Introduction to broadcast media
SYLLABUS
UNIT I: Basics of Sound and Visual
Sound-scape, Sound culture
Types of sound-Sync, Non-Sync, Natural sound, Ambience
Sound
Microphone- Different kinds of microphones (dynamic,
condenser, directional microphones)
Basics of Sound Design
What is a visual?
Visual Culture in media studies
Politics of an image
Ecology of image
Unit II: Visual Grammar
Basics of a Camera- (Lens & accessories)
Camera Movement
Types of shots, Focusing, Depth of field, Lighting
Visual Perspective
UNIT III: Elements in Broadcast news
Electronic News Gathering (ENG) & Electronic field
Production (EFP) (Concept)
Elements of a Television News Story: Gathering,
Writing/Reporting.
Elements of a Television News Bulletins
Basics of Editing for TV- Basic Software's and Techniques (for
editing a n Practical component
Unit 2 : Visual grammar
Basics of camera – (Lens &
Accessories)
Image sensor
An image sensor is an electronic device that contains millions of small
square dots that are arranged in horizontal, vertical rows, called pixels
which is used to capture image and send it to the memory card (MP :
Mega pixel)
Types of Image sensor
1. CCD – Charge coupled services
CCD was invented by steven Sasson in 1975. It was the first
sensor that was used in digital camera. CCD converts
analogue image into digital pixels. CCD chips are expensive
but capture good quality images.
It has been used for last 20 years, but nowadays video
camera makers are opting for small sized CMOS
2. CMOS – Complementary metal oxide -semiconductor
It captures information from top to bottom
It transfers image quickly than CCD
It is inexpensive
It is smaller in size
It captures better quality video
Its use has reduced the size of the camera and made it
lighter in weight
Focal length
The distance between focal point of the lens to the point where
the image is seen focused in focus is called focal length
Zoom ratio
o When maximum focal length is divided by maximum focal
length is called zoom ratio.
Zoom range
o Zoom range is the Ranger where we can change the focal
length of the lens.
o 3X – we can increase the FL 3 times. Also, we can zoom in 3
times
o Zoom in – wide to tele FL increase
o Zoom out – tele to wide FL decrease
Video camera & It’s parts –
Accessories
A video camera is an electronic device that converts optical
information into electrical signal
Parts of video camera
1. Lens
2. on / off button /record button
3. Focus ring
4. aperture ring
5. Zoom ring
6. Microphone
7. Viewfinder
8. Battery
9. LCD view time
10. Tally light
11. Filter
12. Audio output
13. Gain control
14. Lens hood
15. Flash light
Camera movement
Shots classified by camera movement
Q. Why we need to move camera ?
Ans :-
1. To Change the perspective and composition of the image
2. to include another subject
3. to add visual interest
4. To express excitement
5. To increase tension or curiosity
6. to add a new viewpoint
o With every camera movement, a new information is
added. there should be a motivation for camera
movement and controlled in time and speed
Track in/ Track out (Dolly in/dolly out)
This is the combined movement of camera and pedestal
mounted on track and trolley
In this Track in/ Track out Movement the camera with the
tripod mounted on track and trolley moves toward or away
from the principal object. This movement shows relationship
between foreground and background
Trauk left/Truck right (Crab left/Crab right)
Crab left/ Crab right movement involves movement Off
camera on tripod mounted on track and trolley. In this case,
the camera moves laterally along with the moving across the
screen. This movement of camera shows extent of the
screen section by section and also includes other elements
in the frame.
Arc left/Arc right
As the name suggests, it involves angular movement of the
camera and the tripod mounted on track and trolley. This
movement includes fresh viewpoint and changing the
emphasis on the subject
Zoom in/ zoom out
In this movement the camera and tripod don’t move rather
the combination of the lens inside the camera head move
towards the subject the to get close view of the subject or
further away from the subjects
while zooming in the relationship between image size
remains in fact and the central portion of the field of view
got magnified
during zoom out more subjects got included in the field of
view and the subject in the frame appears to be reduced
There are two basic camera movement:-
1. PAN
o the horizontal movement of camera left and right is called
pan while doing the pan the tripod/ pedestal remains
stationary
o Why do we do panning :- to add fresh viewpoint and cover
the moving subject in the frame
2. Tilt
o The vertical movement of camera up and down is called
tilt movement in these two the tripod remains
stationary
o tilt up and tilt down are two types of tilt movement
o tilt up covers the top angle
o tilt down covers low angle field of view
Types of shots, Focusing, Depth of
field, lighting
Types of shots
The number of frames You shoot between opening and closing of
the shutter button on the camera constitutes a shot. It is called
shot
~Definitions
Frame
Four boundaries of any visual is called a frame. The
rectangular space which is available to us within which we
frame the object is called angle of view. It is in this angle of
view which determines whether a shot Will be large or small
Shot
A series of frame constitutes a shot. Unit of shot is frame
Sequence
when various shots are arranged in a certain sequence to
complete a Film scene is called a sequence. Sequence unit is
scene
Scene
A series of shots together constitutes a scene. Shot is a unit of
scene.
Image size
Is just another term for a shot. Technically, it represents the change in
size of the image. Image size represents or establishes a locality or
location and time duration.
Types of Shots
1. One shot – if there is one character in the frame it is one
2. Two shot – Two character
3. Three shot – Three character
4. Group shot – More than 3 Character
5. Head on shot – if an object enters into the frame from the front
it is called head on shot
6. Tail end – if a person exits from a frame from behind it is a tale
end shot
7. Over the shoulder shot (OSS) – if a person is captured from
their point of view or from behind the shoulder of another person
is called OSS
~ example siddhi baat hosted by Prabhu chawla.
7 Basic shots of TV
ECU ( Extreme close up or face shot)
CU (Close up)
MSU (Medium Close up)
MS (Medium or mid sheet)
MLS (Medium long sheet)
LS (Long shot)
ELS (Extreme long shot)
1. ECU ( Extreme close up or face shot)
o This shot captures the subject from mid forehead to just
above the chin or even closer
o Purpose :- It shows the details up close, details are
magnified to a very large extent. This short emphasizes
the facial expressing to show emotions or show the face
in threatening form.
2. CU (Close up)
o This shot is captured from just above the head to the
upper chest. Apply the cut at the neck tie knot.
o Purpose:- used as a reaction shot it shows the facial
expression and what the subject is thinking or feeling
3. MSU (Medium Close up)
o this shirt is also called passport size photo in this short
subject is captured from head to the lower chest period
applied the cut at armpit.
o Purpose :- used to show reaction and facial expressions
4. MS (Medium or mid sheet)
o This shot is used to capture the subject from the West
to head. Apply the cut just below above the rest
o Purpose :- This shot is used to show body gestures
especially what the subject is doing with the arm
5. MLS (Medium long sheet)
o The subject is captured from the head to below the
knees or just above the ankle. Apply the cut just below
the knees
o Purpose :- used to clearly show the body especially the
hand gesture
6. LS (Long shot/Head-to-toe shot)
o This shot captures the subject fully and a little distance
above and below the subject
o Purpose :- this short Is used to establish the location
and the movements of the subject within the frame.
This shot covers the entire body of the subject, the
subject is clearly visible and a little closer than the ELS
(Extreme long shot)
7. ELS (Extreme long shot)
o in this short the background dominates the individual
o Purpose :- This shot is used in film or sequence to
establish the scene. It is also known as establishing
shot. This shot also shows the relative positions of the
subjects. The viewers can see the wider movements of
the subjects. this short also shows the subject in
smaller form and background in larger phone
Classification of shots
o Classification of shot is based on camera angle, camera distance
and field of view.
o There are three level of camera.
a. Eye- level (comes under based of content)
Because of the gaze of the character in the frame are
at part with the audience and audience feels
connected with the character.
b. Low level
When the camera is placed at low angle looking up
the character in the frame looks dominating and
towering to the audience.
c. Top level
When the camera is placed at the top, looking down,
the person in the frame looks diminished almost
subdued. A person in this condition looks submissive
1. Based on content
o seven shots that we discussed are based on content considering
individual as content considering individual
o visual as content.
o These all shots are captured at eye- level.
2. Based on height
3. Based on usage
o POV shot – Point of view shot is from the viewpoint of one of the
performers in the scene. It is a subjective shot. Ex- reels
o OTS – Over the shoulder shot may usually link to or more
participants in a conversation the shot is taken from a shoulder
of one of the participants, viewing or facing the other participant.
Example – Siddhi baat, Any conversation involving the anchor
and the interview facing each other
o Cut ins & Cut aways:-
1. Cut ins and cut aways shorts are very handy in a routine
interview as these shots help in speeding up the editing,
compressed time or mail cover hiatus (delay, break) in any
action
o Cut ins – During a routine interview, shorts of
interviewer or interview hand, of shots of subjects in
the room are called cut in short
o Cut- aways - cut away shots are too short that are
being referred by the interview which are existing
outside the geographical area of the room
Focusing
Focus :- when a subject in frame starts appearing sharp, it
is called in focus. A subject is said to be in focus when it
appears sharp. A good photo is sharp and has all the details
without being blurred.
Depth of field
Depth of focus
The range of acceptable focus in an image
The range in which all the objects in front of the camera lens
appears to be in focus is called depth of focus
Dot is dependent on four factors
1. Choice of the lens used
2. Distance of the objects
3. Lighting
4. Color
Adding depth to the frame gives credibility and aesthetically
pleasing effect to the image of lens. It lends reality to the
image.
Two types of depth of focus:-
1. Shallow depth of field (blur): when only few subjects
appear to be in focus is called shadow depth of field
2. Greater depth of field: when more subjects are in focus,
it is greater depth of field.
When focal length increases depth of focus also increase.
Lighting
Exposure
Amount of light which hits the sensor. Exposure allows
to make a photograph dark or light.
Elements of exposure are Aperture, shutter speed, (ISO)
International organisation of standardization
Types of exposure
1. Balanced
2. Over exposed
3. Under exposed
Visual perspective
Composition
o It refers to arranging all the visual elements in a manner in a
frame that makes the image visually pleasing, satisfactory
and complete
o The ringing visual elements like mass, color, light, line etc in
a esthetically pleasing manner makes a good composition
o An Image is composed good if our mind and i read it
smoothly
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Editing