local infrastructure, such as drainage

systems, river embankments, and evacuation routes, especially in low-

lying and river-adjacent areas, to minimize flood risk and facilitate

community resilience.

5. The researchers recommend future studies to integrate sustainable land-

use planning, environmental conservation, and socio-economic strategies

to strengthen long-term flood risk reduction and community resilience in

the Municipality of Tagoloan.

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APPENDICES