Introduction To Programming 2

Python

Department of Computer Engineering

Astana IT University

Zamart Ramazanova
Senior-Lecturer
[Link]@[Link]

December, 2024
 Topics
• Conditional Statements (if, if-else, elif)
• Logical Operators (not, and, or)
• Boolean Variables
• Introduction to Repetition Structures
• The while Loop: a Condition-Controlled Loop
• The for Loop: a Count-Controlled Loop
• Strings

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 CHAPTER 4
Decision
Structures and
Boolean Logic

CHAPTER 5
Repetition
Structures

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 Conditional Statements
• Conditional statements allow to make
decisions based on the values of variables or
the result of comparisons
• Python control flow statements are as follows:
 The if statement
 The if-else statement
 The nested-if statement
 The if-elif-else statement

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The if Statement

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 The if Statement
• Control structure: logical design that
controls order in which set of
statements execute
• Sequence structure: set of statements
that execute in the order they appear
• Decision structure: specific action(s)
performed only if a condition exists
• Also known as selection structure

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 The if Statement (cont’d.)
• In flowchart, diamond represents
true/false condition that must be tested
• Actions can be conditionally executed
• Performed only when a condition is true
• Single alternative decision structure:
provides only one alternative path of
execution
• If condition is not true, exit the structure

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 The if Statement (cont’d.)
• Python syntax:
if condition:
Statement(s)

Note the colon after the boolean-

expression.
All of the statements controlled
by the if must be indented the
same amount.

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 If Statement Example

In file if_example.py:

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 Boolean Expressions and
Relational Operators
• Boolean expression: expression tested
by if statement to determine if it is true
or false
• Example: a > b
• true if a is greater than b; false otherwise
• Relational operator: determines
whether a specific relationship exists
between two values
• Example: greater than (>)

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 Boolean Expressions and
Relational Operators (cont’d.)
• >= and <= operators test more than one
relationship
• It is enough for one of the relationships to
exist for the expression to be true
• == operator determines whether the
two operands are equal to one another
• Do not confuse with assignment operator (=)
• != operator determines whether the
two operands are not equal

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 Boolean Expressions and
Relational Operators (cont’d.)
• Many logical expressions use Relational Operators:

• Logical expressions can be combined with logical

operators:

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 The if-else Statement
• Dual alternative decision structure: two
possible paths of execution
– One is taken if the condition is true, and the
other if the condition is false
• Syntax: if condition:
statements
else:
other statements
• if clause and else clause must be aligned
• Statements must be consistently indented
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 The if-else Statement
The if-else statement is used when you want something
to specific to happen if the Boolean expression is true and
If you want something else to happen if it is false

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 The if-else Statement
(cont’d.)
A two-way If-else statement executes one of two actions,
depending on the value of a Boolean expression.

General form:
i f boolean-expression:
true-case-statement(s)
else:
false-case-statement(s)

Note the colons after the boolean-expression and after the

else. All of the statements in both if and else branches should
be indented the same amount. 15
 If-else Statement Example

In file [Link]:

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The if-elif-else Statement
• if-elif-else statement: special version of
a decision structure
• Makes logic of nested decision structures simpler to
write
• Can include multiple elif statements
• Syntax: if condition_1:
statement(s)
elif condition_2:
statement(s) Insert as many elif clauses
elif condition_3: as necessary.
statement(s)
else
statement(s)

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The if-elif-else Statement
(cont’d.)

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 The if-elif-else Statement
(cont’d.)
• Alignment used with if-elif-else
statement:
• if, elif, and else clauses are all aligned
• Conditionally executed blocks are consistently
indented
• if-elif-else statement is never required,
but logic easier to follow
• Can be accomplished by nested if-else
• Code can become complex, and indentation can cause
problematic long lines

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If-elif-else Statement Example

In file [Link]:

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 Logical Operators
• Logical operators: operators that can
be used to create complex Boolean
expressions
• and operator and or operator: binary
operators, connect two Boolean expressions
into a compound Boolean expression
• not operator: unary operator, reverses the
truth of its Boolean operand

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 Logical Operators (cont’d.)
• In Python, Logical operators are used on conditional statements
(either True or False).
• They perform Logical AND, Logical OR and Logical
NOT operations

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 The and Operator
• Takes two Boolean expressions as
operands
• Creates compound Boolean expression that is
true only when both sub expressions are true
• Can be used to simplify nested decision
structures
• Truth table for
the and operator

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 The or Operator
• Takes two Boolean expressions as
operands
• Creates compound Boolean expression that is
true when either of the sub expressions is true
• Can be used to simplify nested decision
structures
• Truth table for
the or operator

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 Short-Circuit Evaluation

• Short circuit evaluation: deciding the

value of a compound Boolean
expression after evaluating only one
sub expression
• Performed by the or and and operators
• For or operator: If left operand is true, compound
expression is true. Otherwise, evaluate right
operand
• For and operator: If left operand is false,
compound expression is false. Otherwise, evaluate
right operand

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 The not Operator
• Takes one Boolean expressions as
operand and reverses its logical value
• Sometimes it may be necessary to place
parentheses around an expression to clarify
to what you are applying the not operator
• Truth table for the not operator

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 Checking Numeric Ranges with
Logical Operators
• To determine whether a numeric value
is within a specific range of values, use
and
Example: x >= 10 and x <= 20
• To determine whether a numeric value
is outside of a specific range of values,
use or
Example: x < 10 or x > 20

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Logical Operators Example

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 Boolean Variables
• Boolean variable: references one of two
values, True or False
• Represented by bool data type
• Commonly used as flags
• Flag: variable that signals when some
condition exists in a program
• Flag set to False  condition does not exist
• Flag set to True  condition exists

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Boolean Variables Example

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Maybe take a break?
 Introduction to Repetition
Structures
• Often have to write code that performs
the same task multiple times
• Disadvantages to duplicating code
• Makes program large
• Time consuming
• May need to be corrected in many places
• Repetition structure: makes computer
repeat included code as necessary
• Includes condition-controlled loops and count-
controlled loopsc
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 The while Loop: a Condition-
Controlled Loop
• while loop: while condition is true, do
something
• Two parts:
• Condition tested for true or false value
• Statements repeated as long as condition is true
• In flow chart, line goes back to previous part
• General format:
while condition:
statements

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 The while Loop: a Condition-
Controlled Loop (cont’d.)
The majority of programming
languages include syntax to repeat
operations.
while loop is one option. General form:
while condition:
statement(s)

Meaning: as long as the condition

remains true, execute the statements.
As with conditionals (if/elif/else), all of
the statements in the body of the
loop must be indented the
same amount.
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 The while Loop: a Condition-
Controlled Loop (cont’d.)
• In order for a loop to stop executing,
something has to happen inside the
loop to make the condition false
• Iteration: one execution of the body of
a loop
• while loop is known as a pretest loop
– Tests condition before performing an iteration
• Will never execute if condition is false to start with
• Requires performing some steps prior to the loop

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 The while Loop Example
Print i as long as i is less than 6:

In this example, we need to define an indexing

variable, i, which we set to 1.

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 The for Loop: a Count-
Controlled Loop
• Count-Controlled loop: iterates a specific
number of times
Use a for statement to write count-controlled
loop
• Designed to work with sequence of data items
– Iterates once for each item in the sequence
• General format:
for variable in [val1, val2, etc]:
statements
• Target variable: the variable which is the target
of the assignment at the beginning of each
iteration

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 The for Loop
In a for loop, you typically know how many times you’ll
execute.

General form:
for var in sequence:
statement(s)
Meaning: assign each element
of sequence in turn to var and
execute the statements.
As usual, all of the statements
in the body must be indented
the same amount.

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 The for Loop Example
• A for loop is used for iterating over a
sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a
dictionary, a set, or a string).

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 The for Loop Example
• A for loop is used for looping through a
String

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The for Loop

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 Using the range Function with
the for Loop
• The range function simplifies the
process of writing a for loop
• range returns an iterable object
• Iterable: contains a sequence of values that can be
iterated over
• range characteristics:
• One argument: used as ending limit
• Two arguments: starting value and ending
limit
• Three arguments: third argument is step value
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Loops Comparison

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Using the Target Variable Inside
the Loop
• Purpose of target variable is to
reference each item in a sequence as
the loop iterates
• Target variable can be used in
calculations or tasks in the body of the
loop
Example: calculate square root of each
number in a range

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Example: calculate square root
of each number in a range

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• Sometimes the programmer does not
know exactly how many times the loop
will execute
• Can receive range inputs from the user,
place them in variables, and call the
range function in the for clause using
these variables
Be sure to consider the end cases: range
does not include the ending limit

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Turtle Graphics: Using Loops to
Draw Designs
• This for loop iterates eight times to draw the
octagon:

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 Basic String Operations
• Many types of programs perform
operations on strings
• In Python, many tools for examining
and manipulating strings
• Strings are sequences, so many of the tools
that work with sequences (such as ranges,
lists, and tuples) also can be used
with strings

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 String Operations
• Strings in python are surrounded by
either single quotation marks, or
double quotation marks.

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 Accessing the Individual
Characters in a String
• To access an individual character in a
string:
• Use a for loop
• Format: for character in string:
• Useful when need to iterate over the whole string, such
as to count the occurrences of a specific character
• Each ‘character’ is simply a string of length 1
• Use indexing
• Each character has an index specifying its position in
the string, starting at 0
• Format: character = my_string[i]

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51
 Testing, Searching, and
Manipulating Strings
• You can use the in operator to
determine whether one string is
contained in another string
• General format: string1 in string2
• string1 and string2 can be string literals or
variables referencing strings
• Similarly you can use the not in
operator to determine whether one
string is not contained in another string
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 String Methods
• Strings in Python have many types of
methods, divided into different types of
operations
• General format:
[Link](arguments)
• Some methods test a string for
specific characteristics
• Generally Boolean methods, that return True
if a condition exists, and False otherwise
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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 String Methods (cont’d.)

Implement a function that prompts the user for an int

and error checks it. Keep prompting until they enter an int
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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 String Methods (cont’d.)
• Some methods create and return a
modified version of the string
• Simulate strings as mutable objects
• String comparisons are case-sensitive
• Uppercase characters are distinguished from
lowercase characters
• lower and upper methods can be used for
making case-insensitive string comparisons

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
String Methods (cont’d.)

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 String Methods (cont’d.)
• Programs commonly need to search for
substrings
• Several methods to accomplish this:
• endswith(substring): checks if the string
ends with substring
• Returns True or False
• startswith(substring): checks if the
string starts with substring
• Returns True or False

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 String Methods (cont’d.)
• Several methods to accomplish this
(cont’d):
• find(substring): searches for
substring within the string
• Returns lowest index of the substring, or if the
substring is not contained in the string, returns -1
• replace(substring, new_string):
• Returns a copy of the string where every
occurrence of substring is replaced with
new_string

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
String Methods (cont’d.)

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 The Repetition Operator
• Repetition operator: makes multiple
copies of a string and joins them
together
• The * symbol is a repetition operator when
applied to a string and an integer
• String is left operand; number is right
• General format: string_to_copy * n
• Variable references a new string which
contains multiple copies of the original string
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 Splitting a String
• split method: returns a list containing
the words in the string
• By default, uses space as separator
• Can specify a different separator by passing it
as an argument to the split method
• Also referred to as parsing a string.

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Summary
• This chapter covered:
• Conditional statements, including
• Single alternative condition structures
• Dual alternative conditon structures
• Nested decision structures
• Relational operators and logical operators as used in
creating Boolean expressions
• Boolean variables
• Repetition structures
• Infinite loops and how they can be avoided
• range function as used in for loops
• String and methods

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