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02 SQL Language

The document provides an overview of the SQL language, detailing its principal components: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Control Language (DCL), and Data Manipulation Language (DML). It explains the essential elements of querying a SQL database, particularly the SELECT statement, and emphasizes the importance of ACID properties in maintaining data integrity during transactions. The content is aimed at understanding how SQL operates and the foundational principles that govern database management.

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8 views6 pages

02 SQL Language

The document provides an overview of the SQL language, detailing its principal components: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Control Language (DCL), and Data Manipulation Language (DML). It explains the essential elements of querying a SQL database, particularly the SELECT statement, and emphasizes the importance of ACID properties in maintaining data integrity during transactions. The content is aimed at understanding how SQL operates and the foundational principles that govern database management.

Uploaded by

ulugbek0302
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DS-2002:

Data Systems
An Overview of the SQL Language

Prof. Jon Tupitza


The SQL Language
Understanding the Structured Query Language
The SQL Language: Principal Components
Three Primary Aspects of the ANSI-Compliant SQL Language

Data Definition Data Control Data Manipulation


Language (DDL) Language (DCL) Language (DML)

• CREATE, ALTER, • GRANT, REVOKE, • SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,


DROP, TRUNCATE DENY, EXECUTE AS DELETE, MERGE, and
TABLE, ENABLE & • Used to control BULK INSERT
DISABLE TRIGGER access to server & • Used to manipulate
• Used to manage database objects database content (data)
database structures (permissions)

Microsoft Docs | Transact-SQL Reference (Database Engine)


Query a SQL Database: The SELECT Statement
Essential Components of Data Retrieval
for specifying the
SELECT required columns
Filtering Statements:

for specifying the


FROM Table(s) being targeted ON WHERE HAVING
for specifying
JOIN additional Table(s) specifies specifies
specifies
the conditions
conditions
for specifying points of column(s) by which
GROUP BY by which
aggregation that Groups or
to reduce
enable the Aggregates
the rows
joining of may be
for sorting rows of returned
ORDER BY the result set two Tables reduced
Database Transactions: Enforcing Data Integrity
The ACID Properties of a Transaction Must be Enforced to Ensure the Integrity of a Database

• All operations in a transaction must be treated as a single [atomic] unit, and must either be
Atomicity fully committed (i.e., succeed) or be rolled-back (i.e., have no effect whatsoever).

• Each transaction must guarantee the valid state of the database; both before and after the
Consistency transaction is either committed or rolled-back.
• All defined rules, constraints, and relationships must be enforced and maintained.

• Concurrent transactions must be completely independent; having no effect on each other.


Isolation • Transactions must remain invisible to each other until they are either committed or rolled-back.

• Once committed, the effects of each transaction must be permanently saved (written to disk);
even if the system fails amidst their execution.
Durability • A transaction log (aka, Journal file) serves as a write-ahead mechanism to ensure each
committed transaction can be replayed to successfully recover the database to a consistent
state in the event of a system failure.
Q&A
An Overview of SQL Databases

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