5-1

Solutions for Chapter 5 Problems

1. General Wave Equations

P5.1: Starting with Maxwell’s equations for simple, charge-free media, derive the
Helmholtz equation for H.

⎛ ∂E ⎞ ∂
∇ × (∇ × H ) = ∇ × ⎜σ E + ε ⎟ = σ∇ × E + ε ∇ × E
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t
∂H ∂ H
2
= - µσ − µε 2
∂t ∂t
Using a vector identity we also have: ∇ × ( ∇ × H ) = ∇iH − ∇ 2 H
But ∇iH = 0 , leading to
∂H ∂2H
∇ 2 H = µσ + µε 2
∂t ∂t

P5.2: Derive equation (5.10) by starting with the phasor point form of Maxwell’s
equations for simple, charge-free media.

For charge-free media the phasor form of Maxwell’s equations are:

∇iD s = 0
∇ iB s = 0
∇ × E s = − jωµ H s
∇ × H s = (σ + jωε ) E s
Now we take the curl of both sides of Faraday’s Law,
∇ × ( ∇ × E s ) = ∇ × ( − jωµ H s ) = − jωµ∇ × H s = − jωµ (σ + jωε ) E s
Now since ∇ × ( ∇ × Es ) = ∇iEs − ∇ 2 Es , and since ∇iEs = 0 , we have
∇ 2 Es = jωµ (σ + jωε ) Es

P5.3: A wave with λ = 6.0 cm in air is incident on a nonmagnetic, lossless liquid media.
In the liquid, the wavelength is measured as 1.0 cm. What is the wave’s frequency (a) in
air? (b) in the liquid? (c) What is the liquid’s relative permittivity?

up c 3 x108 m s
(a) f = = = = 5GHz
λ λ 0.06m
(b) the frequency doesn’t change with the media (the wavelength does) so f = 5 GHz
(c)
 5-2

⎛ 1⎞ m c
u p = λ f = ⎜ 5 x109 ⎟ ( 0.01m ) = 5 x107 =
⎝ s⎠ s εr
2
⎛ 3 x108 ⎞
∴ε r = ⎜ 8 ⎟
= 36
⎝ 0.5 x10 ⎠

P5.4: Suppose Hs(z) = Hys(z) ay. Start with (5.14) and derive (5.29).

Since Hs is only a function of z, (5.14) becomes

∂2H s
− γ 2 H s = 0. (a)
∂z 2

λz ∂H s ∂2 H s
If we let H s = Ae , then = λ Ae , and
λz
= λ 2 Ae λ z .
∂z ∂z 2

So (a) becomes λ − γ = 0, or ( λ + γ )( λ − γ ) = 0. This has two solutions:

2 2

(1) for λ + γ = 0, we have λ = −γ , H s = Ae −γ z , or H s = H o+ e−γ z .

(2) for λ − γ = 0, we have λ = γ , H s = Aeγ z , or H s = H o− eγ z .
The general solution is the linear superposition of the two, or
H s = ( H o+ e −γ z + H o− eγ z ) a y .

P5.5: Given σ = 1.0x10-5 S/m , εr = 2.0, µr = 50., and f = 10. MHz, find γ, α, β, and η.

γ= jωµ r µo (σ + jωε r ε o ) = α + j β
jωµ r µo
η=
σ + jωε r ε o
jωµ r µo = j 2π (10 x106 ) ( 50 ) ( 4π x10 −7 ) = j 3948
σ + jωε r ε o = 1x10−5 + j 2π (10 x106 ) ( 2 ) ( 8.854 x10−12 ) = 1x10−5 + j1.11x10−3
Inserting these into the expressions for γ and η,
γ = 9.4 x10−3 + j 2.1 1 m , α = 9.4 x10−3 Np m , β = 2.1 rad m , η = 1880e j 257 Ω
These results are confirmed by ML0501.

P5.6: MATLAB: In some material, the constitutive parameters are constant over a large
frequency range and are given as σ = .10 S/m , εr = 4.0, and µr = 600. Write a MATLAB
routine that will plot α, β, and η (magnitude and phase) versus the log of frequency from
1 Hz up to 100 GHz.

% M-File: MLP0506
%
 5-3

% This program is a modification of ML0501.

% For a given material, it will plot the attenuation,
% phase constant and intrinsic impedance vs f.
%
% Wentworth, 1/23/03
%
clc %clears the command window
clear %clears variables

% Initialize Variables
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
sig=0.10;
er=4;
ur=600;

% Perform Calculation
for i=1:10
for j=1:10
m=(i-1)*10+j;
f(m)=j*10^(i-1);
w(m)=2*pi*f(m);
A(m)=i*(w(m)*ur*uo);
B(m)=complex(sig,w(m)*er*eo);
gamma(m)=sqrt(A(m)*B(m));
alpha(m)=real(gamma(m));
beta(m)=imag(gamma(m));
eta(m)=sqrt(A(m)/B(m));
meta(m)=abs(eta(m));
aeta(m)=180*angle(eta(m))/pi;
end
end

subplot(3,1,1)
plot(f,alpha,'-o',f,beta,'-*')
ylabel('1/m')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')a
legend('alpha','beta')
subplot(3,1,2)
semilogx(f,meta)
ylabel('magnitude of eta (ohms)')
subplot(3,1,3)
semilogx(f,aeta)
ylabel('phase of eta (degrees)')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
 5-4

Fig. P5.6

P5.7: Suppose E(x,y,t) = 5.0 cos(πx106t – 3.0x + 2.0y) az V/m. Find the direction of
propagation, ap, and H(x,y,t).

Es = 5e− j 3 x e j 2 y a z
We assume nonmagnetic material and therefore have
∇ × E s = − jωµ H s = j10e − j 3 x e j 2 y a x + j15e − j 3 x e j 2 y a y
j10 − j 3 x j 2 y j15 − j 3 x j 2 y
Hs = e e ax + e e a y = −2.53e− j 3 x e j 2 y a x − 3.8e− j 3 x e j 2 y a y
− jωµo − jωµ

H ( x, y, t ) = −2.53cos (π x106 t − 3x + 2 y ) a x − 3.80 cos (π x106 t − 3 x + 2 y ) a y

A
m
To find the direction of propagation,
E × Hs
aP = s
Es × H s
E s × H s = 19e− j 6 x e j 4 y a x − 12.65e− j 6 x e j 4 y a y
And with the exponential terms canceling in the top and bottom of the equation for ap, we
have:
a P = 0.83a x − 0.55a y .
 5-5

P5.8: Suppose in free space, H(x,t) = [Link](2πx107t – βx + π/4) az mA/m. Find E(x,t).

H s = 0.100e − jβ x e jφ a z , a P = a x , (φ = π 4 )
E s = −η a P × H s = −120π a x × 0.100e− j β x e jφ a z = 12π e− j β x e jφ a y
E = 12π cos (ωt − β x + φ ) a y
Since free space is stated,
2π 2π
β= = = 2π 30 rad m
λ c f
and then
⎛ 2π π⎞ V
E = 12π cos ⎜ 2π x107 t − x + ⎟ay
⎝ 30 4⎠ m

2. Propagation in Lossless, Charge-Free Media

P5.9: Start with the Helmholtz equation (5.11), and using γ = jβ, derive (5.41), the
traveling wave equation.

∂ 2 Exs
∇ 2 E s − γ 2 E s = 0, let E s = E xs ( z )a x , and with γ =jβ we have + β 2 Exs = 0.
∂z 2

∂Exs ∂ 2 Exs
Let E xs = Ae λ z , so = Aλ eλ x and = Aλ 2 eλ x
∂z ∂z 2

Now we have
Aλ 2eλ z + β 2 Aeλ z = 0, or λ 2 + β 2 = 0
This can be factored: λ 2 + β 2 = ( λ + j β )( λ − j β ) = 0 ,
suggesting two solutions. The first solution uses λ = − j β and
Exs = Ae− j β z = Eo+ e− j β z .
Likewise, the second solution uses λ = + j β and
Exs = Ae j β z = Eo− e jβ z .
The complete solution is a linear superposition of these two solutions, or
Es = Eo+ e − jβ z + Eo− e+ j β z a x .

P5.10: A 100 MHz wave in free space propagates in the y direction with an amplitude of
1 V/m. If the electric field vector for this wave has only an az component, find the
instantaneous expression for the electric and magnetic fields.

rad ω 2π rad
From the given information we have ω = 2π f = 200π x106 and β = = ,
s up 3 m
 5-6

⎛ 2π ⎞ V
or E( y, t ) = 1cos ⎜ 200π x106 t − y ⎟ az .
⎝ 3 ⎠ m
Now to find H.
1 1 1 − jβ y
E s = 1e − j β y a z , H s = a P × E s = a y × 1e − j β y a z = e ax
η 120π 120π
So
1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ A
H ( y, t ) = cos ⎜ 200π x106 t − y ⎟ ax
120π ⎝ 3 ⎠ m
or
⎛ 2π ⎞ mA
H ( y, t ) = 2.7 cos ⎜ 200π x106 t − y ⎟ ax .
⎝ 3 ⎠ m

P5.11: In a lossless, nonmagnetic material with εr = 16, H = 100 cos(ωt – 10y) az mA/m.
Determine the propagation velocity, the angular frequency, and the instantaneous
expression for the electric field intensity.

ω c 3 x108 m
up = = = = 0.75 x108
β εr 16 s

ω = u p β = ( 0.75 x108 ) (10 ) = 7.5 x108

rad
s
H ( y, t ) = 100 cos ( 7.5 x108 t − 10 y ) a z
mA
m
− jβ y
H s = 0.100e a z ,
−120π
E s = −η a P × H s = a y × 0.100e − j β y a z = −3π e− j β y a x
εr

E( y, t ) = −9.4 cos ( 7.5 x108 t − 10 y ) a x

V
m

P5.12: Given E = 120π cos(6πx106t – 0.080πy) az V/m and H = 2.00cos(6πx106t –

0.080πy) ax A/m, find µr and εr.

Es = 120π e− j β y a z , H s = 2e− j 0.080π y a x

1 1 120π ε r − jβ y
Hs = a P × Es = a y ×120π e− j β y a z = e− jβ y a x = e ax
η η 120π µr ε r µr
so we know
εr
=2
µr
 5-7

1 c ω 6π x106
Now, u p = = = = = 75 x106
µε µr ε r β 0.080π
c
µr ε r = =4
75 x106
And now
µr
µr ε r = (2)(4) = 8 = ε r
εr
µr ε r 4
= = 2 = µr
µr ε r 2

3. Propagation in Dielectrics
P5.13: Work through the algebra to derive equation α and β equations (5.52) from
equations (5.50) and (5.51).

γ 2 = −ω 2 µε + jωµσ = (α 2 − β 2 ) + j 2αβ ;
ωµσ
Comparing the imaginary parts, we see ωµσ = 2αβ , or β = ,
2α
and comparing the real parts, α 2 − β 2 + ω 2 µε = 0 .
Rearranging and inserting our value for β:
ω 2 µ 2σ 2
α 4 + ω 2 µεα 2 − =0
4
This is a quadratic expression (x2 + bx + c = 0), where here
⎛ ωµσ ⎞
2

x = α 2 , b = ω 2 µε , c = − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Solving the quadratic:
−b ± b 2 − 4c 1 2 1 1 ⎛ 4c ⎞
x= = b − 4c − b = b ⎜⎜ 1 − 2 − 1⎟⎟
2 2 2 2 ⎝ b ⎠
Reinserting the a, b and c values:
1 ⎡ 4ω 2 µ 2σ 2 ⎤ ⎡ ⎛σ ⎞
2 ⎤
α 2 = ω 2 µε ⎢ 1 + 4 2 2 − 1⎥ = ω 2 µε ⎢ 1 + ⎜ − ⎥
ωε ⎟⎠
1
2 ⎢⎣ 4ω µ ε ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎝ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛ ⎛σ ⎞
2 ⎞
⎜
∴α = ω µε 1 + ⎜ − 1⎟
⎜ ⎝ ωε ⎟⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Now for β:
2
ωµε ⎛ ωµε ⎞
β − α − ω µε = 0, α =
2 2 2
, so β 2 − ⎜ ⎟ − ω µε = 0
2

2β ⎝ 2β ⎠
Rearranging,
 5-8

⎛ ωµσ ⎞
2

β 4 − ω 2 µεβ 2 − ⎜ ⎟ =0
⎝ 2 ⎠
Solving this quadratic we find
⎛ ⎛σ ⎞ ⎞
2

β = ω µε ⎜ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ + 1⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎝ ωε ⎠ ⎟
⎠

P5.14: MATLAB: Write a routine to prompt the user for a material’s constitutive
parameters and an operating frequency, and calculate the α and β from (5.52). Verify the
program by running Drill 5.6.

% MLP0514
%
% Prompts user for material's constitutive
% parameters and an operating frequency, then
% calculates alpha(Np/m) and beta(rad/m).
%
% Wentworth, 1/24/03
%
clc
clear
ur=input('relative permeability: ');
erp=input('real part of rel permittivity: ');
erdp=input('complex part of rel permittivity: ');
s=input('conductivity (S/m): ');
f=input('frequency (Hz): ');
w=2*pi*f;
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
seff=s+w*erdp*eo;

A=sqrt(1+(seff/(w*erp*eo))^2);
B=ur*uo*erp*eo/2;

alpha=w*sqrt(B*(A-1))
beta=w*sqrt(B*(A+1))

Now run the program for Drill 5.6:

(a)
relative permeability: 1
real part of rel permittivity: 10
complex part of rel permittivity: .01
conductivity (S/m): 1e-12
frequency (Hz): 100
 5-9

alpha =
3.3730e-009

beta =
6.6268e-006

(b)
relative permeability: 1
real part of rel permittivity: 10
complex part of rel permittivity: .01
conductivity (S/m): 1e-12
frequency (Hz): 1e6

alpha =
3.3134e-005

beta =
0.0663

These results agree with Drill 5.6.

P5.15: Given a material with σ = 1.0x10-3 S/m, µr = 1.0, and εr’ = 3.0, εr’’ = 0.015,
compare a plot of α versus frequency from 1 Hz to 1 GHz using (5.52) to a similar plot
using (5.54). At what frequency does the % error exceed 2%?

% MLP0515
%
% Compares alpha calculated using (5.52) to
% that calculated using (5.54).
%
% Wentworth, 1/25/03
%
clc
clear
% Initialize variables
ur=1;
erp=3;
erdp=.015;
s=1e-3;
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
B=ur*uo*erp*eo/2;
 5-10

% Perform calculations
for i=1:10
for j=1:10
m=(i-1)*10+j;
f(m)=j*10^(i-1);
w(m)=2*pi*f(m);
seff(m)=s+w(m)*erdp*eo;
A(m)=sqrt(1+(seff(m)/(w(m)*erp*eo))^2);
alpha1(m)=w(m)*sqrt(B*(A(m)-1));
alpha2(m)=(seff(m)/2)*sqrt(ur*uo/(erp*eo));
diff(m)=abs(100*(alpha1(m)-alpha2(m))/alpha1(m));
C(m)=diff(m)<2;
if diff(m)<2
if diff(m-1)>2
fdiff=f(m);
Fstr=num2str(fdiff);
end
end
end
end

% generate plot
loglog(f,alpha1,'-o',f,alpha2,'-*')
legend('(5.52)','(5.54)')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('alpha(Np/m)')
S=strcat('Error drops below 2% when frequency > ',Fstr);
title(S)
grid on

Fig. P5.15
 5-11

P5.16: In a media with properties σ = 0.00964 S/m , εr = 1.0, µr = 100., and f = 100.
MHz, a 1.0 mA/m amplitude magnetic field travels in the +x direction with its field
vector in the z direction. Find the instantaneous form of the related electric field
intensity.

⎛ mA ⎞ −α x
⎟ e cos (ωt − β x ) a z ; H s = H o e e a z
−α x − j β x
H = ⎜1
⎝ m ⎠
E s = −η a P × H s = −η a x × H o e −α x e− jβ x a z = η H o e−α x e − jβ x a y

jωµ j 2π (100 x106 ) (100 ) ( 4π x10−7 )

η= = = 2664e j 30 Ω
σ + jωε 0.00964 + j 2π (100 x10 )( 8.854 x10 )
6 −12

1
γ= jωµ (σ + jωε ) = 14.8 + j 25.7
m
Finally,
E( x, t ) = 2.66e−15 x cos ( 200π x106 t − 26 x + 30 ) a y
V
m

P5.17: MATLAB: Make a pair of plots similar to Figure 5.4 for the 3 materials of Table
5.1. Instead of loss tangent, one plot is to contain the magnitude of η and the other is to
have the phase of η.

%ML P5.17
clc;clear
%want to plot intrinsic impedance vs frequency for
%the data listed in table 5.1
%Here, we'll plot the magnitude and phase of the
%intrinsic impedance.

%enter data from Table 5.1

sigC=5.8e7; %conductivity of copper in S/m
sigS=4; % conductivity of seawater
sigG=1e-12; % conductivity of glass
er1C=1; %real part of rel perm for Copper
er1S=72; %real part of rel perm for seawater
er1G=10; %real part of rel perm for glass
er2C=0; %imag part of rel perm for Copper
er2S=12; %imag part of rel perm for seawater
er2G=0.010; %imag part of rel perm for glass

%enter constant values

eo=8.854e-12; %free space permittivity, F/m
uo=pi*4e-7; %free space permeability, H/m
 5-12

%calculations
n=2:.2:14;
f=10.^n;w=2*pi*f;

seffC=sigC+w*er2C*eo;
seffS=sigS+w*er2S*eo;
seffG=sigG+w*er2G*eo;

etaC=sqrt(i*w*uo./(seffC+i*er1C*eo))
etaS=sqrt(i*w*uo./(seffS*er1S*eo))
etaG=sqrt(i*w*uo./(seffG+i*er1G*eo))

magC=abs(etaC);
angC=180*angle(etaC)/pi;
subplot(3,2,1)
semilogx(f,magC)
ylabel('mag, ohms')
title('copper')
subplot(3,2,2)
semilogx(f,angC)
ylabel('phase, deg')

magS=abs(etaS);
angS=180*angle(etaS)/pi;
subplot(3,2,3)
semilogx(f,magS)
ylabel('mag, ohms')
title('seawater')
subplot(3,2,4)
semilogx(f,angS)
ylabel('phase, deg')

magG=abs(etaG);
angG=180*angle(etaG)/pi;
subplot(3,2,5)
semilogx(f,magG)
ylabel('mag, ohms')
xlabel('freq (Hz)')
title('glass')
subplot(3,2,6)
semilogx(f,angG)
xlabel('freq (Hz)')
ylabel('phase, deg')
 5-13

Fig. P5.17

4. Propagation in Conductors
P5.18: Starting with (5.13), show that α = β for a good conductor.

γ = jωµ (σ + jωε ) ≈ jωµσ for a good conductor

1+ j jωµσ ωµσ ωµσ
j= , γ = (1 + j ) = +j
2 2 2 2
ωµσ
α=β =
2

(Note: we get the same result starting with (5.52) and assuming σ
ωε >> 1.

P5.19: In seawater, a propagating electric field is given by E(z,t) = 20.e-αz cos(2πx106t –

βz + 0.5) ay V/m. Assuming ε’’=0, find (a) α and β, and (b) the instantaneous form of H.

For seawater we have εr = 72, σ = 5, and µr = 1.

 5-14

So: jωµo = j 7.896, jωε rε o = j0.004

jωµ
η= = 1.257e j 44.98 Ω
σ + jωε
γ = jωµ (σ + jωε ) = 4.441 + j 4.445 1 m
1
∴α = β = 4.4
m
V V
Es = 20e −α z e − β z e j 0.5radiansa y
= 20e −α z e − β z e j 28.6 a y
m m
1 1 − 20 A
H s = a P × E s = a z × 20e −α z e − β z e j 28.6 a y = e −α z e − β z e j 28.6 a x
η η η m
H( z, t ) = −15.9e −4.4 z cos ( 2π x106 t − 4.4 z + 28.6 − 45 ) a x
A
m
or with appropriate significant digits:
H( z, t ) = −16e −4.4 z cos ( 2π x106 t − 4.4 z − 16 ) a x
A
m

P5.20: Calculate the skin depth at 1.00 GHz for (a) copper, (b) silver, (c) gold, and (d)
nickel.

1
δ= ;as an example, for copper at 1 GHz:
π f µσ
1
δ= = 2.1x10−6 m = 2.1µ m
1 ⎞ Vs ΩA
π ⎛⎜ 1x109 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 4π x10−7 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 5.8 x107
1 H
⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝
s m ⎠⎝ Ωm HA V ⎠
Table P5.19
σ(S/m) µr δ(µm)
7
Cu 5.8x10 1 2.1
Ag 6.2x107 1 2.0
Au 4.1x107 1 2.5
Ni 1.5x107 600 0.17

P5.21: For Nickel (σ = 1.45 x 107, µr = 600), make a table of α, β, η, up, and δ for 1Hz,
1kHz, 1MHz, and 1 GHz.

For Ni we have σ = 1.45x107S/m, µr = 600

α = β = π f µσ = π f ( Hz )( 600 ) ( 4π x10−7 )(1.45 x107 ) = 34.35 x103 f ( Hz )
δ = 1/α
α j 45
η= 2 e Ω = 18.08 x10−6 f ( Hz )e j 45 Ω
σ
 5-15

c m
up = = 12 x106
µrε r s

Table P5.21
f(Hz)= 1 103 106 109
α(Np/m) 185 5860 185x103 5.9x106
β(rad/m) 185 5860 185x103 5.9x106
η 18ej45ºµΩ 570ej45º µΩ 18ej45º mΩ 0.57ej45º Ω
δ 5.4mm 170µm 5.3µm 170nm
up(m/s) 12x106 12x106 12x106 12x106

P5.22: A semi-infinite slab exists for z > 0 with σ = 300 S/m, εr = 10.2, and µr = 1.0. At
the surface (z = 0),
E(0,t) = 1.0 cos(π x 106t) ax V/m.
Find the instantaneous expressions for E and H anywhere in the slab.

The general expression for E is: E( z , t ) = 1.0e −α z cos (π x106 t − β z ) a x

V
m
jωµ = j (π x106 )( 4π x10−7 ) = j 3.948
jωε = j (π x106 ) (10.2 ) ( 8.854 x10 −12 ) = j 284 x10 −6
Here, σ >> ωε (i.e. it is a good conductor), so
1
α = π f µσ = 24.3 = β
m
α j 45
η= 2 e = 0.115e j 45 Ω
σ
So now we have
E( z , t ) = 1.0e −24 z cos (π x106 t − 24 z ) a x
V
m
To find B we’ll work in phasors.

1 1 1
E s = 1e −α z e − j β z a x , H s = a P × Es = a z × 1e −α z e − j β z a x = e −α z e − j β z a y
η η η
e −24 z cos (π x106 t − 24 z − 45 ) a y
1 A
H( z, t ) =
0.115 m
H ( z , t ) = 8.7e −24 z cos (π x106 t − 24 z − 45 ) a y
A
m

P5.23: In a nonmagnetic material, E(z,t) = 10.e-200z cos(2π x 109t - 200z) ax mV/m.

Find H(z,t).
 5-16

Since α = β, the media is a good metal. With µr = 1 we have

( 200 )
2
α2 S
α = π f µoσ , or σ = = = 10.13
π f µo π (1x10 )( 4π x10 )
9 −7
m
α j 45
η= 2 e = 28e j 45 Ω
σ
1 1 10
E s = 10e −α z e − j β z a x , H s = a P × Es = a z × 10e −α z e − j β z a x = e −α z e − j β z a y
η η η
H ( z , t ) = 360e −200 z cos ( 2π x109 t − 200 z − 45 ) a y
mA
m

P5.24: A 0.1 µm layer of copper is deposited atop a very thick slab of nickel. For a field
incident on the copper surface, (a) calculate Rs at 1.0 GHz. Compare this with Rs at 1.0
GHz for (b) a semi-infinite slab of copper and (c) for a 0.1 µm thickness of copper by
itself.

Fig. P5.24

Refer to Figure P5.24..

In the copper portion the field is Ex = Exo e−αCu z
In the nickel portion, Ex = ( Exo e −α Cu t ) e −α Ni ( z −t )
The current density in the copper is J xCu = σ Cu Exo e−αCu z , and in the nickel is
( )
J xNi = σ Ni Exo e −α Cu t e −α Ni ( z −t ) . The current is
I = ∫ σ Cu Exo e −αCu z dydz + ∫ σ Ni Exo e −α Cu t e −α Ni ( z −t ) dydz , or
t ∞
I = wσ Cu Exo ∫ e −αCu z dz + wσ Ni Exo e −αCu t ∫ e −α Ni ( z −t ) dz , and upon evaluating
o t
 5-17

⎡σ σ ⎤
( )
I = wExo ⎢ Cu 1 − e −αCu t + Ni e −αCu t ⎥ , and with V=ExoL,
⎣ α Cu α Ni ⎦
−1
⎡σ σ ⎤
L
( )
we have ∴ R = Rs , where Rs = ⎢ Cu 1 − e −αCu t + Ni e−αCu t ⎥ .
w ⎣ α Cu α Ni ⎦
Now we’re ready to perform the calculations using the following data:
S Np
σ Cu = 5.8 x107 , µr = 1, α Cu = 479 x103
m m
S Np
σ Ni = 1.5 x107 , µr = 600, α Cu = 596 x106
m m
(a) 0.1µm Cu over Ni: Rs = 176 mΩ
(b) Semi-infinite Cu: Rs = 8.3 mΩ
(c) 0.1 µm Cu: Rs = 177 mΩ

P5.25: Calculate the DC resistance per meter length of a 4.0 mm diameter copper wire.
Now find the resistance at 1.0 GHz.

R 1 1 1 1 mΩ
DC: = = = 1.37
L σ πa 2
( 5.8x10 ) π ( 0.002 )
7 2
m
R R 1
1 GHz: = s = ; δ = 1 π f µσ = 2.09 x10−6 m
L 2π a σδ 2π a
R 1 Ω
= = 0.66
L ( 5.8 x10 )( 2.09 x10 ) 2π ( 0.002 )
7 −6
m

5. The Poynting Theorem and Power Transmission

P5.26: In air, H(z,t) = [Link](πx106t - βz + π/6) ax A/m. Determine the power density
passing through a 1.0 square meter surface that is normal to the direction of propagation.

2
1 1 ⎛ A⎞ kW
Pavg = η H xo 2a z = (120πΩ ) ⎜12 ⎟ a z = 27 2 a z
2 2 ⎝ m⎠ m

P5.27: A 600 MHz uniform plane wave incident in the z direction on a thick slab of
Teflon (εr = 2.1, µr = 1.0) imparts a 1.0 V/m amplitude y-polarized electric field intensity
at the surface. Assuming σ = 0 for Teflon, find in the Teflon (a) E(z,t), (b) H(z,t) and (c)
Pav.

( )
E(0, t ) = 1cos 2π ( 600 x106 ) t − β z a y
V
m
 5-18

V
E( z , t ) = 1e −α z cos (ωt − β z ) a y
m
Teflon: σ = 0 so α = 0,
ω 2π ( 600 x106 ) rad
and β = ω µε = εr = 8
2.1 = 18.2
c 3x10 m
(a) E( z , t ) = 1cos (1.2π x109 t − 18.2 z ) a y
V
m
1 2.1 V
(b) H s = a P × E s = a z ×1e − jβ z a y ,
η 120πΩ m
H ( z , t ) = −3.8cos (1.2π x109 t − 18.2 z ) a x
mA
m
1 (1) 2.1
2
mW
(c) Pavg = a z = 1.9 2 a z
2 120π m

P5.28: Assume distilled water (σ = 10-4 S/m, εr = 81, µr = 1.0) fills the region z > 0. At
the surface, we have E(0,t) = 8.0cos(2πx108t) ax V/m. Determine, for z > 0, (a) E(z,t),
(b) H(z,t), and (c) Pav at z = 1.0 m. (d) Find the power passing through a 10 square meter
surface located at z = 1.0 m.

V
(a) The general expression for E is: E( z , t ) = Eo e−α z cos (ωt − β z + φ ) a x ,
m
and we can see from the given information that
V rad
Eo = 8 , ω = 2π x108 , f = 108 Hz, φ = 0 . Also
m s
σ
ωε = ( 2π x108 ) ( 81) ( 8.854 x10−12 ) = 0.45, σ = 10−4 , so << 1 (low loss dielectric).
ωε
σµ 10−4 1 Np
α= = (120π ) = 0.0021
2 ε 2 81 m
ω rad
β = ω µε = ε r = 18.8
c m
µ 1
η= = 120π = 41.9Ω
ε 81
so E( z , t ) = 8e −0.0021z cos ( 2π x108 t − 18.8 z ) a x
V
m
(b)
V
E s = 8e −0.0021z e− j18.8 z a x ,
m
1 8 −0.0021z − j18.8 z mA
Hs = a P × Es = e e a y = 191e −0.0021z e − j18.8 z a y
η 41.9 m
 5-19

so H ( z , t ) = 191e −0.0021z cos ( 2π x108 t − 18.8 z ) a y

mA
m
1 Exo 2 −2α z W
(c) Pavg = e a z = 0.764e −2(0.0021)(1)a z = 0.761 2
2 η m
(d) P = Pavg (10m ) = 7.6W
2

P5.29: The density of solar radiation is approximately 150 W/m2 at some locations on the
earth’s surface. How much solar power is incident on a typical “100 Watt” solar panel
(.6 m x 1.6 m area) if the panel is normal to the radiation propagation direction? How
much power is incident if the panel is tilted 45° to the radiation propagation direction?

P = Pavg S = 144W , P = Pavg S cos 45 = 102W

P5.30: A 200 MHz uniform plane wave incident on a thick copper slab imparts a 1.0
mV/m amplitude at the surface. How much power passes through a square meter at the
surface? How much power passes through a square meter area 10. µm beneath the
surface?

mV 1 Eo 2
f = 200 MHz , Eo = 1 , Pavg =
m 2 η
α j 45 Np
Cu: η = 2 e , α = π f µσ = 214 x103 , so η = 5.22e j 45 mΩ
σ m
1 (10 )
−3 2
µW
Pavg = −3
= 96 2 ; P = Pavg S = 96µW
2 5.22 x10 m
Now at 10 µm beneath the surface, we have
V
E ( z = 10µ m) = Eo e −α (10 µ m ) = 10−3 e− (214 x10 )(10 µ m ) = 118 x10−6
3

m
1 (118 x10 )
−6 2
µW
Pavg = −3
= 1.3 2 ; P = 1.3µW
2 5.22 x10 m

6. Wave Polarization
P5.31: Suppose E(z,t) = [Link](ωt-βz)ax + 5.0cos(ωt-βz)ay V/m. What is the wave
polarization and tilt angle?

The figure indicates linear polarization.

The tilt angle is:
⎛5⎞
τ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 27
⎝ 10 ⎠
 5-20

Fig. P5.31

Fig. P5.32

P5.32: Given E(z,t) = [Link](ωt-βz)ax - [Link](ωt-βz-45°)ay V/m, find the polarization

and handedness.

The field can be rewritten as E(z,t) = [Link](ωt-βz)ax + [Link](ωt-βz-45°-180°)ay

or E(z,t) = [Link](ωt-βz)ax + [Link](ωt-βz+135°)ay

Running ML0503:

Polarization Plot

enter x-amplitude: 10
enter x-phase angle (degrees): 0
enter y-amplitude: 20
enter y-phase angle (degrees): 135

To determine direction of polarization,

move from the o to + along the plot.

>>

From the figure, we have left-hand elliptical polarization.

P5.33: Given H(z,t) = 2.0cos(ωt-βz)ax + 6.0cos(ωt-βz-120°)ay A/m, find the polarization

and handedness.

Convert to E(z,t):
 5-21

( )
E s = −η a P × H s = −ηo a z × 2e − j β z a x + 6e − jβ z e − j120 a y = −2ηo e − j β z a y + 6ηo e − j β z e− j120 a x

(
E ( z , t ) = ηo 6 cos (ωt − β z − 120 ) a x + 2 cos (ωt − β z − 180 ) a y )
With this we can run ML0503:

Polarization Plot

enter x-amplitude: 6
enter x-phase angle (degrees): -120
enter y-amplitude: 2
enter y-phase angle (degrees): -180

To determine direction of polarization,

move from the o to + along the plot.

>> From the figure, we have right-hand elliptical polarization.

Fig. P5.33

P5.34: Given

E( z, t ) = E xo cos (ω t − β z ) ax + E yo cos (ω t − β z + φ ) a y ,

we say that Ey leads Ex for 0° < φ < 180°, and that Ey lags Ex when –180° < φ < 0°.
Determine the handedness for each of these two cases.

For 0 < φ < 180°, we have LHP

For 180° < φ < 360°, we have RHP

 5-22

P5.35: MATLAB: For a general elliptical polarization represented by

E( z, t ) = E xo cos (ω t − β z ) ax + E yo cos (ω t − β z + φ ) a y , the axial ratio and tilt angle can be
found from the following formulas (from K. R. Demarest, Engineering Electromagnetics,
Prentice-Hall, 1998, pp. 451-453):
a=|Exo|, b=|Eyo|
MAJ = length of majority-axis
MIN = length of minority-axis
1⎡ 2
MAJ = 2 a + b2 + a 4 + b4 + 2a 2b2 cos 2φ ⎤
2⎣ ⎦
1⎡ 2
MIN = 2 a + b2 − a 4 + b4 + 2a 2b2 cos 2φ ⎤
2 ⎣ ⎦
axial ratio=MAJ/MIN
1 ⎡ 2ab ⎤
τ = tan −1 ⎢ 2 2 cos φ ⎥ .
2 ⎣a − b ⎦
Compose a program that not only draws a polarization plot like MATLAB 5.3, but that
also calculates the axial ratio and tilt angle. Run the program on Drill 5.11.

% M-File: MLP0535
%
% This program modifies ML0503. As before, it will
% trace polarization ellipses, given the amplitude
% and phase of a pair of linearly polarized waves.
% Now it will also calculate axial ratio and tilt %angle.
%
% Wentworth 1/28/03
% Variables:
% Exo,Eyo amplitudes for the pair of waves
% fxd,fyd phase angle for each wave
% fx,fy phase (radians) for each wave
% wtd ang freq * time, in degrees
% wtr ang freq * time, in radians
% x,y superposed position
% x0,y0 position at wtd=0 degrees
% x45,y45 position at wtd=45 degrees
% a,b shorthand for Exo,Eyo
% MAJ,MIN majority,minority axis length
% AR,tiltangle axial ration, tilt angle
%
clc %clears the command window
clear %clears variables

% Prompt for input values

disp('Polarization Plot')
disp(' ')
Exo=input('enter x-amplitude: ');
 5-23

fxd=input('enter x-phase angle (degrees): ');

fx=fxd*pi/180;
Eyo=input('enter y-amplitude: ');
fyd=input('enter y-phase angle (degrees): ');
fy=fyd*pi/180;
disp(' ')
disp('To determine direction of polarization,')
disp('move from the o to + along the plot.')
disp(' ')

%Perform calculations
wtd=0:360; %wt in degrees
wtr=wtd*pi/180;
x=Exo*cos(wtr+fx);
y=Eyo*cos(wtr+fy);
x0=Exo*cos(fx);
y0=Eyo*cos(fy);
x45=Exo*cos(fx+pi/4);
y45=Eyo*cos(fy+pi/4);

fdiff=fy-fx;
a=abs(Exo);b=abs(Eyo);
temp=sqrt(a^4+b^4+2*a^2*b^2*cos(2*fdiff));
MAJ=2*sqrt(0.5*(a^2+b^2+temp));
MIN=2*sqrt(0.5*(a^2+b^2-temp));
AR=MAJ/MIN
temp2=(2*a*b/(a^2-b^2))*cos(fdiff);
tiltangle=(0.5*atan(temp2)*180/pi)

%Make the plot

plot(x,y,x0,y0,'ok',x45,y45,'+k')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('Polarization Plot')
axis('equal')

Now we run the program for Drill 5.11.

Polarization Plot

enter x-amplitude: 3
enter x-phase angle (degrees): -30
enter y-amplitude: 8
enter y-phase angle (degrees): 90

To determine direction of
polarization, Fig. P5.35
 5-24

move from the o to + along the plot.

AR = 3.1997
tiltangle = 11.7874

7. Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence

P5.36: Starting with (5.107) and (5.109), derive (5.110) and (5.111).

(1) Eoi + Eor = Eot

η1 t
(2) Eoi − Eor = E
η2 o
η1 t ⎛ η1 ⎞ t 2η 2
Add (1) and (2): 2 Eoi = Eot + Eo = ⎜1 + ⎟ Eo , so Eot = Eoi
η2 ⎝ η2 ⎠ η1 + η2
Now subtract (2) from (1):
⎛ η ⎞ ⎛ η ⎞ 2η 2 η −η
2 Eor = ⎜ 1 − 1 ⎟ Eot = ⎜ 1 − 1 ⎟ Eoi , Eor = 2 1 Eoi
⎝ η2 ⎠ ⎝ η 2 ⎠ η1 + η 2 η 2 + η1

P5.37: A UPW is normally incident from media 1 (z < 0, σ = 0, µr = 1.0, εr = 4.0) to

media 2 (z > 0, σ = 0, µr = 8.0, εr = 2.0). Calculate the reflection and transmission
coefficients seen by this wave.

η2 − η1 µ 120π µ 8
Γ= ; η1 = = = 60πΩ, η 2 = = 120π = 240πΩ
η 2 + η1 ε 4 ε 2
240π − 60π 3
Γ= = = 0.60
240π + 60π 5
τ = 1 + Γ = 1.60

P5.38: Suppose media 1 (z < 0) is air and media 2 (z > 0) has εr = 16. The transmitted
magnetic field intensity is known to be Ht = 12 cos (ωt-β2z)ay mA/m. (a) Determine the
instantaneous value of the incident electric field. (b) Find the reflected average power
density.

mA Eot − jβ2 z mA
H ts = 12e − j β2 z a y = e ay
m η2 m
Eot mA t V V
η2 = 30πΩ, so , E o = 0.36π , and ∴ Est = 1.13e − j β2 z a x
= 12
η2 m m m
η −η 3 2
Eot = τ Eoi = (1 + Γ ) Eoi ; Γ = 2 1 = − , τ = 1 + Γ =
η2 + η1 5 5
 5-25

Eot
E =
i
= 2.83, so ∴ Eis = 2.83e − j β1z a x
o
τ
V
∴ E( z , t ) = 2.83cos (ωt − β1 z ) a x .
m
Eor = ΓEoi = −1.70, so Ers = −1.70e+ jβ1z a x

( −a z ) × ( −1.70e+ jβ1z a x ) = 4.5e + jβ1z a y

1 1 mA
H rs = a P × E rs =
η 120π m
= (1.70 ) ( 4.5 x10−3 ) ( −a z ) = 3.8 2 ( -a z )
r 1 mW
Pavg
2 m

P5.39: Suppose a UPW in air carrying an average power density of 100 mW/m2 is
normally incident on a nonmagnetic material with εr = 11. What is the time-averaged
power density of the reflected and transmitted waves?

⎛ 1 ⎞ −1
120πΩ ⎜ ⎟
η1 = ηo = 120πΩ; η2 = ; Γ= ⎝ 11 ⎠
= −0.537
11 ⎛ 1 ⎞ +1
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 11 ⎠
τ = 1 + Γ = 0.463
mW
= Γ Pavg = 28.8 2
r 2 i
Pavg
m
2
1 Exo mW
t
Pavg = = τ 2 Pavg
i
11 = 71.2 2
2 η2 m

P5.40: A UPW in a lossless nonmagnetic εr = 16 media (for z < 0) is given by

E(z,t) = [Link](ωt-β1z)ax + [Link](ωt-β1z+π/3)ay V/m.
This is incident on a lossless media characterized by µr = 12, εr = 6.0 (for z > 0). Find the
instantaneous expressions for the reflected and transmitted electric field intensities.

Eis = 10e− jβ1z a x + 20e− j β1z e jπ 3a y

Ers = 10Γe j β1z a x + 20Γe jβ1z e jπ 3a y
120π 12
η1 = = 30πΩ; η 2 = 120π = 120π 2Ω
16 6
η −η
Γ = 2 1 = 0.700; τ = 1 + Γ = 1.70
η2 + η1
Ers = 7e jβ1z a x + 14e j β1z e jπ 3a y
⎛ π⎞ V
E(rz ,t ) = 7 cos (ωt + β1 z ) a x + 14 cos ⎜ ωt + β1 z + ⎟ a y
⎝ 3⎠ m
 5-26

Ets = 10τ e − j β2 z a x + 20τ e − j β2 z e jπ 3a y , or Ets = 17e − j β2 z a x + 34e− j β2 z e jπ 3a y , so

⎛ π⎞ V
Et( z ,t ) = 17 cos (ωt − β 2 z ) a x + 34 cos ⎜ ωt − β 2 z + ⎟ a y .
⎝ 3⎠ m

P5.41: The wave Ei = 100 cos(π x 106t - β1z + π/4) ax V/m is incident from air onto a
perfect conductor. Find Er and Et.

For the perfect conductor, η2 = 0. So Γ = -1 and

Er = -100 cos(π x 106t + β1z + π/4) ax V/m
Et = 0

P5.42: A UPW given by E(z,t) = [Link](ωt-β1z)ax + [Link](ωt-β1z+π/3)ay V/m is

incident from air (for z < 0) onto a perfect conductor (for z > 0). Find the instantaneous
expression for the reflected electric field intensity and the SWR.

As in the previous problem, Γ = -1. We then have

E(z,t) = -[Link](ωt+β1z)ax - [Link](ωt+β1z+π/3)ay V/m

1+ Γ
SWR = =∞
1− Γ

P5.43: The wave Ei = [Link](2π x 108t - β1z) ax V/m is incident from air onto a copper
conductor. Find Er, Et and the time-averaged power density transmitted at the surface.

For copper we have

α 2 j 45
η2 = 2 e Ω
σ2

where α 2 = π f µ2σ 2 = π (108 )( 4π x10−7 )( 5.8 x107 ) = 151x103

Np
= β2
m
so η2 = 3.7e j 45 mΩ
2η2 2η
We find Γ ≈ −1, and τ = ≈ 2 = 19.6 x10−6 e j 45
η1 + η2 η1
So E = -[Link](2π x 10 t + β1z) ax V/m
r 8

µV
, and Et = 196e −α 2 z cos (ωt − β 2 z + 45 ) a x
V
Ets = (196 ) e −α 2 z e− jβ2 z e j 45 a x
m m
1 (196 x10 V m )
−6 2
µW
P t
= cos ( 45 ) a z = 3.7 2 a z .
2 ( 3.7 x10 Ω )
−3
avg
m
 5-27

P5.44: Given a UPW incident from medium 1 (σ = 0, µr = 1.0, εr = 25.) to medium 2 (σ =

0.0080, µr = 1.0, εr = 81.), calculate Γ, SWR and τ at 1 kHz, 1 MHz, and 1 GHz.

120π jωµ j 7.896 x10−6 f ( Hz )

η1 = = 24πΩ; η 2 = =
25 σ + jωε 0.008 + j 4.506 x10−9 f ( Hz )

Table P5.44
f η2(Ω) η2 − η1 1+ Γ
Γ= SWR =
η2 + η1 1− Γ
1kHz 0.994ej44.98° 0.9815ej178.9° 107.3
1MHz 29.3ej30.3° 0.513ej155° 3.11
1GHz 41.9ej0.05° 0.286ej179.9° 1.80

P5.45: MATLAB: Write a program that prompts the user for the constitutive parameters
in medium 1 and medium 2 separated by a planar surface. You are to assume a wave is
normally incident from media 1 to media 2. The program is to plot Γ and τ versus a
frequency range supplied by the user. Use this program to plot Γ and τ from 100 Hz to
10 GHz for the pair of media specified in the previous problem.

%ML P0545
clear
clc
%prompt user for constit parameters of media 1 & 2
%then plot ref & trans coeff over a freq range.
%We'll plot mag and angle of each.

%enter constant values

eo=8.854e-12; %free space permittivity, F/m
uo=pi*4e-7; %free space permeability, H/m

%enter media 1 values

er1=input('enter er1: ');
ur1=input('enter ur1: ');
s1=input('enter s1: ');

%enter media 2 values

er2=input('enter er2: ');
ur2=input('enter ur2: ');
s2=input('enter s2: ');

%calculations
n=2:.5:10;
f=10.^n;
 5-28

w=2*pi.*f;

eta1=sqrt(i*w*ur1*uo./(s1+i*w*er1*eo));
eta2=sqrt(i*w*ur2*uo./(s2+i*w*er2*eo));
Gamma=(eta2-eta1)./(eta2+eta1);
Gmag=abs(Gamma);
Gang=180*angle(Gamma)/pi;
Tau=1+Gamma;
Tmag=abs(Tau);
Tang=180*angle(Tau)/pi;
subplot(2,1,1)
semilogx(f,Gmag,'-o',f,Tmag,'-*')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('magnitude')
legend('reflection','transmission')
subplot(2,1,2)
semilogx(f,Gang,'-o',f,Tang,'-*')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('phase angle (degrees)')
legend('reflection','transmission')

Run the program:

enter er1: 25
enter ur1: 1
enter s1: 0
enter er2: 81
enter ur2: 1
enter s2: .008
>>

Fig. P5.45

P5.46: A wave specified by Ei = [Link](πx107t-β1z)ax V/m is incident from air (at z < 0)
to a nonmagnetic media (z > 0, σ = 0.050 S/m, εr = 9.0). Find Er, Et and SWR. Also find
the average power densities for the incident, reflected and transmitted waves.
 5-29

rad 2π ω rad
η1 = 120πΩ, ω = π x107 so f = 5 x106 Hz, β1 = = = 0.105
s λ1 c m
In this problem we find in medium 2 (z > 0) that ωε = 0.0025 and σ = 0.05. These values
are too close to allow for simplifying assumptions. Using (5.13) and (5.31), we calculate:
Np rad
α 2 = 0.969 , β 2 = 1.019 , η2 = 28.1e j 43.6 Ω .
m m
Then,
η −η 1+ Γ
Γ = 2 1 = 0.898e j174 , SWR = = 18.6, τ = 1 + Γ = 0.141e j 40.8
η 2 + η1 1− Γ
V
Eis = 100e− j β1z a x
m
V V
Ers = 100Γe+ jβ1z a x = 89.8e + j β1z e j174 a x ,
m m
so Er ( z, t ) = 89.8cos (π x107 t + 0.105 z + 174 ) a x .
V
m
V V
Ets = 100τ e− jβ2 z a x = 14.1e− jβ2 z e j 40.8 a x ,
m m
so Et ( z, t ) = 14.1cos (π x107 t − 1.02 z + 40.8 ) a x .
V
m
14.1 A A
H ts = e− j 43.6 e− j β2 z e j 40.8 a y = 0.502e− jβ2 z e− j 2.8 a y
28.1 m m
P t = (14.1)( 0.502 ) cos ( 40.8 + 2.8 ) a z = 2.6 2 a z
1 W
2 m
(100 ) = 13.3 W a
2

Pi =
2 (120π )
z
m2
− ( 89.8 )
2
W
P =
r
= 10.7 2 ( -a z )
2 (120π ) m
(check: 13.3 W/m = 10.7 W/m2 + 2.6 W/m2)
2

P5.47: A wave specified by Ei = 12π cos(2πx107t-β1z+π/4)ax V/m is incident from a

nonmagnetic, lossless, εr = 9.0 media (at z < 0) to a media (z > 0) with σ = 0.020 S/m, µr
= 2.0, and εr = 16.). Find Hi, Er, Hr, Et, Ht, and the average power densities for the
incident, reflected and transmitted waves.

We use ML0501 in each media to find:

rad
α1 = 0; β1 = 0.628 ; η1 = 40πΩ
m
Np rad
α 2 = 1.01 ; β 2 = 1.56 ; η 2 = 84.9e j 33 Ω
m m
We also will need reflection and transmission coefficients:
 5-30

η2 − η1
Γ= = 0.353e j126 ; τ = 1 + Γ = 0.84e j19.8
η2 + η1

Incident:
V
Eis = 12π e − j β1z e jπ 4a x
m
12π − j β1z jπ 4 A A
H is = e e a y = 0.300e − j β1z e jπ 4a y ,
η1 m m
⎛ π⎞ A
H i ( z, t ) = 0.300 cos ⎜ 2π x107 t − 0.628 z + ⎟ a y .
⎝ 4⎠ m
1 (12π )
2
W
P =
i
a z = 5.655 2 a z
2 η1
avg
m
Reflected:
V V V
Ers = Γ (12π ) e + j β1z e jπ 4a x = 13.3e + j β1z e j 45 e j126 a x = 13.3e+ j β1z e j171 a x
m m m
Er ( z, t ) = 13.3cos ( 2π x107 t + 0.628 z + 171 ) a x .
V
m
−13.3 + jβ1z j171 A A
H rs = e e a y = 0.106e+ jβ1z e j171 a y
40π m m
H r ( z , t ) = −0.106 cos ( 2π x107 t + 0.628 z + 171 ) a y .
A
m
1 (13.3)
2
W
r
Pavg =− a z = 0.704 2 ( -a z )
2 40π m
Transmitted:
V V
Ets = τ (12π ) e − j β1z e jπ 4a x = 31.67e− j β2 z e j 64.8 a x ,
m m
Et ( z , t ) = 31.7 cos ( 2π x107 t − 1.56 z + 64.8 ) a x .
V
m
31.67 − j 33 − jβ2 z j 64.8 A A
H ts = e e e a y = 0.373e− j β2 z e j 31.8 a y ,
84.9 m m
H t ( z , t ) = 0.373cos ( 2π x107 t − 1.56 z + 31.8 ) a y .
A
m
( 31.67 )( 0.373) cos 64.8 − 31.8 a = 4.954 W a
t
Pavg =
2
( ) z m2
z

(Check: 5.655W/m2 = 0.704W/m2 + 4.954W/m2)

8. Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence

P5.48: A 100 MHz TE polarized wave with amplitude 1.0 V/m is obliquely incident from
air (z < 0) onto a slab of lossless, nonmagnetic material with εr = 25 (z > 0). The angle of
 5-31

incidence is 40°. Calculate (a) the angle of transmission, (b) the reflection and
transmission coefficients, and (c) the incident, reflected and transmitted fields.

ω 2π (100 x106 ) rad ω εr rad

(a) β1 = = 8
= 2.09 , β2 = = 10.45 .
c 3x10 m c m
β1 1 1 1
= = ; sin θt = sin 40 ; θ t = 7.4
β2 εr2 5 5
(b) Now we need to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients.
120π
η1 = 120πΩ; η 2 = Ω = 24πΩ
25
η cos θi − η1 cos θt
ΓTE = 2 = −0.732; τ TE = 1 + ΓTE = 0.268
η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt
(c) The fields,
Incident:
− j 2.09( x sin 40 + z cos 40 ) V
Eis = 1e a y = 1e− j1.34 x e− j1.60 z a y
m
V
Ei ( z, t ) = 1cos (ωt − 1.34 x − 1.60 z ) a y
m
H is =
120π
1 − j1.34 x − j1.60 z
e e ( − cos 40 a x + sin 40 a z )
mA
H is = ( −2.03a x + 1.71a z ) e − j1.34 x e− j1.60 z
m
mA
H i ( z, t ) = ( −2.03a x + 1.71a z ) cos (ωt − 1.34 x − 1.60 z )
m
Reflected:
Eor = ΓTE Eoi = −0.732
V
Ers = ( −0.732 ) e− j1.34 x e+ j1.60 z a y
m
V
Er ( z, t ) = −0.732 cos (ωt − 1.34 x + 1.60 z ) a y
m
( −0.732 ) e− j1.34 x e+ j1.60 z cos 40 a + sin 40 a A
H rs =
120π
( x z)
m
mA
H rs = ( −1.49a x − 1.25a z ) e− j1.34 x e+ j1.60 z
m
mA
H r ( z, t ) = ( −1.49a x − 1.25a z ) cos (ωt − 1.34 x + 1.60 z )
m
transmitted:
Eot = τ TE Eoi = 0.268
V
Ets = 0.268e 2 ( t
− j β x sin θ + z cosθt )
a y = 0.268e − j1.35 x e − j10.4 z a y
m
 5-32

H ts =
0.268 − j1.35 x − j10.4 z
24π
e e ( − cos 7.4 a x + sin 7.4 a z )
A
m
mA
H ts = ( −3.5a x + 0.46a z ) e− j1.35 x e − j10.4 z
m
mA
H t ( z, t ) = ( −3.5a x + 0.46a z ) cos (ωt − 1.35 x − 10.4 z )
m

P5.49: A 100 MHz TM polarized wave with amplitude 1.0 V/m is obliquely incident
from air (z < 0) onto a slab of lossless, nonmagnetic material with εr = 25 (z > 0). The
angle of incidence is 40°. Calculate (a) the angle of transmission, (b) the reflection and
transmission coefficients, and (c) the incident, reflected and transmitted fields.

(a) The material parameters in this problem are the same as for P5.48. So, once again we
have θt = 7.4°. Also, β1 = 2.09 rad/m and β2 = 10.45 rad/m.
(b)
η cos θt − η1 cos θi
ΓTM = 2 = −0.589
η2 cos θt + η1 cos θi
2η2 cos θi
τ TM = = 0.318
η2 cos θt + η1 cos θi
(c)
Incident:
Eis = 1e − j1.34 x e − j1.60 z ( cos 40 a x − sin 40 a z )
V
Ei ( z, t ) = ( 0.766a x − 0.643a z ) cos (ωt − 1.34 x − 1.60 z )
m
1 − j1.34 x − j1.60 z A
H is = e e ay
120π m
mA
H i ( z, t ) = 2.65cos (ωt − 1.34 x − 1.60 z ) a y
m
Reflected:
E rs = −0.589e − j1.34 x e + j1.60 z ( cos 40 a x + sin 40 a z )
V
Er ( z , t ) = ( −0.452a x − 0.379a z ) cos (ωt − 1.34 x + 1.60 z )
m
−0.589 − j1.34 x + j1.60 z A
H rs = e e ay
120π m
mA
H r ( z , t ) = −1.56 cos (ωt − 1.34 x + 1.60 z ) a y
m
transmitted:
Ets = 0.318e − j1.35 x e − j10.4 z ( cos 7.4 a x − sin 7.4 a z )
V
Et ( z , t ) = ( 0.315a x − 0.041a z ) cos (ωt − 1.35 x − 10.4 z )
m
 5-33

mA
H t ( z, t ) = 4.22 cos (ωt − 1.35 x − 10.4 z ) a y
m

P5.50: A randomly polarized UPW at 200 MHz is incident at the Brewster’s angle from
air (z < 0) onto a thick slab of lossless, nonmagnetic material with εr = 16 (z > 0). The
wave can be decomposed into equal TE and TM parts, each with an incident electric field
amplitude of 10. V/m. Find expressions for the instantaneous value of the incident,
reflected and transmitted electric fields.

1
First we calculate the Brewster’s angle: sin θ BA = ; θ BA = 76
1 + 1 16
Also, we calculate β1 = 4.19 rad/m, β2 = 16.8 rad/m, η1 = 120π Ω, and η2 = 30 π Ω.

TE
− j β1 ( x sin θi + z cosθi ) V
Eis = 10e a y = 10e− j 4.06 x e − j1.01z a y
m
At the Brewster’s angle of incidence, we have from Snell’s Law:
⎛β ⎞
θt = sin −1 ⎜ 1 sin θi ⎟ = 14
⎝ β2 ⎠
η cos θi − η1 cos θt
ΓTE = 2 = −0.883; τ TE = 1 + ΓTE = 0.117
η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt
V V
Eor = ΓTE Eoi =-8.83 ; Eot = τ TE Eoi =1.17
m m

V
Ers = −8.83e − j 4.06 x e+ j1.01z a y
m
V
Ets = τ TE (10 ) e
− j β 2 ( x sin θt + z cosθt )
a y = 1.17e− j 4.06 x e − j16.3 z a y
m

TM:
At the Brewster’s angle, ΓTM = 0 and Ers = 0.
Eis = 10e− j 4.06 x e− j1.01z ( cos θi a x − sin θi a z ) ,
V
Eis = ( 2.42a x − 9.70a z ) e− j 4.06 x e− j1.01z .
m
Ets = 10e − j 4.06 x e− j16.3 z ( cos θt a x − sin θt a z ) ,
V
Ets = ( 9.70a x − 2.40a z ) e − j 4.06 x e− j16.3 z .
m

Combining the results we arrive at:

 5-34

Ei ( z, t ) = ( 2.4a x + 10a y − 9.7a z ) cos (ωt − 4.06 x − 1.01z )

V
m
V
Er ( z , t ) = −8.83cos (ωt − 4.06 x + 1.01z ) a y
m
Et ( z, t ) = ( 9.7a x + 1.2a y − 2.4a z ) cos (ωt − 4.06 x − 16.3 z )
V
m