Module 2: Management Information System

Management Information System (MIS): Definition

MIS is a planned system of collecting, storing, and
disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry
out the function of management.
It is also the study and use of people, technology,
organizations, and the relationships among them. The
purpose of MIS is to extract data from varied sources and
derive insights that drive business growth.

Characteristics of MIS

1. Systems Approach: The information system follows a

systems approach. Systems approach means taking a
comprehensive view or a complete look at the
interconnected sub-systems that operate within an
organization.
2. Management Oriented: This implies that the management
actively directs the development initiatives in an
organisation. For planning of MIS, top-down approach
should be followed, since it suggests that the actual
development starts from the determination of management’s
needs and overall business objective for which constant
review and participation of the manager is necessary.

3. Need Based: MIS design should be as per the information

needs of managers at different levels.

4. Future Oriented: MIS provides access to past or historical

information on the basis of this future projections of actions
can be initiated.

5. Integrated: Integration of sub systems has the ability to

produce more meaningful information. Senior Managers,
particularly benefit from integrated systems because they
need cross functional information. Although total information
of sub-systems is neither achievable nor desirable, a
substantial degree of integration is required for an
effective management information system.

6. Common Data Flow: Common data flow includes avoiding

duplication, combining functions of similarities and simplifying
operations wherever possible.
7. Long Term Planning: MIS is developed by keeping in mind
the long term Organisational goals for a relatively long time
periods. For this strategically strong plans should be
involved.

8. Sub System Concept: The MIS view organisation as a

single entity, but when it comes to problem solving it must be
broken down into small sub-systems to find out the actual
cause of the problem.

9. Information Relevancy: MIS provides relevant information

to solve the difficulties in real time. Sometimes analysis of a
problem varies from among different managers so in such
case MIS is very helpful.

10. MIS is Flexible: MIS can be easily modified, for

example, different information is needed if the organization
undertakes new activities (such as introducing new products)
this requires new modes of processing the information
system, so MIS is capable of easily accommodate growth or
adapt to new types of processing activities.

[Link] database: In the MIS there is common data base for

whole system.
 Components of MIS

 People – They are the users who use the information system
to record and monitor business transactions. The users are
usually qualified professional such as accountants, HR
managers etc. the ICT dept. usually has the support staff for
smooth running of MIS system.
 Data – is the recorded business transactions.
 Business Procedures – These are the best practices that
guide the users and all other components on how to work
efficiently. Business procedures are developed by people ie.
Users, consultants etc…
 Hardware – these include servers, workstations, networking
equipment, printers, etc.
 Software – these are programs that run the hardware. The
software is classified into system software and applications
software. System software refers to the operating system ie,
windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu etc. Whereas application software
 refers to specific softwares for accomplishing business tasks
like payroll programs, banking system, point of sale systems.

Function and Role of MIS

There are many roles of MIS and some them are

1. Decision making
2. Coordination among the department
3. Finding out Problems
4. Comparison of Business Performance
5. Strategies for an Organization

Decision Making
MIS plays a significant role in the decision-making process of any
organization. In any organization, a decision is made on the basis
of relevant information retrieved from the MIS.
Coordination among the department
MIS establishes a sound relationship among the every individuals
of the department with other department through proper exchange
of information. It also satisfies multiple needs of an organization
across different functional departments.

Finding out Problems

MIS provides relevant information about each and every activities
happening within an organization so if any mistake prevails then
MIS helps in finding out the problem and suggest relevant solution
to that particular problem.

Comparison of Business Performance

MIS stores all past data and information in its Database. So it’s
very helpful to compare business organization performance with
respect to past year and present year to predict and foresee the
future business plans.

Strategies for an Organization

Today each business is running in a competitive market. MIS
supports the organization to create appropriate strategies for the
business to establish themselves in the competitive environment.
Process of MIS Implementation

The implementation of MIS involves the following steps,

1. Information needs - Firstly, an analytical study is made where

information required for the external parties of the organisation
like government, customers, suppliers, labor unions etc. are
collected. The needs of information are related with the size of
organisation, nature of business, financial position, state
government policies and several other factors.

2. MIS Objectives - MIS Objectives should be transparent in

terms of what one wants to do with the information he/she
 receives. The planning, management control, and continuous
flow of information are all related to the size of the
organizational goals.

3. Determine Sources of information - After estimating the need

of information and clearly defining the objectives, the third step
is to determine the sources of information for the installation of
MIS. There are several sources internal, external and personal
sources

4. Information classification - Accounts, files, statistical articles,

are internal sources, whereas commercial and government
journals, are external sources, interviews and personal
inspections are personal sources.

5. Method of giving information – here it is decided as to who

the information is to be given, how many copies are to be
prepared, when and what will be its frequency and in which
form it is to be given. They can be communicated by reports,
charts, statements or even orally.

6. Cost profit analysis - Finally, the cost incurred for assessing

information system and the benefit of the same is estimated.
The cost of information system includes the cost of its
implementation, practicing it and its evaluation. Also used to
find out the specific profit for the organization.
 7. Evaluation - 3 to 6 months after implementation of
management information system, it is evaluated to judge
whether the cost incurred for its implementation is less than the
benefits derived from it and, also if it satisfies the needs of the
personnel using it. If it is not satisfactory, steps should be taken
to make to more effective and useful.

Applications of MIS
MIS provides data to inform company about its decision making,
to reduce waste and increase profits.

MIS in company management provides a broad picture of

company performance, acts as a planning tool, emphasizes
strengths and weaknesses, helps improve performance and
reflects levels of organizational efficiency.

Nowadays all levels of management, departments and even

customers use the information generated through various MIS
data to inform decisions like buying, hiring, reorganizing, pricing,
marketing and budgeting.

Executives and departments within an organization could obtain

any of the following forms of data:

 Business Intelligence System: In BI, all levels of management

and executives can print data and graphs showing information or
trends relating to growth, costs, strategic control, efficiency, risk
and performance.
 Executive Information System: An EI system provides the same
information as a BI system, but with greater attention to detail
 and more confidential information, designed to help top-level
executives make choices that impact the entire organization.

 Marketing Information System: MI systems provide data about

past marketing campaigns so that marketing executives can
determine what works, what does not work and what they need to
change in order to achieve the desired results.

 Customer Relationship Management System: Keeping up with

customers is key to overall success, and CRMS helps companies
know when and how to follow up with customers in order to
encourage an ongoing sales relationship with them.

 Sales Force Automation System: Gone are the days when

sales teams must do everything manually. SFA systems
automate much of what must be done for orders and to obtain
customer information.

 Human Resource Management System: HRM systems track

how much employees are paid, when and how they are
performing. Companies can use this information to help improve
performance.

 Knowledge Management System: Customers with questions

want answers right away and knowledge management systems
allow them to access frequently asked questions or troubleshoot
on their own timetable.
 Financial Accounting System: Financial accounting systems
help to track accounts receivable and accounts payable, in order
to manage the cash flow of a company.
 Supply Chain Management System: SCM systems record and
manage the supply of finances, goods and data from the point of
origin both domestically or abroad, all the way to its destination in
the hands of a customer.

System view of Business

The systems approach provides an overall view of an
organization’s activities whereby an organization is separated into
identifiable subsystems or departments. All such departments
are interdependent and perform specific tasks of work which
contribute to the organization’s goals. The simplest model of a
business system consist of basic elements, they are
 Input,
 Processes,
 Output and
 Feedback.

So a system is a collection of parts (or sub-systems) integrated to

accomplish an overall goal of a business. If one part of the system
is removed, the nature of the entire system changes. Systems
range from very simple to very complex. The systems view:
1. Reduces complexity
2. Simplifies objectives
3. Emphasizes working together
4. Acknowledges interconnections
5. Values feedback
Example of a system view: Computer
Elements of computer are: Monitor, CPU, Printer etc
Basic goals: Data Processing

Any organization can be viewed as a system since an

organization as a whole is unitary function. It consists of
arrangement of activities to achieve its objectives. The systems
approach studies the entire arrangement rather than a single
sub-set of organizational activities. It considers an organization
in its totality.

Development of MIS within the organization

Following steps are involved in the development of an

appropriate MIS for a business organisation:

1. Defining and analyzing various types of decisions made in

the organization:
The MIS designers should thoroughly analyze the existing
decisions- making system of the organisation. This requires a
study of different levels of decision makers and the priorities of
these decision makers. Further weightage is given based on the
efficiency of the new decisions made keeping in mind the future
growth of the firm/co.

2. Comparison of costs and benefits of the system:

The MIS should be designed in such a manner that the benefits
should out-weight the cost of collecting, analyzing and
presenting information. If not alternative means of providing
information for managerial decision making should be studied and
evaluated in terms of their costs and benefits.

An effective MIS not only evaluates information for presentation

but also eliminates unnecessary data. The MIS should
summarize and condense information so that it can be easily
absorbed and used for decision making.

3. Pre-Testing of the systems and training of operators:

MIS should be pretested before it is actually implemented. If the
system is not pretested then problems are likely to arise and
changes in the system at that time may prove to be very
expensive. Also proper training should be imparted to the
managers to understand the system so that they can make
proper use of the system.

4. Planning for storage of information:

Proper arrangement should be made for storage of information.
All information should be stored in disaggregated files (files being
broken down into smaller units of data). New data should be
added to the existing data in a given category as it is received.

Different decision makers with similar information ideas should

be identified so that dissemination (spread) of information can
happen without repetition of ideas. This would avoid duplication
and waste while creating new MIS.

5. Mechanism for gathering and processing data:

Proper methods for information processing must be selected. This
requires determined steps for the purpose of collecting, storing,
sorting, evaluating, transmitting and retrieving information.

6. Arrangement for dissemination of information:

Proper arrangement should be made for the dissemination of
information at the right time to various decision makers.
Information delayed is information denied. Proper formats should
be designed for the dissemination of information to various
decision makers.

7. Review of MIS at periodical intervals:

This phase is part of maintenance and feedback. Functioning of
the MIS should be reviewed at periodical intervals. This review
helps in identifying deficiencies in the existing MIS and
making appropriate changes to overcome such deficiencies.
System approach in Planning, Organizing and
Controlling MIS

The system approach is based on the generalization that all

things are inter-related and inter-dependent with each other. A
system is simply an assemblage of things to form a single unit.

One of the most significant characteristics is that it consists of a

subsystem hierarchy. For instance, it is possible to view the world
as a system in which different national economies are sub-
systems

System approach in Planning:

Planning is an essential feature of management. Planning

involves deciding what needs to be done, who needs to do it,
when to do it, and how to do it in advance. Two phases are part
of the planning process:

 Developing the strategies.

 Formulating the steps which are necessary to accomplish
the plan, timing and expense.

System Approach in Organizing:

Organizing is important for managers because it leads to

successful group action. It also helps to keep people working
together. The following points shows about the System Approach
in Organizing -

 The good structure of the organization as outlined in the

policies and procedure are
 Treating individuals as a system
 The organisation wide communication system.
 The departmental functionalities aligned with management
perspectives.

The different phases of organizing are:

1. Developing a technical organization
2. Start with company objectives and develop a hierarchy of
systems/sub-systems required.
3. Involve specialists in developing a team, matrix or a system.

System Approach in Controlling

Controlling is necessary because the outcome of the desire needs

to be achieved. The most popular approach consists of a three-
step procedure-

 Setting a performance standard as per the Quantitative or

Qualitative parameters.
 Once performance standard is set, measuring performance
against this standard is necessary to monitor the progress.
 Deviation Control, this is to ensure the outcome is not getting
deviated from desired outcomes.

Reasons for the failure of MIS

 Incomplete analysis –An incomplete analysis is due to some
common reasons like problem identification, key
requirements and constraints are not properly understood
and identified at the early stages of the MIS design and
development process.
 Lack of management involvement –Lack of management
involvement have long-lasting consequences and can impact
an entire system. Many executives who are not personally
involved in MIS system design would most likely be the
cause of system failure because the inputs of senior executives
are always fruitful for the system to get the right direction to
work on.

 The accent of the computerized system – if someone

doesn't understand the procedures of handling input and output
system, hardware usage, and its application then this makes
the biggest cause of MIS failure.

 Concentration on low-level data processing – Information

must be easily accessible and understood so sometimes the
MIS is conceived as a data processing and not as an
information processing system

 Lack of management knowledge of ICT systems and

capabilities – Because of the growth of KM (Knowledge
Management) systems, structures, data processes, and
information technologies, the implementation and use of ICT to
encourage knowledge management have brought the urgent
need to come up with new approaches, resources, and
techniques. The managers know what they want from the
system but don't understand the technology.

 Lack of teamwork – For a variety of reasons, lack of

coordination may be a problem. People must come together
 to create relationships that lead to productive teamwork. By
good communication, the team leader can align the team, so
that individual abilities combine to achieve results for the
teams. During MIS design, An ICT director must organize the
divisions of accounts, marketing, distribution, etc. to help
everybody understand the benefits of the system.

 Lack of professional standards – These criteria are for all

members of the team who work for an organization, defining
the abilities, expertise, and qualities needed for the
organization. All systems require simple documentation that
can be understood by all users.

 Adequate attention is not given to the quality control aspects of

the inputs, the process and the outputs leading to
insufficient controls in the MIS.

 The MIS is developed without considering the transaction

processing systems in the organization.

 Lack of training with respect to employees, since they have to

play an important role in the MIS.

 The MIS does not meet certain critical and key factors for its
users such as a response to the query on the database,
inability to complete the process on time, lack of user-
friendly system and the dependence on the system
personnel.

 A belief that the computerized MIS can solve all the

management problems of planning and control of the business.
 Lack of administrative discipline in following the standardized
procedures, like wrong coding and deviating from the system
specifications result in incomplete and incorrect information.

 The MIS does not give perfect information to all the users in the
organization, since it has to be interpreted as per the
executives’ level of understanding.

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

DBMS are software systems used to define (create), store,
retrieve, delete, and manage data in a database. A DBMS
serves as an interface between an end-user and a database.
DBMS is basically management of database and its data which
can be classified into four main functional groups:

 Data defining – Creation, modification and removal of details

related to data.
 Update – Insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual
data.
 Retrieval – Accessing the data whenever necessary for
further processing by applications. The retrieved data may be
made available in a form basically the same as it is stored in
the database or in a new form.
 Administration – Registering and monitoring users, enforcing
data security, monitoring performance, maintaining data
integrity, dealing with concurrency control, and recovering
information that has been corrupted by some event such as an
unexpected system failure.
Examples of DBMS's include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft
SQL Server, Oracle Database, and Microsoft Access.

DBMS manages the

 Data
 The Database Engine and
 The Database Schema (structure of a database described
in a formal language)
DBMS allows for data to be manipulated or extracted by users
and other programs. This helps provide data security, data
integrity, concurrency (many users can access data at the
same time), and uniform data administration procedures.

DBMS offer many benefits over traditional file systems, including

flexibility and a more complex backup system.

The most widely used types of DBMS software are relational,

distributed, hierarchical, object-oriented, and network.

Classification of DBMS
Distributed database management system
A distributed DBMS is a set of logically interrelated databases
distributed over a network that is managed by a centralized
database application. This type of DBMS synchronizes data
periodically and ensures that any change to data is universally
updated in the database.
Hierarchical database management system
Hierarchical databases organize model data in a tree-like
structure. Data storage is either a top-down or bottom-up
format and is represented using a parent-child relationship.
Network database management system
Entities are organized in a graph that can be accessed through
several paths.
Relational database management system
This is the most popular model because of its user-friendly
interface. It is based on normalizing data in the rows and
columns of the tables, hence lots of information can be
managed.
Object-oriented database management system
Object-oriented models store data in objects instead of rows and
columns. It is based on object-oriented programming (OOP)
where information is stored in the form of objects such as fields,
properties, and methods.
Facebook
Instagram
Google
Netflix

Facebook, Flickr, MediaWiki, Twitter, and YouTube: My Sql

Dell, NTT Data, Cognizant, Microsift: Sql
Accenture, Uber, Delivery Hero: Mongo db
Amazon: Amazon Redshift
Audi, Nike: IBM database
Spotify, The New York Times, HSBC: Google Big Query
Alibaba, ebay: Druid
Netflix, instagram, instacart: Cassandra
Prisma health, Autodesk: Snowflake
Linkedin, ebay, Netflix: Oracle
Components of DBMS:

The term database system refers to an organization of

components that define and regulate the collection, storage,
management, and use of data within a database environment.
The five major components of database management
system are
Hardware:
Hardware is the one of the most important component of dbms
system. It refers to all of the system’s physical devices like
computers (PCs, workstations, servers, and supercomputers),
storage devices, printers, network devices (hubs, switches,
routers, fiber optics) and other devices (automated teller
machines, ID readers, and so on).
Software:
Though DBMS itself is a software, to make the database system
function smoothly, three types of software are needed:
a. Operating system software:

It manages all hardware components and makes it possible for all

other software to run on the computers. Examples of operating
system software include Microsoft Windows, Linux, MacOS,
UNIX, and MVS.

b. DBMS software:

It manages the database within the database system. Some

examples of DBMS software include Microsoft’s SQL Server,
Oracle Corporation’s Oracle, Sun’s MySQL, and IBM’s DB2.

c. Application programs and utility software:

These are used to access and manipulate data in the DBMS as

per the user requirements. Application programs are most
commonly used to access data found within the database to
generate reports, tabulations, and other information to
facilitate decision making. Utilities are the software tools used
to help manage the database system’s computer components.

Users:

The users are the people who manage the databases and perform
different operations on the databases in the database system. There are
three kinds of people who play different roles in database system
 Application Programmers
The people who write application programs in programming languages
(such as Visual Basic, Java, or C++) to interact with databases are called
Application Programmer.

 Database Administrators
A person who is responsible for managing the overall database
management system is called database administrator.

 End-Users
The end-users are the people who interact with database management
system to perform different operations on database such as retrieving,
updating, inserting, deleting data etc.
Data

Data is the most important component of the DBMS. The main

purpose of DBMS is to process the data. In DBMS, databases are
defined, constructed and then data is stored, updated and
retrieved to and from the databases.

Procedures:
Procedures refer to the instructions and rules that help to design the
database and to use the DBMS. The users that operate and manage the
DBMS require documented procedures on hot use or run the database
management system. These may include.

1. Procedure to install the new DBMS.

2. To log on to the DBMS.

3. To use the DBMS or application program.

4. To make backup copies of database.

5. To change the structure of database.

6. To generate the reports of data retrieved from database.

Database Access Language

Database Access Language is a simple programming language

designed to write commands to access, insert, update and
delete data stored in any database.
A programmer can write commands in the language readable by
database and submit it to the DBMS for execution, which is then
translated and executed by the DBMS.
Users can create new data, tables, insert data, fetch stored data,
update and delete the data using the access language.
The most popular database access language is SQL (Structured
Query Language)
Components of a database management system
All DBMS comes with various integrated components and tools
necessary to carry out almost all database management tasks.
Some DBMS software even provides the ability to extend beyond
the core functionality by integrating with third-party tools and
services, directly or via plugins.

In this section, we will look at the common components that are

universal across all DBMS software, including:
Storage engine
The storage engine is the core component of the DBMS that
interacts with the file system at an OS level to store data. All SQL
queries which interact with the underlying data go through the
storage engine.

Query language
A database access language is required for interacting with a
database, from creating databases to simply inserting or retrieving
data. A proper DBMS must support one or multiple query
languages and language dialects. Structured query language
(SQL) and Mongo DB Query Language (MQL) are two query
languages that are used to interact with the databases.

Query processor
This is the intermediary between the user queries and the
database. The query processor interprets the queries of users
and makes them actionable commands that can be understood
by the database to perform the appropriate functionality.

Optimization engine
The optimization Engine allows the DBMS to provide insights
into the performance of the database with respect to solving of
the queries.

Metadata catalog
This is the centralized catalog of all the objects within the
database. When an object is created, the DBMS keeps a record
of that object using the metadata catalog. Then, this record can
be used to:

 Verify user requests to the appropriate database objects

 Provide an overview of the complete database structure

Log manager
This component will keep all the logs of the DBMS. These logs
will consist of user logins and activity, database functions,
backups and restore functions, etc. The log manager ensures
all these logs are properly recorded and easily accessible.

Reporting & monitoring tools

Reporting tools will enable users to generate reports while
monitoring tools enable monitoring the databases for ongoing
resource consumption, user activity, etc.

Data utilities
In addition to all the above, most DBMS software comes with
additional inbuilt utilities to provide functionality such as:

 Data integrity checks

 Backup and restore
 Simple database repair
 Data validations
 Etc.
Objectives of DBMS have to continue from here
maam

Shareability: Different people and different processes can able to

use the same actual data virtually the same line.

Availability: Both the data and DBMS which deliver the data are
easily accessible to the user.

Resolvability: Is the ability of the DBMS to change in response to

growing user needs and advancing technology.

Mass Storage
DBMS can store a lot of data in it. So for all the big firms, DBMS is
really ideal technology to use. It can store thousands of records
and one can fetch all that data whenever it is needed.
Removes Duplicacy/Data redundancy
If you have lots of data then data duplicity will occur for sure at any
instance. DBMS guarantees that there will be no data duplicity
among all the records. While storing new records, DBMS makes
sure that same data was not inserted before. By solving this
problem, we can work on less storage space
Multiple Users Access
No one can handle the whole database alone. There are lots of
users who are able to access database. So this situation may
happen that two or more users are accessing database. They can
change whatever they want, at that time DBMS makes sure that
they can work concurrently.
Data Protection:
Information such as bank details, employee’s salary details and
sale purchase details should always be kept secured. Also all the
companies need their data secured from unauthorized use. DBMS
gives a master level security to their data. No one can alter or
modify the information without proper permit. The security of the
data is the responsibility of data administrator.
Data Backup and recovery
Sometimes database failure occurs so chances of losing data can
be possible. So to prevent this DBMS has the ability to backup and
recover timely data in database.
Everyone can work on DBMS.
There is no need to be a master of programming language if you
want to work on DBMS. Any accountant who is having less
technical knowledge can work on DBMS. All the definitions and
descriptions are given in it so that even a non-technical
background person can work on it.
Integrity.
Integrity means ensuring data is authentic and consistent. DBMS
has various validity checks that makes the data completely
accurate and consistence, since data/information is shared among
multiple users.

Functions of DBMS
The Database Management System performs the following
functions:

(a) Data Dictionary Management

The data dictionary stores the definitions of data elements such

as data, data types, relationship between them, integrity
constraints etc. This information is termed as metadata. Any
changes made in a database structure are automatically updated
in the data dictionary.

(b) Data Storage Management

The DBMS creates the complex structures required for data

storage. The users are free from defining, programming and
implementing the complex physical data characteristics.
(Example: capacity to store data in different formats such as text.
graph, audios, videos, pictures, gifs, pdfs etc.)

(c) Data Transformation and Presentation:

DBMS supports data independence. Hence the DBMS translate
logical request into commands that physically locate and retrieve
the requested data. The DBMS formats the physically existing
data according to the user’s data format specifications. Word
to pdf, text to image, continuous date to static data and vice
versa

(d) Security Management:

The DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security

and data privacy within the database. This function determines
which users can access the database and which data operations
(read, add, delete, or modify) the user can perform.

(e) Multiuser Access Control:

The DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure multiple users

can access the database concurrently without compromising on
the time lag to access data. Hence the database ensures data
integrity and data consistency.

(f) Backup and Recovery Management:

This function is to ensure data safety and accessibility for the end
users.

 DBMS system provides special utilities to the Database

administrator to perform routine special backup and restore
procedures.
 Recovery Management deals with the recovery of the database
after a failure.

(g) Data Integrity Management:

The DBMS promotes and enforce integrity rules to eliminate data

integrity problems, thus minimizing the data redundancy and
maximizing data consistency.
(h) Database Access Languages and Application Interface:

The DBMS provides data access via query language, this

language allows the user to specify what must be done. The
DBMS’s query language contains two components: a data
definition language (DDL) and a data manipulation language
(DML). The DBMS also provide data access to programmers via
programming languages.

Structured Query Language (SQL) is the default query

language and data access standard supported by the majority of
DBMS vendors

(i) Database Communication Interfaces:

The end user requests for database access are received in the
form of communication messages. The interaction between
DBMS and end-user applications happens within a computer
network environment. The DBMS integrates with a
communication software components called data communication
manager (DCM), to control the transmission activities of
messages.

In this computer network environment, communications can be

accomplished in several ways:

- End users can generate answers to queries by filling in screen

forms through their preferred Web browsers. (Query section)

- The DBMS can automatically publish predefined reports on a

Website. (FAQ section)

- The DBMS can connect to third-party systems to distribute

information via e-mail or other productivity applications.
Recent trends in DBMS
The global market for database management systems (DBMS) is
estimated at nearly $63.1 billion for the year 2020 and is projected
to reach $125.6 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 12.4% over
the period, according to Expert Market Research.

Here are the main trends driving the market growth for databases:

 SQL Back On Top

A decade ago, the new NoSQL entrants seemed like formidable
challengers to the long-dominant SQL-based DBMS. These days,
it’s more or less acknowledged that SQL will remain a
cornerstone of DBMS for the foreseeable future. Even newer
machine learning-based offerings, such as MindDB’s ML
framework and AWS Redshift ML, have incorporated SQL as the
default querying language.

 ML-Driven Databases
The rising trend of integrating (Machine Learning) ML models
where the data lives is becoming standard practice among
vendors such as Oracle Autonomous Database and Microsoft
SQL are actively utilizing ML based service offerings.

 Stronger Database Security Layers

With cyber-attacks and data breaches continuing to dominate the
technology world, more focus has been placed on securing the
data. More vendors are augmenting with stronger security
features.

For example, Oracle now integrates with automated encryption,

while Amazon RDS includes a built-in firewall (i.e., security
groups) for database access.

 Cloud-based DBMS
The practice of using a network of remote servers with internet to
store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a
personal computer is cloud database DBMS.

It is an organized and managed collection of data in an IT system

that resides on a public or private cloud computing platform. From
an overall design and functionality perspective, a cloud database
runs on an organization's own data center systems.

 Augmented Database Management

It is the application of AI to enhance and automate data

management tasks. It has the ability to support data scientists to
overcome time-consuming and data-intensive tasks which are
otherwise done manually.

AI based DBMS models are specifically designed to perform data

management tasks that often take less time, make less errors
and cost less in the long run.

 An Increased focus on Security

The rising number of cyber-attacks clearly highlights the

increased need for data security. Firewalls and antivirus are no
more the only solution for prevention of data loss. Thus database
administrators (DBAs) are working hand-in-hand with their IT
security colleagues to ensure the safety of enterprise data.

 In-Memory Databases
In-memory database helps database system with lightning-speed
response time. The idea is basically keeping the whole dataset in
the main memory (RAM) rather than a hard disk drive. This
means whenever there is a query, the database you will have
direct access to the data of Random access memory.
Simplified processing, reduced memory consumption,
quicker data accessibility, data persistence, high
performance, etc. are some of the advantages you can find with
this database.

The Concept of RDBMS

Relational databases is based on an intuitive (easy to use and
understand), straightforward way of representing data in the form
of rows (tuples) of a table.
In a relational database,
 Each row in the table is a record with a unique ID called the
key.
 The columns of the table hold attributes of the data, and
 Each attribute usually has a value, making it easy to establish
the relationships among data points.
Following are the various terminologies of RDBMS:

A relational database is the most commonly used database

since it is represented in the form of several tables, and each
table has its primary key.

The organized set of tables gives easy access to the data in

RDBMS.

All modern database management systems like SQL, MS SQL

Server, IBM DB2, ORACLE, My-SQL, and Microsoft Access are
based on RDBMS.