Chapter four
ENERGY AND FUELS
4 – 1 USING ENERGY
1. Energy is used to provide light and to heat and cool .
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2. Energy is used to run cars .
3. Energy also is used to make clothing and other materials and
to cook food.
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The law of conservation of energy : energy can't be created or destroyed, energy only can change
form.
4 – 2 – ENERGY RESOURCES
The surface of Earth receives energy from two sources, mention it?.
1. The sun .
2. Radioactive atoms in Earth's interior. ا
4 – 2 – 1 – Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas.
Oil and natural gas :
1. Oil and natural gas were made from the remains of microscopic organisms .
2. Heat and pressure gradually turned these ancient organisms into oil and natural gas.
Q\What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels ?
1. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources.
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2. Burning fossil fuels generates chemical compounds that cause pollution, these pollutants can
cause respiratory illnesses and acid rain also.
.
3. The carbon dioxide gas formed when fossil fuels are burned might cause Earth's climate to
warm.
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4 – 2 – 2 – Nuclear Energy
Explain / Generating electricity using nuclear energy helps make the supply of fossil fuels last
longer .
Answer / Because no fossil fuels are burned.
What is the series of transformations of nuclear energy into electrical energy in generator plants
?
1. Nuclear energy of atoms .
2. Thermal energy of water .
3. Kinetic energy of steam .
4. Kinetic energy of turbine .
5. Electrical energy out of generator .
4– 2 – 3 – Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity : is the largest renewable source of energy, can generate electrical energy
A renewable resource : is an energy source that is replenished continually.
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Advantages of hydroelectricity energy :
1. Renewable source of energy.
2. Production of hydroclectricity is largely pollution free.
إ.
Disadvantages of hydroelectricity energy :
Hydroelectricity disrupts the life cycle of aquatic animals, due the development of dams has
hindered a large fraction from reproducing of aquatic animals, especially fish.
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Why is hydropower a renewable energy source ?
Because the potential energy of water behind a dam supplies the energy to turn the turbine.
What is the series of transformations of hydroelectricity energy into
electrical energy in generator plants ?
1. Potential energy of water
2. Kinetic energy of water
3. Kinetic energy of turbine
4. Electrical energy out of generator
4 – 3 – ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY
Electrical energy can be generated in several [Link] sources often are called alternative
resources. These alternative resources include :
1. Solar energy.
2. Geothermal energy.
3. Wind energy.
4 – 3 – 1 – Solar Energy
The Sun is the origin of almost all the energy that is used on Earth. The Sun is an inexhaustible
source of energy.
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Explain / It may be cheaper to use solar energy to generate electricity than to use fossil fuels.
.
Answer / Because as the supply of fossil fuels decreases, the cost of finding, mining, and refining
these fuels will increase.
Collecting the Sun's Energy
Two types of collectors capture the Sun's rays :
1. Thermal collector : are large rectangular panels, pipes come out of the panels and using a black
surface, a thermal collector heats water by directly absorbing the Sun's radiant energy. Water
circulating in this system can be heated to about 70°C.
2. Photovoltaic : is a device that transforms radiant energy directly into electrical energy the panel
has no pipes. A photovoltaic are used to power calculators and satellites.
4 – 3 – 3 – Winds
Wind energy : is another inexhaustible supply of energy, modern windmills convert the kinetic
energy of the wind to electrical energy .
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Electrical energy is generated when wind spins the propeller of wind mills.
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4 – 4 CONSERVING ENERGY
1. We can avoid wasting electricity and conserve energy by turning off lights and appliances
when you are not using them.
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2. Keep doors and windows closed tightly when it's cold or hot to keep heat from leaking out of
or into your house.
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3. Energy could be conserved if buildings are properly insulated.
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4. The use of oil could be reduced if cars were used less and made more efficient.
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5. Recycling materials such as aluminum cans and glass also helps conserve energy.
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CHAPTER QUESTIONS
1 – Which one below is not a fossil fuels?
A) Nuclear Energy B) Oil
C) Natural Gas D) Coal
2 – Which one of the following is not nonrenewable resource?
A) Nuclear Energy B) Natural Gas
C) Solar Energy D) Coal
3 – I. Fossil fuels produce energy
II. Fossil fuels don't cause air pollution.
III. It takes millions of years to be formed fossil fuels.
IV. Nuclear factory produce almost air pollution.
Which information above is correct?
A) Only II B) I and II
C) I and III D) II, III and IV
4 – Which one of the following is not disadventages of the nuclear
energy?
A) The amount of nonrenewable uranium.
B) Nuclear power plants is radioactive.
C) They cause air pollution.
D) They can be dangerous for living things.
5 – Which one below is not alternative sources?
A) Wind.
B) Solar Energy.
C) Hydroelectricity.
D) Geothermal Energy.
6 – Which one of the following is inexhaustible resource?
A) Solar Energy.
B) Natural Gas.
C) Nuclear Energy.
D) Wind Energy.
7 – What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
1. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources.
.
2. Burning fossil fuels generates chemical compounds that cause
pollution, these pollutants can cause respiratory illnesses and
acid rain also.
.
3. The carbon dioxide gas formed when fossil fuels are burned
might cause Earth's climate to warm.
.