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+1 CHEMISTRY - NUMERICAL PROBLEMS FROM PYQ

UNIT 1 – SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Mole concept
1. How many moles of dioxygen are present in 64g of dioxygen? (Molar mass of dioxygen is 32).
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 64
Ans: No. of moles = = 32 = 2 moles
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
2. How many moles of water molecules are present in 180 g of water? (Molar mass of water = 18 g).
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 180
Ans: No. of moles = = = 10 moles
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 18
3. Find the number of oxygen atoms in 4 g of O2.
4
Ans: No. of moles of O2 = 32 = 0.125 mol
1 mol O2 contains 2 x 6.022 x 1023 Oxygen atoms.
So, 0.125 mol O2 contains 0.125 x 2 x 6.022 x 1023 Oxygen atoms
4. Calculate the number of moles in 1 L of water (density of water 1 g/mL). Also calculate the
number of water molecules in 1 L water.
Ans: 1 L H2O = 1 kg H2O = 1000g H2O (Since, mass = density x volume and density of water = 1
g/mL,)
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 1000
No. of moles = = = 55.55 mol
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 18
No of molecules = no. of moles x NA = 55.55 x 6.022 x 1023molecules
5. Calculate the number of molecules in each of the following:
i) 1 g N2 ii) 1 g CO2
23
(Given that NA is 6.022 x 10 , molecular mass of N2 = 28 and CO2 = 44)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑥 𝑁𝐴
Ans: No of molecules = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
1 𝑥 6.022 𝑥 1023
(i) = 0.0357 x 1023 molecules
28
1 𝑥 6.022 𝑥 1023
= 0.0227 x 1023 molecules
44
6. Which is heavier, one oxygen atom or 10 hydrogen atoms?
Ans: Mass of one oxygen atom = 16 u
Mass of 10 hydrogen atoms = 10 u
So, one oxygen atom is heavier.
7. Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in 1 mole of methane (CH4)?
Ans: 1 mol CH4 contains 4 mol hydrogen = 4 x 6.022 x 1023 H atoms.
8. Express 0.55 mg of electrons in moles.
Ans: Mass of one electron = 9.1 x 10-28 g = 9.1 x 10-25 mg.
Mass of 1 mol of electron = 9.1 x 10-25 x 6.022 x 1023 mg = 0.55 mg.
So, 0.55 mg of electron ≡ 1 mol of electron
9. The no. of moles of oxygen atoms present in 5 mol glucose (C6H12O6) is ---------.
Ans: 1 mol glucose (C6H12O6) contains 6 mol oxygen atoms.
So, 5 mol glucose (C6H12O6) contains 5 x 6 mol = 30 mol oxygen atoms.
10. Which of the following contains the maximum number of molecules?
a) 1g N2 b) 1g CO2 c) 1g H2 d) 1g NH3
Ans: c) 1g H2. [For 1g of any substance, as the molar mass increases, no. of molecules
decreases].
11. Find the number of moles of CO2 present in 220 g of CO2.

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𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 220
Ans: No. of moles = = = 5 moles
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 44
12. The mass of 2 moles of CH4 is ______ g.
Ans: Mass = No. of moles x molar mass = 2 x 16 = 32 g
Stoichiometric Calculations
13. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen required to produce 240 g of MgO by burning Mg
metal. (Atomic mass Mg = 24, O = 16)
Ans: Here mass of MgO = 240 g
Molar mass of MgO = 24 + 16 = 40 g mol-1
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑂 240
No. of moles of MgO = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑂 = 40 = 6 mol
The chemical equation for the burning of Mg metal can be represented as:
2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
i.e. 2 mol MgO require 1 mol O2
So, 6 mol MgO require ½ x 6 = 3 mol O2
14. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide formed by the complete combustion of 80g of methane
as per the reaction:
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
(Atomic mass of C = 12.01u, H = 1.008u, O = 16u)
Ans: 1 mol CH4 contains 4 mol hydrogen = 4 x 6.022 x 1023 H atoms.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
According to the equation, 16 g CH4 gives 44 g CO2
So, 80 g CH4 gives 44 x 80/16 = 220 g CO2
15. Calculate the volume of ammonia gas produced at STP when 140 g of nitrogen gas reacts with 30
g of hydrogen gas. (Atomic mass: N = 14u, H = 1 u).
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 140
Ans: No. of moles of N2 = = = 5 mol
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 28
30
No. of moles of H2 = Mass in gram/ molar mass = = 15 mol
2
N2 combines with H2 to form NH3 according to the equation: N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
From the equation, it is clear that 1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol H2 to form 2 mol NH3.
So, 5 mol N2 reacts with 15 mol H2 to form 10 mol NH3.
Volume of 1 mol of ammonia at STP = 22.4 L
So, volume of 10 mol of ammonia at STP = 224 L
16. Calculate the amount of CO2(g) produced by the reaction of 32g of CH4 (g) and 32g of O2 (g).
Ans: CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
16g 64g 44g 36g
64g O2 requires 16g CH4 for the complete reaction.
So, 32g O2 requires 8g CH4.
16g CH4 combines with 64g O2 to form 44g CO2.
Therefore, 8g CH4 combines with 32g Oxygen to form 22g CO2
17. The balanced chemical equation for combustion of CH4 is CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l).
Calculate the amount of water formed by the combustion of 32g of CH4.
Ans: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l).
16g 64g 44g 36g
16g CH4 produces 36g water.
36 𝑥 32
So, the amount of water formed by the combustion of 32g CH4 = 16 = 72 g

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Empirical and Molecular formulae
18. A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65% chlorine. Its molecular mass is
98.96. What are the empirical and molecular formulae?
Ans:
Element Percentage Atomic mass 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 Simple ratio Simplest whole
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 no. ratio
C 24.27 12 24.27 2.02/2.02 = 1 1
= 2.02
12
H 4.07 1 4.07
= 4.07 4.07/2.02 = 2 2
1
Cl 71.65 35.5 71.65
= 2.02 2.02/2.02 = 1 1
35.5
Empirical Formula = CH2Cl
Empirical Formula Mass (EFM) = 12+2+35.5 = 49.5
Molar mass (MM) = 98.96
𝑀𝑀 98.96
n= = =2
𝐸𝐹𝑀 49.5
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n = (CH2Cl) x 2 = C2H4Cl2
19. An organic compound on analysis gave the following composition. Carbon = 40%, Hydrogen =
6.66% and oxygen = 53.34%. Calculate its molecular formula if its molecular mass is 90.
Ans:
Element Percentage Atomic mass 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 Simple ratio Simplest whole
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 no. ratio
C 40 12 40/12 = 3.33 3.33/3.33 = 1 1
H 6.66 1 6.66/1 = 6.66 6.66/3.33 = 2 2
O 53.34 16 53.34/16 = 3.33 3.33/3.33 = 1 1
Empirical Formula = CH2O
Empirical Formula Mass (EFM) = 12+2+16 = 30
Molar mass (MM) = 90
n = MM/EFM = 90/30 = 3
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
= (CH2O) x 3 = C3H6O3
20. A compound is made up of two elements A and B, has A = 70% and B = 30%. The relative number
of moles of A and B in the compound are 1.25 and 1.88 respectively. If the molar mass of the
compound is 160, find the molecular formula of the compound.
Ans: The relative number of moles means percent/atomic mass.
Elements % Relative no. of Simple ratio Simplest whole no.
moles ratio
A 70 1.25 1.25/1.25 = 1 2
B 30 1.88 1.88/1.25 = 1.5 3
Empirical formula is A2B3
(Here at. Mass is not given. But it can be find out from % composition and the no. of moles as
follows)
% 70
Atomic mass of A = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 1.25 = 56
% 30
Atomic mass of B = 𝑁𝑜. = 1.88 = 15.96
𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
So, emp. Formula mass = 56 x 2 + 15.96 x 3 = 159.88 = 160
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 160
n = 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎 = 160 = 1
Molecular formula = (Empirical Formula) x n = (A2B3)x 1 = A2B3
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21. An organic compound has the following percentage composition C = 12.36%, H = 2.13%, Br =
85%. Its vapour density is 94. Find its molecular formula.
Ans:
Element Percentage Atomic mass 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 Simple ratio Simplest whole
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 no. ratio
C 12.36 12 12.36/12 = 1.03 1.03/1.03 = 1 1

H 2.13 1 2.13/1 = 2.13 2.13/1.03 = 2 2

Br 85 80 85/80 = 1.06 1.06/1.03 = 1 1

Empirical Formula = CH2Br

Empirical Formula Mass (EFM) = 12+2+80 = 94
Molar mass (MM) = 2 x vapour density = 2 x 94 = 188
n = MM/EFM = 188/94 = 2
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
= (CH2Br) x 2 = C2H4Br2
22. Find the molecular formula of the compound with molar mass 78 g mol-1 and empirical formula
CH.
Ans: Molar mass = 78 g/mol
Empirical formula mass = 12+1 = 13
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 78
n= = =6
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 13
So, Molecular formula = (CH) x 6 = C6H6
23. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron (Fe) and 30.1% oxygen
(O) by mass. [Hint: Atomic mass of Fe = 55.85].
Ans:
Element Percentage Atomic mass 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 Simple ratio Simplest whole
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 no. ratio
Fe 69.9 55.85 69.9/55.85 = 1.25 1.25/1.25 = 1 1x2=2
O 30.1 16 30.1/16 = 1.88 1.88/1.25 = 1.5 1.5 x 2 = 3
Empirical formula = Fe2O3
Limiting reagent
24. A reaction mixture for the production of NH3 gas contains 250 g of N2 gas and 50 g of H2 gas
under suitable conditions. Identify the limiting reactant if any and calculate the mass of NH3 gas
produced.
Ans: Nitrogen reacts with Hydrogen to form ammonia according to the equation,
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
28g 6g 34g
i.e. 28g N2 requires 6g H2 for the complete reaction.
So 250g N2 requires, 6x 250/28 = 53.57g H2.
But here there is only 50g H2.
So we have to consider the reverse case.
i.e. 6g H2 requires 28g N2.
So 50g H2 requires 28 x 50/6 = 233.33g N2
Here H2 is completely consumed. So it is the limiting reagent.
Amount of ammonia formed = 50+ 233.33 = 283.33 g
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25. Calculate the mass of SO3 (g) produced, if 500 g SO2 (g) reacts with 200 g O2 (g) according to the
equation: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(s). Identify the limiting reagent.
Ans: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(S)
128 g 32g 160g
128g SO2 requires 32g Oxygen for the complete reaction.
So 500g SO2 requires 32x500/128 = 125g O2
Here there is 200g O2. So, SO2 is completely used up and hence it is the limiting reagent.
26. 28 g of nitrogen is mixed with 12 g of hydrogen to form ammonia as per the reaction, N 2 + 3 H2 →
2NH3. Which is the limiting reagent in this reaction?
Ans: No. of mol of N2 = 28/28 = 1 mol
No. of mol of H2 = 12/2 = 6 mol.
Here N2 is completely used up. So, it is the limiting reagent.
27. Calculate the mass of CO2(g) in gram produced by the reaction between 3 mol of CH4(g) and 2
mol of O2(g) according to the equation : CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g). Identify the limiting
reagent in this reaction.
Ans:CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
According to the equation, 2 mol O2 requires only 1 mol of CH4 for the complete combustion.
So among 3 moles of CH4, only 1 mol undergoes complete combustion, since there are only 2 mol
of O2.
So no. of moles of CO2 formed = 1 mol, according to the equation
= 44 g CO2
Here O2 is the limiting reagent, since it is completely consumed.

Concentration of a solution
28. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 8 g of NaOH in 500 mL of water.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 1000
Ans: Molarity =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿

8 𝑥 1000
= 40 𝑥 500 = 0.4 M
29. Calculate the mass of NaOH required to make 500 ml of 0.5M aqueous solution. (Molar mass of
NaOH = 40)
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 1000
Ans: Molarity = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿
So, Mass of the solute = 1000
0.5 𝑥 40 𝑥 500
= = 10 g
1000
30. Calculate the mass of oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4.2H2O) required to prepare 0.1M, 250 ml of its
aqueous solution.
Ans: Molar mass of Oxalic acid dihydrate = 126
Molarity = 0.1M
Volume of the solution = 250 mL
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 1000
Molarity =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿
So, mass of the solute = 1000
0.1 𝑥 126 𝑥 250
= = 3.15 g
1000

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UNIT 2 – STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Photoelectric Effect
1. The threshold frequency for a metal is 7.0 x 1014 s-1. Calculate the kinetic energy of an emitted
electron when radiation of frequency (ν) 1.0 x 1015 s-1 hits the metal.
Ans: Here threshold frequency (ν0) = 7.0 x 1014 s-1 and frequency of radiation (ν) = 1.0 x 1015 s-1
K.E of emitted electron = hν - hν0 = h(ν - ν0)
= 6.626 x 10-34 (1.0 x 1015 - 7.0 x 1014) = 19.878 x 10-20 J
2. The threshold frequency, ν0 for a metal is 6.2 x 104 s-1. Calculate the K.E of an ejected electron
when the radiation of frequency, ν = 8.7 x 104 s-1 strikes the metal.
Ans: K.E of emitted electron = hν - hν0 = h(ν - ν0)
= 6.626 x 10-34 (8.7 x 104 – 6.2 x 104) = 16.565 x 10-30 J
Atomic spectrum
3. Calculate the wavelength of the first line in Lyman series of the hydrogen spectrum.
Ans: For the first line in Lyman series, n1 = 1 and n2 = 2
1 1 1
Wave number, ῡ = 𝜆 = 109677 (𝑛2 − )
1 𝑛22
1 1
= 109677 (12 − ) = 109677 x ¾ = 82257.75 cm-1
22
1 1
Wavelength, (λ) = ῡ = 82257.75 = 1.21 x 10-5 cm = 121 nm
4. The Balmer series of lines in the hydrogen spectrum appear in the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Calculate the wave number of the second line in the Balmer series.
(Rydberg constant for Hydrogen is 109677 cm-1).
OR, Calculate the wave number of radiation due to transition of an electron from 4 th orbit to 2nd
orbit. (RH = 109677 cm-1).
Ans: For the second line in Balmer series, n1 = 2 and n2 = 4
1 1 1
Wave number, ῡ = 𝜆 = 109677 (𝑛2 − )
1 𝑛22
1 1 3
= 109677 (22 − )= 109677 x 16 = 20564.4 cm-1
42
Bohr Atom model
5. Calculate the radius of the second orbit of Li2+.
𝑎0 𝑛 2
Ans: Radius of nth orbit, rn =
𝑧
Here a0 = 52.9 pm, n=2 and z = 3 (for Li)
22
So rn = 52.9 x = 70.53 pm
3
6. Calculate the energy of an electron moving along the second orbit of hydrogen atom.
1
Ans: The energy of electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is, En = -RH (𝑛2 )
Here n =2 and RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
1
So, E2 = - 2.18 x 10-18 J x (22 ) = 5.45 x 10-19 J
de Broglie’s equation
7. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron with velocity 1.6 x 106 m/s.
ℎ
Ans: From the de Broglie’s equation, λ = 𝑚𝑣
6.626 𝑥 10−34
= = 0.455 x 10-9m = 0.455 nm
9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 106
8. What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m/s ?
(h = 6.626 x 10–34 Js).

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ℎ
Ans: From the de Broglie’s equation, λ = 𝑚𝑣
6.626 𝑥 10−34
= = 6.626 x10-34 m
0.1 𝑥 10
9. A photon has a wavelength of 3.5 A0. Calculate its mass (Given h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js. Velocity of
light = 3 x 108 m/s)
ℎ
Ans: From the de Broglie’s equation, λ = 𝑚𝑣
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
m = 𝑣𝜆 = 3 𝑥 108 𝑥 3.5 𝑥 10−10 = 6.31x 10-33 kg

10. A moving electron has a de Broglie wavelength of 7 x 10-7 m. Calculate its kinetic energy. (Planck’s
constant = 6.626 x 10-34 Js, mass of an electron = 9.1 x 10-31 kg).
ℎ
Ans: From the de Broglie’s equation, λ = 𝑚𝑣
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
v = 𝑚𝜆 = 9 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 7 𝑥 10−7 = 0.104 x 104 m s-1
K.E = ½ mv2
= ½ x 9.1 x 10-31 x (0.104x104)2 = 0.049 x 10 -23 kJ/mol
11. A photon has a mass of 8.6 x10-30 kg. Calculate its wavelength. (Given h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js).
Ans: For photon, velocity (v) = 3 x 108 m s-1
ℎ
From the de Broglie’s equation, λ = 𝑚𝑣
6.626 𝑥 10−34
= 8.6 𝑥 10−30 𝑥 3 𝑥 108 = 0.257 x 10-12 m = 0.257 pm
Uncertainty Principle
12. Calculate the uncertainty in the velocity of a cricket ball of mass 130 g, if the uncertainty in its
position is of the order of 1.2 A0.
ℎ
Ans: We know that ∆x.m.∆v = 4𝜋 . Here m = 130g = 130 x 10-3 kg
h
So, ∆x = 4π.mΔV
6.626 𝑥 10−34
= = 0.145 x 10-21 m
4 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 130 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 1.2 𝑥 10−10
13. An electron is moving with a velocity of 2.5 x 106 m/s. lf the uncertainty in its velocity is 0.1%.
Calculate the uncertainty in its position. (Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js. Mass of the
electron = 9.1 x 10-31 kg).
Ans: Here v = 2.5x106. Uncertainty in velocity (∆v) = 0.1% of 2.5x106 = 2.5x103, h = 6.626 x 10-
34
Js, m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg.
ℎ
We know that ∆x.m.∆v = 4𝜋
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
So, ∆x = 4𝜋.𝑚𝛥𝑉 = = 0.023 x 10-6 m
4 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 2.5 𝑥 103
14. A microscope with suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a
distance of 0.4 A0. What is the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its velocity?
Ans: Here ∆x = 0.4 A0 = 0.4x10-10 m, h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js, m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg, ∆v = ?
ℎ
We know that ∆x.m.∆v = 4𝜋
ℎ 6.626 𝑥 10−34
So, ∆v = 4𝜋.𝑚𝛥𝑥 = = 0.145 x 107 m/s
4 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 9.1 𝑥 10−31 𝑥 0.4 𝑥 10−10

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UNIT 5 – THERMODYNAMICS
Reversible Work done
1. Calculate the work done for the reversible isothermal expansion of 1 mole of an ideal gas at 27 0C,
from a volume of 10 dm3 to a volume of 20 dm3.
Ans: Here n = 1 mol, R = 8.314 J/K/mol, V1 = 10 dm3, V2 = 20 dm3 and T = 27 + 273 = 300 K
𝑉
For isothermal reversible expansion, work done, wexp = -2.303nRT log 𝑉2
1
20
= -2.303 x 1 x 8.314 x 300 x log 10
= -1728.9 J
2. 3 mol of an ideal gas at 1.5 atm and 250Cexpands isothermally in a reversible manner to twice its
original volume against an external pressure of 1 atm. Calculate the work done.
(R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1)
Ans: Here n = 3 mol, R = 8.314 J/K/mol, V1 = x, V2 = 2x and T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
𝑉
For isothermal reversible expansion, work done, Wexp = -2.303nRT log 𝑉2
1
2𝑥
= -2.303 x 3 x 8.314 x 298 x log 𝑥
= -5152.38 J
First Law of Thermodynamics
3. What is the difference in internal energy of a system, if 100 kJ of energy is radiated out without
doing any work?
Ans: From first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = q + w
= -100 + 0 = -100kJ (Since energy is radiated q is –ve)
4. In a process 701 J of heat is absorbed by a system and 394 J of work is done by the system.
Calculate the change in internal energy for the process?
Ans: Here q = 701 J and w = -394 J (since work is done by the system).
∆U = q + w = 701 + -394 = 307J
Relation between ∆H and ∆U
5. The enthalpy change for the reaction N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g) is -91.8 kJ at 298 K. Calculate the
value of internal energy change. (R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1)
Ans: ΔH = ΔU + ΔnRT
Given ΔH = -91.8 kJ = -91.8 x 103 J, Δn = 2 - 4 = -2, R = 8.314 J/K/mol, T = 298 K
ΔU = ΔH - ΔnRT
= -91800 – (-2) x 8.314 x 298 = -86844.86 J/mol = -86.845 kJ mol-1
6. The reaction of cyanamide (NH2CN) with dioxygen was carried out in a bomb calorimeter and ∆U
was found to be -742.7 kJ mol-1, at 298K. Calculate enthalpy change for the reaction at 298 K.
NH2CN(g) + 32 O2(g) → N2(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Ans: Here ∆U = -742.7 kJ/mol = -742.7 x 103 J/mol, ∆n = nP(g) – nR(g) = 2 – 5/2 = - ½, T = 298 K,
R = 8.314JK-1mol-1
ΔH = ΔU + ΔnRT
= - 742.7 x 103 + - ½ x 8.314 x 298 = -743.938 x 103 J/mol = -743.938 kJ/mol
Hess’s Law
7. The enthalpy of combustion of CH4(g), C(graphite) and H2(g) at 298K are -890.3 kJ mol-1, -393.5 kJ
mol-1 and -285.8 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of CH4(g).
Ans: The required equation is: C(graphite) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g)
The given data are: CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l); ∆H = -890.3 kJ/mol ………… (i)
C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g); ∆H = -393.5 kJ/mol …………………….. (ii)
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l); ∆H = -285.8 kJ/mol …………………………. (iii)

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Multiply equation (iii) x 2: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l); ∆H = -285.8 x 2 = -571.6 kJ/mol …… (iv)
Reverse equation (i): CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CH4(g) + 2 O2(g); ∆H = 890.3 kJ/mol ……….. (v)
Now add the equations (ii) + (iv) + (v) we get C(graphite) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g);
∆H = -393.5 + -571.6 + 890.3 = -74.8 kJ/mol
8. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of methanol from the following:
CH3OH (l) + 32 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l); ∆rH0 = -726kJmol-1
C (graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g); ∆rH0 = - 393 kJ mol-1
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ∆rH0 =- 286 kJmol-1
Ans: The required equation is: C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH(l)
The given data are:
CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l); ∆rH0 = -726 kJ/mol …………………… (1)
C (graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g); ∆rH0 = -393 kJ/mol …………………….. (2)
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l); ∆rH0 = -286 kJ/mol ……………………... (3)
On reversing equation (1), we get
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2(g); ∆rH0 = 726 kJ/mol ………………. (4)
On multiplying eqn. (3) by 2, we get
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l); ∆rH0 = -2 x 286 = -572 kJ/mol ……………………... (5)
Now add equations (2) + (4) + (5) and simplify. Then we get,
C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH(l), ∆rH0 = -393 + 726 + -572 = -239 kJ/mol
9. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of ethane from the following data:
(a) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g); ΔrH0 = -393.5 kJ
(b) H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l); ΔrH0 = -285.8 kJ
(c) C2H6(g) + 7⁄2 O2 → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O(l); ΔrH0 = -1560 kJ
Ans: The required equation is: 2C (s) + 3 H2(g) → C2H6(g)
The given data are:
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2 (g); ΔrH0 = -393.5 kJ/mol ………………….. (1)
H2 (g)+ ½ O2 (g) → H2O (g); ΔrH0 = -285.8 kJ/mol …………………… (2)
C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l); ΔrH0 = +1560 kJ/mol ……… (3)
On reversing equation (3) we get:
2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O(l) → C2H6 (g)+ 7/2 O2 (g); ΔrH0 = -1560 kJ/mol ………….. (4)
Now multiply eqn. (1) with 2 and eqn (2) with 3 and add the resultant eqns. with (4)
Then we get: 2 C (S) + 3 H2(g) → C2H6(g); ΔrH0 = 2x-393.5 + 3x-285.8 + (-1560)
= - 3204.4 kJ/mol
10. The std. enthalpies of formation of CH4 (g), CO2 (g) and H2O (l) at 298K are – 74.81 kJ mol-1, -393.5
kJ mol-1 and-285.8 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the std. enthalpy of the reaction:
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)
Ans: ΔrH0 = ∑ ΔfH0(P) - ∑ ΔfH0(R) = [ΔfH0(CO2) + 2 x ΔfH0(H2O)] - [ΔfH0(CH4) + 2 x ΔfH0(O2)]
= [-393.5 + 2 x -285.8] – [-74.81 + 2x 0] = - 890.29 kJ mol-1
11. Calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction: CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Given ∆fH CaCO3 (s) = -1206.92 kJ/mol, ∆fH CaO (s) = -635.09 kJ/mol and ∆fH0 CO2 (g) = -393.51
0 0

kJ/mol.
Ans: ΔrH0 = ∑ ΔfH0(P) - ∑ ΔfH0(R) = [ΔfH0(CaO) + ΔfH0(CO2)] - [ΔfH0(CaCO3)]
= [-635.09 + -393.51] – [-1206.92] = 178.32 kJ/mol
Feasibility and ΔG
12. Enthalpy and entropy changes of a reaction are 40.63 kJ/mol and 108.8 J/K/mol. Predict the
feasibility of the reaction at 270C.
Ans: Given ΔH = 40.63 kJ/mol = 40630 J/mol, ΔS = 108.8 J/K/mol and T = 27 + 273 = 300K.
From Gibb’s equation, ∆G = ∆H - T∆S
= 40630 – 300 x 108.8 = 7990 J mol-1
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Since ∆G0 is positive, the process is non-spontaneous at this temperature.
13. Find the temperature above which the reaction MgO(s) + C(s)→ Mg(s) + CO(g) becomes
spontaneous. (Given ∆rH0 = 490 kJ mol-1 and ∆rS0 = 198 JKmol-1).
Ans: At equilibrium, ∆rG0 = 0
So the Gibb’s equation, ∆rG0 = ∆rH0 - T∆rS0 becomes:
0 = ∆rH0 - T∆rS0
Or, ∆rH0 = T∆rS0
So, T = ∆rH0/∆rS0 = 490 x 103/198 = 2474.74K.
So at 2474.74K, the reaction is at equilibrium.
14. For the oxidation of iron, 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g)→ 2Fe2O3(s), entropy change ∆S is -549.4 J K-1mol-1 at
298K. In spite of the negative entropy change of this reaction, why is the reaction spontaneous?
(∆rH0 for the reaction is -1648 x 103 Jmol-1).
Ans: Spontaneity of a reaction is mainly determined by ∆G not by ∆S.
Here ∆Ho = -1648 x 103 J mol-1, ∆So = - 549.4 J K mol-1 and T = 298 K
We know that ∆G0 = ∆H0 - T∆S0
= -1648 x 103 – 298 x -549.4 = -1484.28 x 103 J mol-1
0
Since ∆G is negative, the process is spontaneous.
15. Calculate the standard free energy (∆G0) for the conversion of oxygen to ozone
3
2
O2(g) → O3(g) at 298K, if the equilibrium constant for the conversion is 2.47 x 10-29. (Given
R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1).
Ans: Here Kc = 2.47 x 10-29, R = 8.314 J/K/mol and T = 298K
∆G0 = -2.303RTlogKc
= -2.303 x 8.314 x 298 x log (2.47 x 10-29) = 163000 J/mol = 163 kJ/mol
16. For the reaction 2A(g) + B(g) → 2D(g), ∆U0 = -10.5 kJ/mol, ∆S0 = -44.1 J/K/mol at 298K. Calculate ∆G0
for the reaction.
Ans: Given ∆U0 = -10.5 kJ/mol = -10.5 x 103 J/mol, ∆S0 = - 44.1 J/K/mol, R = 8.314 J/K/mol and
T = 298K.
∆n = nP(g) – nR(g) = 2 – 3 = -1
We know that ΔH0 = ΔU0 + ΔnRT = -10.5 x 103 + -1 x 8.314 x 298 = - 12977.6J/mol
Also ∆G0 = ∆H0 - T∆S0
= -12977.6 – 298 x - 44.1 = -26.119 x 103 J mol-1 = -26.119 kJ mol-1
17. The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 5. What will be the value of G? (R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1,
T = 300 K).
Ans: ∆G0 = -2.303RT logK
= -2.303 x 8.314 x 300 x log5 = - 4014.58 J/mol = - 4.01 kJ mol-1.

UNIT 6 – EQUILIBRIUM
Relation between Kp and Kc
1. Find the value of Kc for the above equilibrium if the value of Kp is 1.8 x 10-2 atm at 600 K. (R=
0.0821 Latm K-1mol-1)
Ans: Here Kp= 1.8 x 10-2, R = 0.0821 atm/K/mol, ∆n = nP(g)-nR(g) = 3 - 2 = 1 and T = 600K
Kp = Kc(RT)∆n
1.8 x 10-2 = Kc (0.0821 x 600)1
1.8 𝑥 10−2
Kc = 0.0821 𝑥 600 = 3.65 x 10-4

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2. The value of Kc for the reaction 2A ⇌ B + C is 2 x 10-3. At a given time, the composition of the
reaction mixture is [A] = [B] = [C] = 3 x 10-4 M. Calculate reaction quotient (Qc) and predict in
which direction will the reaction proceed?
Ans: Here Kc = 2 x 10-3, [A] = [B] = [C] = 3 x 10-4 M
[𝐵][𝐶]
For the reaction 2 A⇌ B + C, the reaction quotient (Qc) = [𝐴]2
3𝑥 10−4 𝑥 3 𝑥 10−4
= =1
(3 𝑥 10−4 )2
Since Qc > Kc, the reaction will proceed in the reverse direction.
pH
3. Calculate the pH of a 0.1 M solution of NaOH.
Ans: NaOH → Na+ + OH-
0.1 M 0.1 M

[OH-] = 0.1 M
pOH = - log[OH-] = -log (0.1) = 1
pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 1 = 13
4. The concentration of H+ ion in a soft drink is 3 x 10–12 M. Calculate its pH. Identify whether the
solution is acidic or basic.
Ans: Here [H+] = 3 x 10-12 M.
So, pH = - log[H+] = -log (3 x 10-12) = 11.5229
Since pH is greater than 7, the solution is basic.
5. Calculate the pH of 1 x 10-2 molar aqueous solution of H2SO4.
Ans: H2SO4 ⇌ 2H+ + SO42-
1 x 10-2 2x10-2
Here [H ] = 2 x 10-2
+

We know that pH = -log[H+]

= -log (2 x 10-2)
= 1.6989
6. The ionization constant of nitrous acid is 4.5 x 10-4. Calculate the pH of 0.04 M solution of nitrous
acid in water. (Hint: HNO2+ H2O ⇌ H3O+ + NO2– ; Ka = Cα2 )
Ans: Ka = 4.5 x 10-4, C = 0.04M
Ka = Cα2
𝐾 4.5 𝑥 10−4
α = √ 𝐶𝑎 =√ = 0.106
0.04
[H3O+] = cα = 0.04 x 0.106 = 0.00424
pH = -log[H3O+] = -log (0.00424) = 2.373
7. Calculate the pH of a 0.01 M acetic acid solution with the degree of ionization 0.045.
Ans: Degree of ionisation, α = 0.045
[H3O+] = cα = 0.01 x 0.045 = 4.5 x 10-4
pH = -log[H3O+] = -log (4.5 x 10-4) = 3.3468
Salt Hydrolysis
8. The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide are 4.76 and 4.75 respectively. Calculate
the pH of ammonium acetate solution.
Ans: For a salt of weak acid and weak base: pH = 7 + ½ (pKa - pKb)
Here pKa = 4.76 and pKb = 4.75
So pH = 7 + ½ [4.76 – 4.75] = 7 + 0.005 = 7.005

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Buffer Solution
9. Calculate the pH of an acidic buffer containing 0.1 M CH3COOH and 0.5 M CH3COONa. [Ka for
CH3COOH is 1.8 x 10-6].
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
Ans: For an acidic buffer, pH = pKa + log [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] [Henderson – Hasselbalch equation]
Here [acid] = 0.1M, [salt] = 0.5M and Ka = 1.8 x 10-6
pKa = -log Ka = - log(1.8 x 10-6) = 5.7447
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
pH = pKa + log[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
[0.5]
= 5.7447 + log [0.1] = 6.444
Solubility & Solubility Product constant
10. The solubility of Mg(OH)2 at 298K is 1.5 x 10-4. Calculate the solubility product.
Ans: Let the solubility of Mg(OH)2 is S.
The dissociation of Mg(OH)2 can be represented as:
Mg(OH)2 (s) ⇌ Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH- (aq)
Eqm. Concn: S S 2S
KSP = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = S x (2S)2
i.e. KSP = 4S3
Here S= 1.5 x 10-4
So, KSP = 4 x (1.5 x 10-4)3 = 1.35 x 10-11
11. The solubility product of BaSO4 is 1.2 x 10-10 at 298K. Calculate the solubility of BaSO4 at 298K.
Ans: BaSO4 (s) ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + SO42- (aq)
So, KSP = S2
ii) Here KSP = 1.2 x 10-10
So, S = √𝐾𝑠𝑝 = √1.2 𝑥 10−10 = 1.09 x 10-5 M
12. The solubility product of Al(OH)3 is 1 x 10-36. Calculate the solubility of Al(OH)3.
Ans: Let the solubility of Al(OH)3 be S
Al(OH)3 (s) ⇌ Al3+(aq) + 3OH - (aq)
Eqm. Concn: S S 3S
KSP = [Al ][OH ] = S x (3S)3 = 27S4
3+ - 3

i.e. KSP = 27S4

Here KSP = 1 x 10-36.
𝐾𝑠𝑝 1 𝑥 10−36
S4 = = = 0.037 x 10-36
27 27
4
So, S = √0.037 𝑥 10−36 = 0.438 x 10-9 M
13. Consider the equilibrium, AgCl(s) ⇌ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) The solubility of AgCl is 1.06 x 10-5 mol/L at
298K. Find out its Ksp at this temperature.
Ans: Here S = 1.06 x 10-5 mol L-1
For AgCl, KSP = S2
= (1.06 x 10-5)2 = 1.124 x 10-10
14. Calculate the solubility (S) of CaSO4 at 298 K, if its solubility product constant (Ksp) at this
temperature is 9 x 10-6.
Ans: CaSO4 (s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + SO42- (aq)
KSP = S2. Here KSP = 9 x 10-6
So, S = √𝐾𝑠𝑝 = √9 𝑥 10−6 = 3 x 10-3 M
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