Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Information and Communication Technology Sayar Kaung (ICT) 1

Chapter 2
Input and output devices

Information and Communication Technology Sayar Kaung (ICT) 2

Chapter 2 – Inputs & Output Devices

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : Inputs and outputs devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 3

Chapter Sections
2.1 – Input devices and their uses 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices 2.3 – Output devices and their uses
2.1.1 – Keyboards 2.2.1 – Card readers 2.3.1 – Monitors
2.1.2 – Numeric keypads 2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification 2.3.2 – Touch screen (as output)
2.1.3 – Pointing devices (RFID) readers 2.3.3 – Multimedia projectors
2.1.4 – Remote Control 2.2.3 – Optical mark recognition/reader 2.3.4 – Printers
(OMR)
2.1.5 – Joysticks and driving wheels 2.3.5 – Plotter
2.2.4 – Optical character
2.1.6 – Touch Screen (as input) 2.3.6 – 3D printers
recognition/reader (OCR)
2.1.7 – Scanners 2.3.7 – Speakers
2.2.5 – Barcode readers
2.1.8 – Digital cameras 2.3.8 – Actuators
2.2.6 – Quick response (QR) code
2.1.9 – Microphones scanners (readers) Motors
2.1.10 – Sensors Magnetic ink character recognition/reader Buzzers
2.1.11 – Light pens (MICR) Heaters
Graphics tablet Lights
Webcams

Chapter 2 : Inputs and outputs devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 4

Introduction
 In this chapter you will learn about:
– Input devices
► Uses of each devices
► Advantages
► Disadvantages
– Direct data entry (DDE) devices
– Output devices
► Uses
► Advantages
► Disadvantages

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : Inputs and outputs devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 5

Input Processing Output

Storage

Section 2.1
Input devices and their uses

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 6

What is input devices?

Hardware devices that allow data to be input into computer
2.1.1 – Keyboards
2.1.2 – Numeric keypads
2.1.3 – Pointing devices
2.1.4 – Remote Control
2.1.5 – Joysticks and driving wheels
2.1.6 – Touch Screen (as input)
2.1.7 – Scanners
2.1.8 – Digital cameras
2.1.9 – Microphones
2.1.10 – Sensors
2.1.11 – Light pens
Graphics tablet
Webcams

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 7

QWERTY

2.1.1 Keyboards
 Keyboards are by far the most common method
used for data entry Ergonomic
 connected to the computer through a USB or
wireless connection
 When the character on the keyboard is pressed, it is
converted into a digital signal, which the computer
interprets
 QWERTY layout
 Ergonomic - reduces health related problems (RSI)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 8

2.1.1 Keyboards
 How the computer can recognise a letter pressed on the keyboard:
– There is a membrane or circuit board at the base of the keys.
– The CPU in the computer can then determine which key has been pressed
– The CPU refers to an index file to identify which character the key press represents

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 9

2.1.1 Keyboards
Uses of keyboards
 Input of data into applications software (for example, text into word processors, numbers into spreadsheets, and
so on).
 Typing in commands to the computer (for example, Prnt Scrn, Ctrl+P to print out, and so on).
Advantages of keyboards
 Fast entry of new text into a document.
 Well-known method.
 Easy to use for most people.
 Easier to do verification checks as data is entered (can immediately compare the source document with typed
data on the screen).
Disadvantages of keyboards
 Can be difficult to use if the user has limited arm/wrist use.
 Slow method when compared to direct data entry (for example, Optical Mark Recognition – see Section 2.2).
 Fairly large device that uses up valuable desk space.

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 10

2.1.2 Numeric keypads

 A numeric keypad is used to enter numbers only
 although some have a function key to allow
alphabetic characters to be input
Uses of numeric keypads
 Automatic teller machines (ATMs), where the
customer can key in their PIN, amount of money,
etc.
 Mobile phones to allow phone numbers, etc. to be
keyed in.
 Point of sale terminals (POS) in case the barcode
reader fails to read the barcode – the number has
to be keyed in manually by the operator.
 Chip and PIN devices when paying by credit/debit
cards (key in PIN, amount of money, etc.).
 Fast entry of numeric data into a spreadsheet

10

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 11

2.1.2 Numeric keypads

Advantages of numeric keypads
 Faster than standard keyboards when
entering numeric data.
 Because many are small devices (for
example, mobile phones) they are very
easy to carry around.
Disadvantages of numeric keypads
 Sometimes have small keys which can
make input more difficult.
 Sometimes the order of the numbers on
the keypad is not intuitive.

11

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 12

2.1.3 Pointing devices

Mouse

Touchpad

Tracker ball

12

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 13

Mouse
 An example of a pointing device
 The ball underneath the mouse is used to detect movement
 The left button is for selecting by double on it and the right is
to bring drop-down menus
 There is usually a scroll button which speeds up the process
of moving through a document
 Optical mouse (advantage  has no moving parts/ no dirty)
 Cordless / Wireless mouse
Uses
 Used for opening, closing and minimizing software
 Used for grouping, moving and deleting files
 Useful when editing images (e.g. controlling the size and
position of the image)
 Used for controlling the position of a pointer on the screen to
allow:
– Selection from a menu
– Selecting an icon
– Scrolling up/down and right/left

13

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 14

Mouse
Advantages
 Faster to select an option by a mouse than a keyboard
 Enables rapid navigation through applications and the
internet
 Mice are small and don’t take much area
Disadvantages
 People with restricted hand/wrist movement can find it
hard to operate a mouse
 Easily damaged and can easily be clogged up with dirt
 They are hard to use if there is no flat surface available

14

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 15

Touchpad
 Touchpads are used in many laptop computers as
a pointing device
 The pointer is controlled by the user moving their
finger on the touchpad
Uses
 Used for opening, closing and minimizing software
 Used for grouping, moving and deleting files
 Useful when editing images (e.g. controlling the
size and position of the image)
 Used for controlling the position of a pointer on the
screen to allow:
– Selection from a menu
– Selecting an icon

15

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 16

Touchpad
Advantages
 Faster to select an option by a touchpad than a keyboard
 Enables rapid navigation through applications and the
internet
 Since the touchpad is integrated into laptop computer,
there is no separate mouse, aiding portability
 They can be used when no flat surfaces are available
Disadvantages
 People with limited hand/wrist movement can find
touchpads hard to use
 It can be more difficult to control the pointer when
compared to a mouse
 They are more difficult when doing operations such as
‘drag and drop’

16

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 17

Trackerball (Trackball)
 Trackerball is like a mouse except that it has
a ball on the top of the device
 Users control the pointer on the screen by
rotating the ball
Uses
 Have the same pointing/cursor control
capability as a mouse
 Used in applications where the user has a
disability (such as RSI – repetitive strain
injury)
 Used in a control room environment, where
it is faster than a mouse to navigate through
process screens and more robust than a
mouse

17

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 18

Trackerball (Trackball)
Advantages
 Trackerballs don’t need the same fine control as a
mouse
 People with limited hand/wrist movement find easier to
use than a mouse
 The pointer can be positioned more accurately on the
screen than with a mouse
 They take less desk space than mice since they are
stationary
Disadvantages
 Trackerballs are not supplied with the computer as
standard, so they are more expensive
 User may need training since they are not standard
equipment

18

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 19

2.1.4 Remote control

 A remote control is used to control the operation of other devices
remotely by using infra-red signals
Uses
 In home entertainment devices such as Televisions, DVD
player/recorder and satellite system
 Used to control multimedia systems
 Used in industrial applications to remotely control processes, stop
and start machinery
Advantages
 Enable devices to be operated from any distance, which is useful for
people with disabilities
 Some chemical processes are hazardous, so it is safer to operate
equipment from a distance
Disadvantages
 People with limited hand/wrist movement can find them hard to use
 The signal between the control and the device can be easily blocked

19

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 20

2.1.5 Joysticks and driving wheels

 By gripping the stick, a pointer on the
screen can be controlled
 Buttons are used to make selections

20

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 21

2.1.5 Joysticks and driving wheels

Joystick Driving wheel

Uses Uses
 Used in video/computer games (for example, car racing
 Used in video/computer games. games).
 Used in simulators (for example, flight  Used in simulators (for example, car-driving simulators)
to mimic actual vehicle controls.
simulators) to mimic actual controls. Advantages
Advantages  Easier than a keyboard or joystick to control steering
movements; it is more natural.
 Easier than a keyboard to navigate the screen  The ‘driving experience’ is nearer to how an actual
 Control is more realistic for some applications steering wheel and other controls operate in real life.
than, for example, using a mouse Disadvantages
 It can be a rather expensive input device compared to
Disadvantages mouse or joystick.
 More difficult to control the on-screen pointer  Movements in the steering can be too sensitive, giving
an unrealistic ‘feel’.
than with other devices, such as a mouse  Unless it is an expensive simulator, feedback to the
driving wheel is non-existent.
10/24/20
24

21

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 22

2.1.6 Touch screens (as an input device)

 User can choose an option by simply touching a button/icon on
the screen
 The selection is automatically made without the need for any
pointing device
Uses
 Used for service tills e.g. petrol stations
 Used where selections are made on a screen e.g.
 ATMs, public information systems, airports and railway stations
 Used in Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)s
 Used in Interactive white boards
 Used in computer based training (CBT)

22

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 23

2.1.6 Touch screens (as an input device)

Advantages
 Enable faster entry of options than a keyboard/mouse
 Very easy to choose options
 User friendly method for inputting data
 They are tamperproof, preventing people from keying
in information (which could corrupt the system)
Disadvantages
 There is a limited number of options available
 Using touchscreens often can lead to health problems
(e.g. straining of arm muscles and RSI)
 The screen can get very dirty with constant touching

23

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 24

2.1.7 Scanners
 Used to input information on hardcopy (e.g. text document)
Uses
 Used to scan in documents and convert them into a format for use in various
software packages
 Old and valuable documents and books can be scanned, protecting the
original copies from damage
 Non-digital photographs can be scanned for storing on a computer
Advantages
 Images can be stored for editing later
 Scanners are much faster and more accurate than typing in documents again
 It is possible to recover damaged documents and photographs by scanning
them and then using appropriate software to produce an acceptable copy
Disadvantages
 The quality can be limited depending on how good the scanner resolution is
 Fairly slow scanning

24

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 25

2.1.8 Digital cameras

 Photographs are stored in memory
 They can be easily transferred to a computer
using a USB
 DV (digital video)
 Store 25 MB/s compressed photo frames
(Motion jpeg  mpeg)
Uses
 Digital cameras can produce photographs for
direct transfer to a computer or to print out
 Digital cameras allow short video clips to be
produced Frame Per Second (FPS)
 Photographs can be uploaded directly into
application software such as word processor

25

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 26

2.1.8 Digital cameras

Advantages
 Easier to produce better quality photographs than with a tradition camera
 Easier and faster to upload photographs to a computer
 There is no need to develop film and print out photographs (saves paper
and no longer needs the chemicals to produce photographs from films)
 Easy to delete an image from the memory if it’s not satisfactory
 The memory card can store several hundred photographs
Disadvantages
 The camera user needs to be computer literate to use the camera properly
 There is some artistry lost since clever software corrects errors in the
photographs
 The resolution is not yet as good as traditional cameras
 Images often need to be compressed to reduce the amount of memory
used
 It is possible to fill up computer memory very quickly with several

26

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 27

2.1.9 Microphones
 Can be connected directly to a computer
 Sounds can be inputted and manipulated
Uses
 Microphones are used to input speech/sounds to be used in
various applications
 They are used in voice recognition software for conversion of
speech into text, and recognition of commands
Advantages
 Faster to read in text than to type it using a keyboard
 Possible to manipulate sound in real time using special software
 If used in a voice activation system, this has the advantage of
improving safety
Disadvantages
 Sound files can use up a lot of computer memory
 Voice recognition software isn’t as accurate as typing in manually

27

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 28

2.1.10 Sensors
 Sense data Sound data (analogue)
 Analogue data  Digital data
 Inputs data to computer
 Analogue to digital converter (ADC)
Uses
 Monitoring Sound data (digital)
 Control applications
 Used depending on the application
Advantages
 Readings by sensors are more accurate than taken by humans
 Readings are continuous, there is no break in monitoring
 Because it is a continuous process any necessary action or warning will be initiated immediately
 They can be placed in remote or dangerous places
 The system can be automatic, removing the need for human intervention, this is particularly
important if the process is hazardous
Disadvantages
 Faulty sensors can give spurious results
 Wasteful of electricity (Standby power)

28

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 29

2.1.10 Sensors
Type of sensor Applications

Automatic washing machines, central heating systems, automatic

Temperature
greenhouses, ovens
Burglar alarm systems, robotics, environmental monitoring,
Pressure
Automatic washing machines
Automatic doors, street lighting control, Burglar alarm systems,
Light/ Motion
automatic greenhouses
Burglar alarm systems, monitoring liquid and powder flow in
Sound/ acoustic
pipes
Automatic greenhouses, environmental monitoring, factories
Humidity/ moisture
where moisture levels are crucial
Automatic greenhouse, chemical processes, environmental
pH
monitoring

Distance / proximity Smartphone, cars, measurement tools

29

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 30

2.1.11 Light pens

 Send signal to computer whenever light changes are detected
 Only work on CRT monitor (Cathode Ray Tube)
 Screen refresh 50 times per second (50 Hz)
Uses
 Selecting objects on CRT screens
 Drawing on screen
Advantages
 Greater accuracy than touch screen
 Small
 Easy to use
Disadvantages
 Problems with lag when drawing on screen
 Only works with CRT monitors
 Not that accurate when drawing
 Rather dated technology

30

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 31

Extra - Graphic tablet

 A graphic tablet is used with a stylus to produce freehand drawings
Uses
 Graphics tablets are used to produce drawings, computer graphics
 In countries where characters are complex e.g. japan, they are used
as a form of input
 They are used in computer aided design (CAD) work
Advantages
 It is possible to modify drawings before they are input
 They offer an accurate method of drawing
 They can record level of pressures
Disadvantages
 They are more expensive than other pointing devices
 Longer to produce drawing
 Menu are often not user-friendly
 Damage easily

31

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 32

Extra - Webcams
 Connected directly to a computer via a USB port
Uses
 While chatting online webcams can be used to have
conversations
 Used to enable video conferencing to take place
Advantages
 Can be left on constantly and activated when required
 Allow people to keep in contact with each other without
the need to travel, particularly useful for disabled or
elderly people
Disadvantages
 Webcams have limited features and the picture is often
of poor quality
 They need to be connected to a computer

32

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.1 – Input devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 33

Section 2.1 – Input devices and their uses

33

Chapter 2 : Inputs and outputs devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 34

Input Processing Output

Storage

Section 2.2
Direct data entry (DDE) devices

34

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 35

What are DDE devices?

Direct Data Entry devices are devices that create machine-readable data and feed it
directly into the computer without keyboard or mouse.
2.2.1 – Card readers
► Magnetic stripe readers OCR
► Contactless card readers
► Chip and PIN readers
2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers
2.2.3 – Optical mark recognition/reader (OMR)
2.2.4 – Optical character recognition/reader (OCR)
2.2.5 – Barcode readers
2.2.6 – Quick response (QR) code scanners (readers)
Magnetic ink character recognition/reader (MICR)
Barcode Reader
Contactless card Chip & PIN MICR OMR
Magnetic
readers RFID Readers
stripe readers

35

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 36

2.2.1 Card readers

Magnetic stripe readers

Contactless debit card readers

Chip and PIN readers

36

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 37

Magnetic stripe readers

 Used to read information on the magnetic
stripe
 The stripe contains useful information such
as start and expiry date
Uses
 Credit and debit cards have magnetic stripes
that are used by ATMS or EFTPOS
(electronic funds transfer point of sale)
terminal
 Security cards for entering building e.g. hotel
rooms
 Travel systems e.g. train and underground
tickets

37

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 38

Magnetic stripe readers

Advantages
 Data entry is fast compared with keying in using a keyboard or
keypad
 System is error free, no typing involved
 Information is secure since there is no typing and the
information can’t be read directly by a person
 Can prevent access to restricted/secure areas
 Magnetic stripes are unaffected by oil water and moisture
Disadvantages
 If the magnetic stripe is damaged the data is lost
 Card needs to be in close contact with the reader
 Since the information is not human readable, they need to find
a way to show the information to the customer (e.g. hotel
room number not printed on cards)

38

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 39

Chip and PIN reader

 The device has a slot where the card is placed, and the chip is read
 A small screen is part of the reader which gives instructions to the
operator
Uses
 Chip and PIN (Personal Identification Number) readers are used where
payments are made using cards e.g. travel agents, Supermarkets,
Restaurants, etc.

39

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 40

Chip and PIN reader

Advantages
 Provide a more secure payment system than
requiring a signature or using magnetic stripe, since
the PIN typed in must match up with the PIN stored
on the chip
 Provide a more robust system than magnetic stripe
since the chip does not need to be in contact with the
reader
Disadvantages
 Customer needs to be careful when typing in the
PIN, so nobody reads it giving an opportunity for
Fraud

40

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 41

Contactless card reader

 A small chip that embedded in card
 Reader emits radio waves
 A few centimeters of distance
 Wireless signal on the card
Uses
 Credit and debit cards or EFTPOS
(electronic funds transfer point of sale)
 Security cards for entering building e.g.
hotel rooms
 Travel systems e.g. train and
underground tickets

41

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 42

Contactless card reader

Advantages
 Data entry is faster compared with chip and PIN
 System is error free, no typing involved
 Information is secure since there is 128-bit
encryption to protect data
 Can prevent access to restricted/secure areas
 unaffected by oil water and moisture
 No moving parts therefore physically robust
Disadvantages
 More expensive than normal cards
 A thief with suitable reader could monitor your card
transaction
 Limited maximum transaction value 25 $

42

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 43

2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers

 RFID readers work in similar ways to a barcode reader
 An RFID tag is attached to/inside a surface
 The reader reads the data held on the tag which is then input into the computer system for processing
 Radio waves are used to transmit data thus can be used through most materials
Uses
 Used in retail or supermarkets as barcode alternatives
 Used to identify pets
 Used in passports
Advantages
 Can hold a lot of data
 Can be read from long distances
 Does not require direct line of sight
 Information can be read faster than barcodes
 Can alter information
Disadvantages
 Thieves can steal information easily
 RFID tags are expensive
 Radio waves can experience interference

43

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 44

2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers

44

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 45

2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers

Library
Supermarket

45

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 46

2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers

46

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 47

2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers

Human body

47

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 48

2.2.2 – Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers

Attendance System
Bus

Elevator

E-Passport

48

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 49

2.2.3 Optical mark recognition/reader (OMR)

 Optical mark recognition is a system which can read marks
written in pen or pencil
Uses
 OMR devices are used to read questionnaires, multiple choice
examinations papers and other types of forms in the form of
lines or shaded areas
Advantages
 A very fast way of inputting results of a survey
 Since there is no typing, it is more accurate than keying in
data
 OMR is more accurate than OCR
Disadvantages
 Forms need to be carefully designed to make sure that the
marks/shadings are correctly positioned to gather accurate
information
 There can be problems if forms aren’t filled correctly,
sometimes they must be checked manually before being read
by an OMR, this is both time consuming and expensive

49

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 50

2.2.4 Optical character recognition/reader (OCR)

 Optical Character recognition is a software that takes
scanned text and converts it into a computer readable
form
Uses
 Processing of passports and Identity cards
 OCR is used when scanning documents to modify
them using a suitable software
Advantages
 Much faster data entry system than manually keying
in data
 Since there is no manual data entry, the number of
errors is reduced
Disadvantages
 The system has difficulty reading handwriting
 It is still not a very accurate technique

50

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 51

Comparison of OMR and OCR features

51

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 52

2.2.5 Barcode readers

 Used to read information in the form of a barcode
 Hold 30 digits
 Handheld scanners or wands are very common for
reading Barcodes
 Hold up to 30 digits
Uses
 Used in supermarkets and other shops where the
goods are marked with a barcode
 Used in libraries to scan user’s library card and
barcodes on books (to keep track of books on loan)
 Used as a safety function in many companies to
ensure that electrical equipment is checked on a
regular basis

52

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 53

2.2.5 Barcode readers

Advantages
 Much faster than keying in data manually and fewer
mistakes will be made.
 If used as a way of recording safety testing of
components (for instance electrical components) they can
help improve safety.
 They allow automatic stock control.
 They are a tried and trusted technology.
Disadvantages
 Relatively expensive system to administer.
 Not fool-proof (barcodes can be swapped around on
items).
 Can be more easily damaged than RFID tags or magnetic
stripes.

53

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 54

2.2.6 Quick response (QR) code scanners (readers)

 made up of a matrix of filled-in dark squares on a light
background
 block of small squares (light and dark) known as pixels
 hold up to 4296 characters (or up to 7089 digits)
 Uses
 Used in advertising
– business addresses, phone numbers, email addresses and
website addresses
 Contain links to apps
 Wi-Fi authentication
 QR codes can be used to deliver augmented reality
experiences
 QR codes have been used to establish virtual online stores
– product information and presented to the customer

54

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 55

2.2.6 Quick response (QR) code scanners (readers)

Advantages
 They can hold much more information than normal barcode.
 There will be fewer errors than with barcodes; the higher data capacity of the QR
code allows the use of built-in error-checking systems; normal barcodes contain
almost no data redundancy (that is, data which is duplicated) therefore it is not
possible to guard against badly printed or damaged barcodes.
 QR codes are easier to read; they do not need expensive laser or LED (light emitting
diode) scanners like barcodes – they can be read by the cameras used on
smartphones and tablets.
 It is easy to transmit QR codes either as text messages or images.
 It is also possible to encrypt QR codes, which gives them greater protection than
traditional barcodes.
Disadvantages
 More than one QR format is available.
 QR codes can be used to transmit malicious codes; known as attagging.

55

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 56

Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)

 Magnetic ink character recognition is a system which
can read characters printed in a special ink
Uses
 Used to process cheques in banking operations
cheque is read using a batch processing method
Advantages
 MICR offers great security than OCR since the
oriented characters cannot be altered
 There is no manual input, thus errors are reduced
 If somebody writes over the magnetic ink characters, it
can still be read
Disadvantages
 Only certain characters can be read, and the number
of different characters is very limited
 It is a more expensive method than other methods
used for direct data entry

56

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.2 – Direct data entry (DDE) devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 57

Section 2.2 - Direct data entry (DDE) devices

57

Chapter 2 : Inputs and outputs devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 58

Input Processing Output

Storage

Section 2.3
Output devices and their uses

58

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 59

What are output devices?

Hardware devices that allow information to be sent out of a computer system
2.3.1 – Monitors
2.3.2 – Touch screen (as output)
2.3.3 – Multimedia projectors
2.3.4 – Printers
2.3.5 – Plotter
2.3.6 – 3D printers
2.3.7 – Speakers
2.3.8 – Actuators
Motors
Buzzers
Heaters
Lights

59

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 60

2.3.1 – Monitors
LCD/IPS Monitor

CRT Monitor

LED Monitor

60

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 61

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

 Cathode Ray Tube monitors
 Least expensive type of monitor, becoming rarer as TFT monitors
take over
 Come in various sizes
 Picture created is made up of tiny dots (red green or blue), the
intensity of the colour of the dot determines the colour perceived
by the eye
Uses
 Primary output device for computers, user can immediately see
what they are typing in
 Used with light pens to allow designs to be created on screen

61

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 62

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

Advantages
 Produce higher quality images than TFT
monitors
 Angle of viewing is better than a TFT monitor
 They work with light pens in CAD and CAM
applications (Computer Aided
Design/Manufacturing)
Disadvantages
 Tend to be heavy, weight hazard if not
supported properly
 Run very hot, can cause fires if left
unattended, especially if they are old
 Consume more power than TFT monitors
 They can flicker, this leads to headaches and
eyesight problems with prolonged use

62

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 63

Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Monitor

 Thin Film Transistor (TFT) monitors
 Taking over from CRT monitors as the main output
device
 The progress in TFT technology is one of the
reasons for the rapid development of laptop
computers
 The screen is made up of thousands of tiny pixels
which are made up of transistors controlled by a
microprocessor
 Each pixel has three transistors-red, green or blue;
the intensity of each determines the colour of the
pixel seen

63

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 64

Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Monitor

Advantages
 Lightweight, so no weight hazards like CRT monitors
 Less glare produced than in CRT monitors; also emit
less radiation
 Consume much less power and generate less heat
than CRT monitors
Disadvantages
 Angle of viewing is critical, image appears unclear if
viewed slightly from the side
 This is an issue if several people are looking at the
screen at the same time
 They cannot yet be used with light pens

64

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 65

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)/ In-Panel Switching (IPS)

Monitor
 Front layer made from liquid crystal diodes; grouped together to form
pixels (RGB or RGBY-more vivid colours)
 IPS (In-Panel switching) is the technology used in LCD monitors.

65

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 66

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)/ In-Panel Switching (IPS)

Monitor

66

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 67

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)/ In-Panel Switching (IPS)

Monitor
Advantages
 Colour can be seen accurately from
different viewing angles
 No lightening on touching
Disadvantages
 Expensive than TFT
 High power consumption than LED
 Slow response time
Note: Old LCD monitors used CCFL
(cold cathode fluorescent lamp)
technology to light up the screen.
TFT LCD/IPS

67

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 68

Light Emitting Diode (LED) Monitor

 Front layer made from liquid crystal diodes; grouped together
to form pixels (RGB or RGBY-more vivid colours)
 For the image to show up on-screen a light source of LED
backlight is used.
 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
 Curved Display
Advantages (over LCD monitors)
 Lighter and thinner
 Longer life
 Lower power consumption
 Greater contrast and more vivid colour
 Relatively more robust
Disadvantages
 Glare gives viewers headaches
 Images too sharp, so can cause eye strain

68

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 69

CRT, LCD, LED, OLED displays pixels, refreshed rates

69

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 70

Monitor resolution and dimension

 Screen size measurement  diagonal
 Resolution  number of pixels
 Screen ratios

55”

70

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 71

2.3.3 Multimedia projectors

 Receive analogue and digital signals, although most modern
projectors only work with digital inputs
 The signal source is usually from a computer, television, or
DVD player
 The image from the source is magnified and projected onto a
large screen
 The devices usually work with a remote control, but can also
use virtual mouse technology – cordless PC mouse (has a
laser pointer)
Uses
 Used for training presentations (allows the whole audience to
see the images from a computer)
 Also used for advertising presentations (shown at exhibitions,
shopping malls etc.)
 Home cinema systems (projecting the images from a DVD or
television) use multimedia projectors

71

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 72

2.3.3 Multimedia projectors

Advantages
 Enables many people to see a presentation rather
Interactive Projector
than all of them crowded around a small computer
screen
 Avoids the need for several networked computers
– e.g. when looking at a video clip on the internet,
everybody can see the video on the large screen rather
than logging on to several computers
Disadvantages
 Images can sometimes be fuzzy
 Expensive to buy
 Setting up projectors can be a little difficult

72

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 73

2.3.4 Printers

Laser Printer Inkjet Printer Dot Matrix Printer

73

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 74

Laser Printer
 Produce very high-quality hard copy output
 Print rate per page is fast if many pages are
being printed
 Rely on large buffer memories – the data for
the whole document is stored before pages can
be printed out
Uses
 Used where noise levels need to be kept low
e.g. in an office
 The best option for fast, high-quality, high-
volume printing

74

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 75

Laser Printer
How a page is printed:
 The start of the printing process involves a printing drum being given a
positive charge; as this drum rotates, a laser beam is scanned across it
removing the positive charge in certain areas; this leaves negatively charged
areas which exactly match the text/images of the page to be printed.
 The drum is then coated with positively-charged toner (powdered ink);
because the toner is positively charged, it only sticks to the negatively
charged parts of the drum.
 A negatively-charged sheet of paper is then rolled over the drum.
 The toner on the drum now sticks to the paper to produce an exact copy of
the page sent to the printer.
 To prevent the paper sticking to the drum, the electric charge on the paper is
removed after one rotation of the drum.
 The paper finally goes through a fuser, which is a set of heated rollers; the
heat melts the ink so that it fixes permanently to the paper.
 At the very end, a discharge lamp removes all the electric charge from the
drum, making it ready to print the next page.

75

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 76

Laser Printer
Advantages
 Printing is fast for high volumes, slightly faster than inkjet
if only a few pages are to be printed
 Can handle very large print jobs
 Quality is consistently high
 Toner cartridges last for a long time; laser printers can be
a cost-effective option if colour outputs are not required
Disadvantages
 Expensive to buy
 Only fast if several copies are being made
 Colour laser printers tend to be expensive to run since
four cartridges are needed as well as diffuser kits, etc.
 Produce ozone and volatile organic compounds because
of their printing method and type of toner/ink used
 These have been linked to health hazards in the office
76

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 77

Inkjet Printer
 Used to produce good quality hard copies – the
quality is not as good as in laser printers but
much better than that of dot matrix printers
 Do not have large buffers like laser printers, so
printing is done a bit at a time
 Therefore, printing is sometimes paused – the
whole page can’t be stored in the buffer, it must
wait for the computer to send more data
Uses
 Used where low volume outputs are needed
 Ideal for high quality printing for small print jobs
or single pages e.g. for photo quality printouts
77

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 78

Inkjet Printer
 Inkjet printer made up of:
 a print head, which consists of nozzles which
spray droplets of ink on to the paper to form
characters
 an ink cartridge or cartridges; either one
cartridge for each colour (blue, yellow and
magenta) and a black cartridge, or one single
cartridge containing all three colours plus black
(note: some systems use six colours)
 a stepper motor and belt, which moves the print
head assembly across the page from side to
side
 a paper feed which automatically feeds the
printer with pages as they are required.
 Two ink droplets technologies:
– Thermal bubble
– Piezoelectric

78

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 79

Thermal bubble droplets

79

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 80

Piezoelectric droplets

80

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 81

Inkjet Printer
Advantages
 High quality output
 Cheaper to buy than laser printers
 Very lightweight and take up little space (small footprint)
 Do not produce ozone and volatile organic compounds,
unlike laser printers
Disadvantages
 Output is slow if several copies needed – there is little
buffer capacity to store the pages
 The ink cartridges run out too quickly to be used for large
print jobs
 Printing can smudge if the user is not careful
 Can be expensive to run if they are used a lot – original ink
cartridges are expensive

81

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 82

Dot Matrix Printer

 A type of impact printer
 A print head made up of a matrix of pins presses against an inked ribbon
Uses
 Can be used in noisy environments e.g. garage workshops
 Can be used in applications were the print quality is not very important
 Point of sale (POS)
Advantages
 Can be used in environments which would be a problem for laser and inkjet
printers – dusty, dirty or moist atmospheres
 Carbon copies or multi-part outputs can be produced
 Very cheap to run and maintain
 Easy to use if continuous stationary is required e.g. long print jobs such as
wage slips
Disadvantages
 Very noisy – not good in an office environment
 Cost more than an inkjet printer to buy
 Very slow
 Printing is of poor quality

82

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 83

2.3.5 (Graph) Plotter/ Wide Format Printer

 Devices that produce hard copies but operate in a different way to printers
 Not limited to normal printer paper size and can produce highly accurate, very large drawings and
posters
 The most common types are pen plotters, electrostatic (similar method to laser printers) and inkjet
plotters
– With pen plotters, coloured pens are controlled by a computer and the paper can move backwards and forwards to
allow accurate shapes to be drawn
Uses
 Used to produce large drawings
 Producing engineering drawings.
– e.g. blueprints of buildings; are often used with CAD applications
 Used to produce large pictures for use on billboards or giant posters
– They can also print on plastic coated paper (Vinyl fabric signboard)
Advantages
 Can produce huge printouts
 Print quality is extremely high
 Able to print on a variety of materials
Disadvantages
 Very slow at printing.
 Expensive equipment (and software) to purchase initially; although running costs are low once
purchased.
 Have a very large physical footprint compared to a printer.

83

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 84

2.3.6 3D printers
 A new type of printer that produces solid 3D models using
modified inkjet technology called tomography
 Very thin layers of fine powder (plaster, resin, starch) are
bonded together as a 3D model is slowly built up
 Items produced are known as prototypes
Uses
 Used to produce prototypes which work from CAD
packages, photograph images, stored drawings etc.
 Scale models are produced in colour before the real thing is
manufactured
 Prosthetic limbs
– The ultimate objective is to produce organic objects using this
layering technology (such as replacement human organs)
 In aerospace  wings
 Fashion and art
 Making parts for items no longer in production

84

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 85

2.3.6 3D printers
Some of the features of 3D printing:
 Bigger printer  bigger object
 Additive manufacturing (Direct 3D
printing)
– The object is built up layer by layer
 Subtractive manufacturing (Binder 3D
printing)
– Removal of material to make the object
– Like CNC machine (computer-controlled
machine – a type of lathe)
 Laser and UV light printing

85

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 86

2.3.6 3D printers

86

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 87

2.3.6 3D printers
How to create a solid object using 3D printers?

87

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 88

2.3.6 3D printers
Advantages
 Save a lot of money, other methods of making prototypes are
very time consuming and expensive
 The powders used can often be ground up and reused
 Physical scale models are produced with working parts, which
gives a better idea of how the product will look
 Customized medicine, artificial organs, prosthetics and
precision-made items
Disadvantages
 The biggest possible drawback of 3D printers is the potential
to make counterfeit items or items that infringe others’
copyright
 Can lead to dangerous or illegal activities
 Job losses
 Expensive to buy
 Slow at producing their output

88

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 89

2.3.7 Speakers
 Can be connected directly to a computer or are built into the
monitor or casing (as in laptop computers)
 Uses a digital to analogue converter (DAC) to convert digital
data from the computer to analogue from so the speakers
can process it; the signal is then amplified through the
speakers.
Uses
 Used in all phones and built in to most computers.
 Used to output sound from multimedia presentations
 Used in home entertainment centres
 They can help blind people through audio output of text on
the screen (together with speech generation software)
 Used to play downloaded sound files

89

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 90

2.3.7 Speakers
 the sound is stored in a computer file, it must pass through a digital
to analogue converter (DAC) to convert binary (digital) data into an
analogue form (electric current) which can then drive the
loudspeaker.

90

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 91

2.3.7 Speakers
Advantages
 Sounds amplified through speakers can be much louder than the
original sound – this is important whenever more than a few
people need to listen to something.
 Everyone in a conference, for example, can hear the output from
a computer.
 It can create a good atmosphere when making a presentation.
 They can help visually impaired people as discussed.
 Very simple technology.
Disadvantages
 Speaker output can be disturbing to others in, for example, an
office environment.
 To get high-quality sound, the required speakers can be quite
expensive.
 Speakers can take up a lot of desk space.

91

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 92

2.3.8 Actuators (Control Applications)

 A type of controlling device
 Transducers that are used to take
signals from a computer and convert
them into some form of motion e.g.
operating motors, pumps, switches and
valves
 Digital signals are sent from the
computer to an actuator to operate a
device
 Conversion of the digital signal to
analogue is required first (using a DAC)

92

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 93

2.3.8 Actuators (Control Applications)

 Solenoid
– this converts an electrical signal into a
magnetic field producing linear motion

93

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 94

2.3.8 Actuators
Uses
 They are used to control motors, pumps, switches, buzzers and so on.
 They allow a computer to control physical devices that normally require
analogue inputs.
Advantages
 They allow remote operation of many devices (for example, pumps in a
nuclear reactor where remote operation is a big safety factor).
 They are relatively inexpensive devices.
Disadvantages
 They are an additional device in the system that could go wrong.
 Because they are usually analogue devices, computer signals need to
converted using a DAC to enable computer control.

94

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 95

Motors
 Rotary motion

95

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 96

Buzzer
 Mono sound signal output

96

Sayar Kaung (ICT)

 Myanmar International Education Academy (MIEA)

Chapter 2 : 2.3 – Output devices and their uses Sayar Kaung (ICT) 97

Heater and Light

 Temperature output
 Light indicator output

97

Chapter 2 : Inputs and outputs devices Sayar Kaung (ICT) 98

98

Sayar Kaung (ICT)