CHAPTER (3)

Chapter 3
Lesson ONE
Light
Introduction

1- Light is part of electromagnetic waves, which all travels in space by a constant

speed equal to 3 x 108 m/sec, but varying in frequency, it is called the
electromagnetic spectrum such as:

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 CHAPTER (3)

1) Propagation of light in straight lines:

Light propagates in a homogeneous medium around its source in the
form of concentric spheres. The light source is the center of these spheres.
The direction of propagation of light waves is in straight lines, which can be
illustrated by representing the wavefront.

The wavefront
:
It is a surface perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation on which all points have the same
phase.

Examples of Wavefront Shapes

Plane wavefronts Spherical wavefronts Cylindrical wavefronts

Obtained when
waves are coming The waves obtained
from a laser light from a light source The waves which are
source or a very and propagating in penetrating a fine
distant light source all directions around slit.
(like the Sun). it.

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 CHAPTER (3)

2) Light reflection:

It is the bouncing back of light waves in the same

medium when they encounter a reflecting surface.

Occurrence:

When light waves fall in a medium on a reflecting surface, they bounce back in the
same medium and this phenomenon is known as light reflection

The angle of incidence ) 𝝋𝟏 )

It is the angle between the incident light ray and the normal line on the reflecting
surface at the point of incidence.

The angle of reflection ) 𝝋𝟐 )

It is the angle between the reflected light ray and the normal line on the reflecting
surface at the point of incidence.

Laws of reflection:

Light reflection obeys two laws of reflection

Which are:
• The First law:
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
• The Second law:
The incident light ray, the reflected light ray and the
normal line at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane perpendicular on the reflecting surface.

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 CHAPTER (3)

NOTES

1- The light ray that falls perpendicular to a reflecting surface

gets reflected on itself because its angle of incidence = its angle
of reflection = zero

2- When plotting the relation between the angle of reflection

(𝜑1 ), we get a straight line and when the two quantities are
represented with the same drawing scale on both axes, the
straight line will make a 45o angle with the horizontal axis.

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3) The refraction of light:

It is a phenomenon that changes the

direction of light propagation when it travels
through the interface between two
transparent media of different optical
densities.

Optical density of a medium

The ability of the medium to bend (refract) light rays as they

enter into it from another medium.

The angle of refraction (𝜽)

It is the angle between the refracted light ray and the normal line on the interface
between the two media at the point of incidence.

Laws of refraction:

1- The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence (𝑠𝑖𝑛 (∅) )

in the first medium to the sine of the angle of refraction
(sin ( 𝜃 ) ) in the second medium equals the ratio of the
speed of light (𝑉1 ) in the first medium to the speed of light
( 𝑉2 ) in the second medium which is a constant ratio for
𝑉
those two media and that ratio ( 1) is called the relative refractive
𝑉2
index from the first medium to the second medium ( 1n2 ).
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 𝑉 𝜆
1n2 = = 1= 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑉2 𝜆2

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2- The incident light ray, the refracted light ray and the normal line on the interface between the
two media at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane which is perpendicular to the interface
between the two media.

Refraction of Light Principles

From the previous, we can deduce that when a light ray falls on the interface between two
transparent media such that it travels from:

An optically rarer medium To An optically An optically denser medium To An

denser medium optically rarer medium
Such as: From air to glass Such as: From glass to air
So, the light ray is refracted (bent) So, the light ray is refracted (bent)
toward the normal on the interface, hence: away from the normal on the interface,
The angle of incidence ( ∅ ) > The angle of hence:
refraction ( 𝜃 ) The angle of incidence ( ∅ ) < The angle of
can be represented refraction ( 𝜃 )
By a car which one of its wheels enters a muddy can be represented
soil that makes it slew down while the other By a car that one of its wheels enters a paved
wheel moves in a paved road in a higher speed, road, so its speed increases while the other
so it deviates from its path. wheel moves in a muddy soil in a slower
speed, so it deviates from its path.

Factors Affecting the Relative Refractive Index

1- The types of the two media (their optical densities).

2- The wavelength of the light ray.

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 CHAPTER (3)

The absolute refractive index of a medium

If a light ray passes from space or air into another transparent medium
(given that the speed of light in air is nearly equal to its speed in space):

The absolute refractive index of a medium

𝒄
= The ratio of the speed of light in space or air (c) to its speed in the medium (v) n = 𝑽

= The ratio of the wavelength of light in vacuum or air ( 𝝀𝒂𝒊𝒓 ) to its wavelength in the
𝝀
medium ( 𝝀𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 ) n = 𝝀 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎

= The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence in the space or the air ( sin 𝝓) to the sine of
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓
the angle of refraction in the medium ( sin 𝜽) n = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

The factors affecting the absolute refractive index of a medium

1- The type of medium material: As the optical density of the medium increases its refractive index increases.

2- The wavelength of the light ray: The refractive index of a medium increases as the wavelength of the light
decreases.

Deducing the relation between the relative refractive index for two media and
their absolute refractive indices:

𝒄 𝑽
⸪n= ∴c= ⸪ The value of c is constant.
𝑽 𝒏

𝑽𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝒏𝟐
∴ = ⸪ 1n2 = ∴ 1n2 =
𝑽𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝒏𝟏

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 CHAPTER (3)

Comparison between Relative and Absolute Refractive Index

Snell’s law:

From the first law of refraction

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑛2
∴ 1n2 = , ∴ 1n2 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑛2
∴ = , ∴ n1 sin  = n2 sin θ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛1

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 CHAPTER (3)

Notes

1- The light ray that falls perpendicular on the boundary between two
transparent media,
doesn’t suffer any refraction because according to Snell’s law (n1 sin = n2
sinθ), when the light ray
falls normally on the separating surface between the two media (=0),
then (sin θ = 0) and the angle of refraction (θ = 0).

Less dense
denser

2) Relative Refractive Index

The relative refractive index from the first medium to the second medium ( 1n2
) can be calculated by knowing each of:
𝟏
The relative refractive index 1n2 =
2n1

𝒏𝟐
The absolute refractive indices 1n2 =
𝒏𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋
The angles 1n2 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝝀𝟏
The wavelengths 1n2 =
𝝀𝟐
𝑽𝟏
The speeds 1n2 =
𝑽𝟐
3) Successive Media
When a light ray transfers successively through three media x, y, and z of
refractive indices 𝒏𝒙 , 𝒏𝒚 , and 𝒏𝒛 respectively while
the boundary surfaces ab, cd are parallel, the angle 𝟑 :
- Depends on 𝒏𝒙 , 𝒏𝒛 , and 𝟏 .
- Doesn't depend on 𝒏𝒚 .
Since:
1. 𝒏𝒙 sin 𝟏 = 𝒏𝒚 sin 𝟐 ①
2. 𝒏𝒚 sin 𝟐 = 𝒏𝒛 sin 𝟑 ②
From equations (1) and (2):
∴ 𝒏𝒙 sin 𝟏 = 𝒏𝒛 sin 𝟑
𝒏𝒙
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 = sin 𝟏
𝒏𝒛
• This also can be applied to more than three media when a light ray
passes successively through them.
• If medium (z) is the same medium (x), then: 𝟑 = 𝟏 .

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 CHAPTER (3)

4) When a light ray travels from medium ① to medium ② :

𝒏𝟏
𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋 = 𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋
𝒏𝟐
And if:
𝒏𝟏 > 𝒏𝟐 𝒏 𝟏 < 𝒏𝟐
Then:
𝝋<𝜽 𝝋> 𝜽

And when increasing the angle of incidence ( 𝝋 ) with a given value, the angle of refraction
( 𝜽 ) increases with:

A greater value A smaller value

Example:

- It is easier to see your reflected image on the glass window

of a lighted room at night when the outside is dark than
seeing your reflected image at daytime

- When outside of the room is dark:

The intensity of light passing from outside into the room is
much less than the reflected light from the inside.
- The person can see his image as a result of the light
reflection on the glass inside the room.

- When outside of the room is bright:

The intensity of light passing from outside is higher than
the reflected light intensity from the room.
- It is difficult for the person to see his reflected image on
the glass.

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 CHAPTER (3)

Solved Examples

1) In the opposite figure , calculate the angle of reflection .

Solution:

⸪ The angle of incidence = The angle of reflect

∴ The angle of reflection = 2ϕ
⸪ The angle between the normal line and the reflecting surface = 90
°

∴ 2ϕ+ ϕ= 90°
∴ ϕ = 30°
∴ The angle of reflection = 2ϕ = 2 x 30 = 60°

Or 6ϕ = 180° ϕ = 30° 𝜙1 = 𝜙2 = 60°

2) In the opposite figure, calculate the angle of reflection of the light ray on
mirror (B).

Solution:
- When the ray falls on mirror A, the angle of incidence is (150 - 90 = 60) and as the angle of
incidence = The angle of reflection, so the angle of reflection on mirror A is 60° , then the ray
falls on mirror B.
- When the ray falls on mirror B: From the geometry of the figure the angle of incidence is 50° ,
so the ray gets reflected from mirror B with an angle of reflection 50° .

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 CHAPTER (3)

3) In the opposite figure, if the position of the light source is

changed such that the angle of incidence ( ∅𝟏 ) increases by
𝟓° , the angle ∅𝟐 ′ will ..........

Solution:

⸪ The angle of incidence = The angle of reflection

∴ 𝜙1 = 𝜙1 ′
∴ When 𝜙1 increases by 5°, 𝜙1 ′ increases by 5°
′ °
⸪ 𝜙1 + 𝜃1 = 90
∴ When 𝜙1 ′ increases by 5°, 𝜃1 decreases by 5°
°
⸪ 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 90
∴ When 𝜃1 decreases by 5°, 𝜃2 decreases by 5°
°
⸪ 𝜙2 + 𝜃2 = 90
∴ When 𝜃2 increases by 5°, 𝜙2 decreases by 5°
′
⸪ 𝜙2 = 𝜙2
∴ When 𝜙2 decreases by 5°, 𝜙2 ′ decreases by 5°

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 CHAPTER (3)

𝟒
4) If the absolute refractive index of water is and
𝟑
𝟑
the absolute refractive index of glass is , calculate:
𝟐
(a) The relative refractive index from water to glass.
(b) The relative refractive index from glass to water.

Solution:
4 3
𝑛𝑤 = 3 , 𝑛𝑔 = , wng = ? , gn w = ?
2

𝑛𝑔 3/2 9
(a) wng = = = 8 = 1.125
𝑛𝑤 4/3

𝑛𝑤 4/3 8
(b) gnw = = = 9 = 0.889
𝑛𝑔 3/2

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 CHAPTER (3)

5) A light ray of wavelength 589 nm is incident in air on the surface of a

glass plate of absolute
refractive index 1.52 at an angle of incidence 𝟑𝟎° , calculate:
(a) The angle of refraction of the ray.
(b) The speed of light inside the glass.
(c) The wavelength of light inside the glass.
(The speed of light in air = 3 x 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s )

Solution:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30

(a) ⸪ n = , ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = = , 𝜃 = 19.2°
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑛 1.52

𝑐 𝑐 3 𝑥 108
(b) ⸪ n = , V= = = 1.97 𝑥 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉 𝑛 1.52

𝜆𝑎 𝜆𝑎 589
(c) ⸪ n = , 𝜆𝑔 = = = 387.5 nm
𝜆𝑔 𝑛 1.52

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 CHAPTER (3)

6) A monochromatic light ray is incident

perpendicular on the interface from medium
(a) to another
medium (b) as shown in the opposite figure,
if the number of light waves in medium (a)
through
a distance (d) equals 𝟏𝟎𝟓 waves and the number of light waves in medium
(b) through a distance (d)
equals 1.5 x 𝟏𝟎𝟓 waves, find the relative refractive index anb .

Solution:

𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
⸪𝜆= , ∴ 𝜆𝑎 = 5 , 𝜆𝑏 =
𝑁 10 1.5 𝑥 105
5
𝑉 𝜆 𝑑 𝑥 1.5 𝑥10
∴ anb = 𝑉𝑎 = 𝜆𝑎 = 5 = 1.5
𝑏 𝑏 10 𝑥 𝑑

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 CHAPTER (3)

7) Choose: The opposite figure represents a light ray (R) transferring from
air through a glass sheet then into air again, so the correct path in which the
ray travels is path ...........
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
⸪ 𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

⸪ 𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 > 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∴ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 > 𝜃𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

i.e., the light ray makes an angle with the normal in air always greater than the
angle that it makes in glass.
∴ At the boundary surface between air and glass, the light ray refracts towards the
normal and at the boundary surface between glass and air, the light ray refracts
away from the normal.
∴ The correct path for the light ray is C.
∴ The correct choice is (c).

8) Choose: If two red and blue light rays are incident with the same angle of
incidence ( ∅ ) on the
separating surface from air to glass, the ratio between the angle of refraction
of red light and the angle
𝜽
of refraction of blue light ( 𝒓 ) in glass is ...........
𝜽𝒃
(a) greater than 1 (b) less than 1 (c) equal to 1
(d) indeterminable

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 CHAPTER (3)

Solution:

From Snell's law: 𝑛1 sin  = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃 ⸪ 𝑛1=1

Blue ray Red ray
∴ 𝑛1 sin  = (𝑛𝑏 ) 2 sin 𝜃𝑏 ∴ 𝑛1 sin  = (𝑛𝑟 ) 2 sin 𝜃𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛  𝑠𝑖𝑛 
∴ (𝑛𝑏 )2 = ∴ (𝑛𝑟 )2 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θb 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θr
(𝑛 𝑏 )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θr
∴ (𝑛 𝑟 )2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ𝑏
⸪ The refractive index of the medium increases with the decrease in the wavelength of the light
in that medium.
θr
⸪ 𝜆𝑟 > 𝜆𝑏 ∴ (𝑛𝑟 )2 < (𝑛𝑏 )2 ∴ θr > θb ∴ >1
θb
∴ The correct choice is (a).

9) Two mirrors (A) and (B) are perpendicular to each other as shown in the
figure, if light ray falls on mirror (A), where the confined angle between the
incident light ray and the surface of the mirror is 60, Trace the path of the
light

Solution:

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 CHAPTER (3)

10) Trace the light ray in each:

(a) (b) (c)

Solution:

11) The opposite figure represents the incidence of a light ray on a reflecting
surface. If 1> 4 ,
which of the following is correct?
(a) 1 > 2 (b) 3 < 4 (c) 1 + 2 = 3 + 4 (d) 3 + 4 < 1 +2

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 CHAPTER (3)
Solution:

1= 2 , 3 = 4

1+3 = 2+4

1>4 , 2> 3

1 + 2 > 3+4
The correct choice is (d)

12) The opposite figure represents a light ray falling on a reflecting surface.
The angle between the incident
ray and the reflected ray equals:
(a) 𝟑𝟎° (b) 𝟔𝟎° (c) 𝟏𝟐𝟎° (d) 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

Solution:

The correct choice is (c)

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 CHAPTER (3)

13) In the opposite figure, if ∅𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎° , then the values of ∅𝟐 , 𝜽𝟏 , 𝜽𝟐 , in order

are:
(a) 𝟓𝟎° , 𝟓𝟎° , 𝟒𝟎° (b) 𝟓𝟎° , 𝟒𝟎° , 𝟒𝟎° (c) 𝟒𝟎° , 𝟓𝟎° , 𝟒𝟎°
(d) 𝟒𝟎° , 𝟓𝟎° , 𝟓𝟎°

Solution:

The correct choice is (d)

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 CHAPTER (3)

14) The opposite figure represents a light ray falling on two reflecting surfaces
A and B. The angle of
reflection from mirror B equals:
(a) 𝟑𝟎° (b) 𝟔𝟎° (c) 𝟒𝟓° (d) 𝟒𝟎°

Solution:

The correct choice is (b)

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 CHAPTER (3)

15) The adjacent figure represents a light ray falling on mirror A, then B,
then falling again on A. Therefore:

(1) The angle of incidence on mirror B equals:

(a) 𝟑𝟎° (b) 𝟗𝟎° (c) 𝟔𝟎° (d) 𝟎°

(2) The angle of incidence on mirror A for the second time:

(a) 𝟑𝟎° (b) 𝟗𝟎° (c) 𝟔𝟎° (d) 𝟎°

Solution:

(1) The correct choice is (a)

(2) The correct choice is (d)

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 CHAPTER (3)

16) The adjacent figure represents a light ray falling on two mirrors A and B.
Therefore, the angle of
reflection of the ray:

(1) From mirror A:

(a) 𝟒𝟎° (b) 𝟓𝟎° (c) 𝟔𝟎° (d) 𝟑𝟎°
(2) From mirror B:
(a) 𝟒𝟎° (b) 𝟓𝟎° (c) 𝟔𝟎° (d) 𝟑𝟎°

Solution:

(1) The correct choice is (b)

(2) The correct choice is (a)

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 CHAPTER (3)

17) The adjacent figure represents a light ray falling on three mirrors A, B,
and C. Therefore, the angle of
reflection of the ray :

(1)From mirror B :
(a) 𝟐𝟎° (b) 𝟕𝟎° (c) 𝟑𝟎° (d) 𝟔𝟎°
(2) From mirror C :
(a) 𝟐𝟎° (b) 𝟕𝟎° (c) 𝟑𝟎° (d) 𝟔𝟎°

Solution:

(1) The correct choice is (c)

(2) The correct choice is (b)

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 CHAPTER (3)

18) The adjacent figure represents a light ray falling on mirror A, which is
adjacent to mirrors B and C.
Therefore, the ray:

(1) Will fall on mirror B and reflect, and the angle of reflection will be:
(a) 𝟑𝟎° (b) 𝟔𝟎° (c) 𝟐𝟎° (d) 𝟎°

(2) Will reflect from mirror B and then:

(a)Fall om mirror C at an angle of 𝟕𝟎°
(b) Fall om mirror C at an angle of 𝟑𝟎°
(c) Fall om mirror C at an angle of 𝟎°
(d) Pass parallel to mirror C

Solution:

(1) The correct choice is (a)

(2) The correct choice is (d)

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 CHAPTER (3)

19) The opposite figure represents a light ray falling on a mirror. If the ray
remains fixed and the mirror
rotates 5 degrees clockwise, then :

Solution:

The correct choice is (b)

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 CHAPTER (3)

20) The opposite figure represents a light ray falling on a mirror. If the ray
remains fixed and the mirror
rotates 5 degrees clockwise, the angle of reflection becomes:
(a) 𝟑𝟎° (b) 𝟑𝟓° (c) 𝟒𝟎° (d) 𝟒𝟓°

Solution:

The correct choice is (b)

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 CHAPTER (3)

21) In the opposite figure :

(1) Which graph represents the relation between 𝜽𝟐 and 𝜽𝟏 ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(2) Which graph represents the relation between 𝜽𝟐 and ∅ ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Solution:

(1) The correct choice is (d)

(2) The correct choice is (a)

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 CHAPTER (3)

22) The opposite figure represents a case of light ray refraction. Therefore,
(1) the absolute refractive index of glass (n) equals:
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅𝟐
(a) n = (b) n = (c) n = (d) n =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏
(2) the value of is :
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅𝟏
(a) Greater than one, and constant.
(b) Greater than one, and variable.
(c) Less than one, and constant.
(d) Less than one, and variable.

Solution:

(1) The correct choice is (b)

sin θ1 1
(2) = <1
sin ∅1 𝑛

The correct choice is (c)

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 CHAPTER (3)

23) The opposite figure represents a case of a light ray passing from medium
(1) to medium (2).
Which of the following is correct?
(a) 𝒏𝟏 < 𝒏𝟐 , 𝑽𝟏 < 𝑽𝟐 (b) 𝒏𝟏 > 𝒏𝟐 , 𝑽𝟏 < 𝑽𝟐
(c) 𝒏𝟏 > 𝒏𝟐 , 𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟐 (d) 𝒏𝟐 > 𝒏𝟏 , 𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟐

Solution:

n1 < n2 , V1 > V2
The correct choice is (d)

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 CHAPTER (3)

24) The opposite figure represents a case of a light ray passing from air into
glass. Therefore,
the absolute refractive index of glass equals:
(a) √𝟑 (b) √𝟐 (c) 2 (d) 1.5

Solution:

√3
sin 𝜙 sin 60°
𝑛𝑔 = = = 2
1 = √3
sin 𝜃 sin 30°
2

The correct choice is (a)

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 CHAPTER (3)

25) The opposite figure represents a case of a light ray passing from medium
(1) to medium (2). Therefore,
the relative refractive index between them is:
(a) 1.414 (b) 1.531 (c) 1.274 (d) 1.333

Solution:
3
Tan 𝜙 = = 1
3

𝜙 = 45°
2
Tan 𝜃 =
3

𝜃 = 33.69°

sin 𝜙 sin 45°

n= =
sin 𝜃 sin 33.69°

The correct choice is (c)

61
 CHAPTER (3)

26) When the angle of incidence for a light ray increases between two
transparent media:
(1) Speed of light in the second medium:
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Does not change (d) Cannot be
determined
(2) The value of the relative refractive index between the two media:
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Does not change (d) Cannot be
determined
(3) Angle of refraction:
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Does not change (d) Cannot be
determined

Solution:

sin 𝜙
n=
sin 𝜃

(1) The correct choice is (c)

(2) The correct choice is (c)

(3) The correct choice is (a)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

27) The three figures represent three cases for the refraction of a light ray .
The correct ordering of the
refraction angles 𝜽𝟏 , 𝜽𝟐 , 𝜽𝟑 is :
(a) 𝜽𝟏 > 𝜽𝟐 > 𝜽𝟑 (b) 𝜽𝟐 > 𝜽𝟏 > 𝜽𝟑
(c) 𝜽𝟐 > 𝜽𝟑 > 𝜽𝟏 (d) 𝜽𝟑 > 𝜽𝟐 > 𝜽𝟏

Solution:

𝑛1 sin 𝜙 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃

(1) 1.4 x sin 45° = 1.5 𝑥 sin 𝜃

1.4
sin 𝜃 = sin 45°
1.5

(2) 1 x sin 45° = 1.4 x sin 𝜃

sin 45°
sin 𝜃 =
1.4

(3) 1 x sin 45° = 1.5 x sin 𝜃

sin 45°
sin 𝜃 =
1.5

The correct choice is (d)

…..The correct choice is (d) 61

 CHAPTER (3)

28) In the shown figure, a light ray falls between two transparent media. As
the angle of incidence ∅
increases, then:

Solution:

𝑛2 sin 𝜙
1n2 = =
𝑛1 sin 𝜃

The correct choice is (d)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

29) In the figure shown, a light ray falls from medium (1) to medium (2),
reflecting partially and refracting
partially. If:
∅𝟏 + 𝜽𝟏 = 𝟗𝟎° , ∅𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°
Then ,

(1) The values of angles 𝜽𝟏 and ∅𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 :

(a) 𝟑𝟎° , 𝟔𝟎° (b) 𝟒𝟎° , 𝟓𝟎° (c) 𝟐𝟎° , 𝟕𝟎° (d) 𝟐𝟓° , 𝟔𝟓°
(2) The relative refractive index 𝒏𝟐 equals :
(a) √𝟐 (b) 1.52 (c) √𝟑 (d) 1.33

Solution:

𝑛2 sin 𝜙 sin 60°

1n2 = = =
𝑛1 sin 𝜃 sin 30°

(1) The correct choice is (a)

(2) The correct choice is (c)

61
 CHAPTER (3)

30) In the figure shown, when the angle of incidence decreases:

(a)The angle between rays (1) and (2) decreases.
(b) The angle between rays (2) and (3) decreases.
(c) The refractive index 𝒏𝟏 decreases
(d) The refractive index 𝒏𝟐 decreases

Solution:

sin 𝜙
n=
sin 𝜃

The correct choice is (a)

31) In the figure shown, a light ray falls on a glass rectangular block. The
values of angles
𝜽𝟐 and 𝜽𝟏 respectively are :
(𝒂) 𝟒𝟓° , 𝟐𝟎° (b) 𝟔𝟎° , 𝟒𝟎° (c) 𝟒𝟓° , 𝟑𝟎°
(d) 𝟒𝟓° , 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑°

Solution:
sin 45°
√2 = sin 𝜃1

sin 45°
sin 𝜃1 =
√2

The correct choice is (c)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

32) The adjacent figure represents three laser rays falling on a glass
rectangular block at an angle on
surface x. Which of them will have an exiting ray from surface y parallel to the
incident ray?
(a) Ray (1) (b) Ray (2) (c) Ray (3)
(d) All three rays

Solution:

The correct choice is (d)

61
 CHAPTER (3)

33) The opposite figure represents the relationship between the sine of the
angle of incidence ( sin ∅ ) and
the sine of the angle of refraction ( sin 𝜽 ) for a light ray moving from air
into a transparent medium.

(1) What is the refractive index of the transparent medium?

𝟒 𝟔 𝟓 𝟕
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟓
(2) What is the ratio between the speed of light in air and its speed in the
medium?
𝟒 𝟔 𝟓 𝟕
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟓

Solution:
𝑛2 sin 𝜙 𝑉1 0.7 7
1n2 = = = = =
𝑛1 sin 𝜃 𝑉2 0.5 5

(1) The correct choice is (d)

(2) The correct choice is (d)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

34) If a light ray moves from a medium with a refractive index 𝒏𝟏 to another
medium with a
refractive index 𝒏𝟐 , where 𝒏𝟏 > 𝒏𝟐 ,
which of the lines shown on the graph represents this relationship
( sin ∅ vs sin 𝜽 )?
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) d

Solution:

𝑛2
1 n2 = <1
𝑛1

sin 𝜙
<1
sin 𝜃

𝜙<𝜃

The correct choice is (c)

61
 CHAPTER (3)

35) In the figure shown, what is the relative refractive index :

(1) From the first medium to the second ( 1n2 )?

√𝟐 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟑
(2) From the second medium to the first ( 2n1 )?
√𝟐 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟑

Solution:

𝑛2 sin 60° √3
(1) 1n2 = = =
𝑛1 sin 30° 1

The correct choice is (b)

𝑛1 1
(2) 2n1 = =
𝑛2 √3
The correct choice is (d)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

36) In the figure shown, what is the refractive index of the glass?
(𝒂) √𝟐 (b) √𝟑 (c) 1.33 (d) 1.5

Solution:

The correct choice is (b)

61
 CHAPTER (3)

37) In the opposite figure, a laser source emits two rays falling onto Medium (1)
and Medium (2),
refracting as shown.
If a ray strikes from Medium (1) to Medium (2) with an angle of incidence of 𝟒𝟓° ,
it refracts with an angle of approximately:

(a) 𝟓𝟒° (b) 𝟑𝟎° (c) 𝟑𝟓° (d) 𝟑𝟖°

Solution:
sin 𝜙 sin 𝜙
𝑛1 = , 𝑛2 =
sin 30° sin 35°

𝑛2 sin 𝜙 sin 30°

1n2 = = 𝑥 = 0.87
𝑛1 sin 35° sin 𝜙

sin 45°
0.87 = 𝜃 = 54°
sin 𝜃

The correct choice is (a)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

38) In the figure showing a container filled with water, a laser ray strikes it and
refracts as shown.
The value of angle ∅ is approximately:
(a) 𝟒𝟓° (b) 𝟔𝟔° (c) 𝟔𝟎° (d) 𝟓𝟑°

Solution:
3
Tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 36.87°
4
4 sin 𝜙
= 𝜙 = 53°
3 sin 36.87°

The correct choice is (d)

39) In the opposite figure, a laser beam passes through three transparent media.
The correct order for:
(1) Their absolute refractive indices is:
(a) 𝒏𝟑 > 𝒏𝟐 > 𝒏𝟏 (b) 𝒏𝟏 > 𝒏𝟐 > 𝒏𝟑
(c) 𝒏𝟐 > 𝒏𝟑 > 𝒏𝟏 (d) 𝒏𝟐 > 𝒏𝟏 > 𝒏𝟑
(2) The speed of light in them is:
(a) 𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟐 > 𝑽𝟑 (b) 𝑽𝟑 > 𝑽𝟐 > 𝑽𝟏
(c) 𝑽𝟑 > 𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟐 (d) 𝑽𝟐 > 𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟑

Solution:

𝑛1 sin 40° = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃 , 𝑛2 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛3 sin 50°

𝑛1 sin 40° = 𝑛3 sin 50°
𝑛1 sin 50°
= >1
𝑛3 sin 40°

𝑛2 > 𝑛1 > 𝑛3

(1) The correct choice is (d)

(2) The correct choice is (c)

61
 CHAPTER (3)

40) In the opposite figure, a laser beam falls into medium (1) to pass through
medium (2) then medium (3).
Therefore, the angle of refraction:

(1) In medium (2) is:

(a) Equal to 𝟒𝟓° (b) Greater than 𝟒𝟓°
(c) Smaller than 𝟒𝟓°
(d) Cannot determine whether it increases or decreases
(2) In medium (3) is:
(a) Equal to 𝟒𝟓° (b) Greater than 𝟒𝟓°
(c) Smaller than 𝟒𝟓°
(d) Cannot determine whether it increases or decreases

Solution:

(1) n sin 45° = 1.1 n sin 𝜃

sin 45°
sin 𝜃 =
1.1
The correct choice is (c)

(2) The correct choice is (b)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

41) A light ray falls from the air (where its wavelength 𝝀𝟏 = 600nm ) onto glass and
refracts as shown in the figure. Then, the wavelength 𝝀𝟐 (wavelength in glass) is
equal to:
(a) 424.26 nm (b) 531.21 nm
(c) 311.11 nm (d) 548.12 nm

Solution:
𝑛2 sin 𝜙 𝑉1 𝜆1
1 n2 = = = =
𝑛1 sin 𝜃 𝑉2 𝜆2

Sin 45° 600

= , 𝜆2 = 424.26 𝑛𝑚
sin 30° 𝜆2

The correct choice is (a)

42) In the figure shown, a light ray exits from glass (where its wavelength is 𝝀𝟏 )
into the air ( where its wavelength is 𝝀𝟐 ) as shown in the figure.

(1) The value of 𝝀𝟐 is equal to :

𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟏
(a) 𝝀𝟐 = √𝟐 𝝀𝟏 (b) 𝝀𝟐 = 2 𝝀𝟏 (c) (d) 𝝀𝟐 =
√𝟐 𝟐
(2) The value of 𝜽𝟐 is calculated from the relation :
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏
(a) sin 𝜽𝟐 = (b) sin 𝜽𝟐 = (c) sin 𝜽𝟐 = √𝟐 sin 𝜽𝟏 (d)
𝟐 √𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽𝟏
tan 𝜽𝟐 =
√𝟐

Solution:

61
 CHAPTER (3)

𝑛2 1 𝜆1
(1) 1n2 = = =
𝑛1 √𝟐 𝜆2
𝜆2 = √𝟐 𝜆1
The correct choice is (a)

sin 𝜃1 𝜆1 𝜆1
(2) = = sin 𝜃2 = √𝟐 sin 𝜃1
sin 𝜃2 𝜆2 √𝟐 𝜆1
The correct choice is (c)

43) The opposite figure represents a glass rectangular prism placed on a flat
mirror. A laser ray falls on it
at point x and reaches the mirror at point y.

(1) The refractive index of the glass is:

(a) √𝟐 (b) √𝟑 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.33
(2) The length 𝒍𝟐 , if the length 𝒍𝟏 = 2 cm , is :
(a) 2 cm (b) 1.33 cm (c) 1.15 cm (d) 0.8 cm
(3) The angle of exit of the ray from the rectangular prism is:
(a) 𝟑𝟎° (b) 𝟓𝟎° (c) 𝟒𝟓° (d) 𝟔𝟎°

Solution:
Sin 60°
(1) n = = √3
sin 30°

The correct choice is (b)

𝑙
(2) Tan 30° = 2 , 𝑙2 = 2 𝑥 tan 30° = 1.15 𝑐𝑚
2

The correct choice is (c)

(3) The correct choice is (d)

62
 CHAPTER (3)

44) The following figures represent three cases of light ray refraction through
several media.
Then all of the following are true regarding the refractive indices of the media,
except:
(a) 𝒏𝒚 > 𝒏𝒙 (b) 𝒏𝒛 > 𝒏𝒚
(c) 𝒏𝒌 = 𝒏𝒚
(d) 𝒏𝒛 = 𝒏𝒙

Solution:

𝑛2 sin 40° = 𝑛𝑘 sin 60° , 𝑛𝑦 sin 60° = 𝑛2 sin 40° , 𝑛𝑥 sin 60° = 𝑛𝑦 sin 40°

𝑛𝑧 Sin 60° 𝑛𝑥 Sin 40°

= , 𝑛𝑘 = 𝑛𝑦 , =
𝑛𝑘 sin 40° 𝑛𝑦 sin 60°

𝑛𝑧 > 𝑛𝑘 = 𝑛𝑦 , 𝑛𝑥 < 𝑛𝑦

𝑛𝑧 > 𝑛𝑘 = 𝑛𝑦 > 𝑛𝑥

The correct choice is (d)

61
 CHAPTER (3)

45) A lamp post is turned on at night next to a swimming pool filled with water as
shown. What is the length of the dark part of the pool floor?

Solution:

4
Tan x = , x = 53.13° , 𝜙 = 37°
3

4
1 x sin 37° = 𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝜃 = 26.83°
3
𝑑
Tan 26.83° = d = 1.26 m
2.5

46) In the shown figure, a laser beam strikes a liquid with a refractive index
𝟒
of at an angle of
𝟑
Incidence ∅ = 𝟔𝟎° . What is the time taken for the beam to travel from point x to
point y inside the liquid?

Solution:
4
1 x sin 60° = 𝑥 sin 𝜃
3
𝜃 = 40.5°
1
Cos 40.5° =
𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦 = 1.315 m
𝑑 𝑑 1.315 4 1.315 4
V= , T= , T= 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 0.5 𝑥 10−8
𝑇 𝑉 𝐶 3 3 𝑥 108 3
sec = 5.85 ns

62
 CHAPTER (3)

47) In the opposite figure, a light beam strikes a rectangular glass slab and exits
from the other side. If we replaced this slab with another one having a thickness
greater than d and a refractive index greater than n, what happens to:
∅ ∅
(1) The ratio 𝟏 (2) The ratio 𝟏
𝜽𝟏 𝜽𝟐

Solution:

(1) Increases
(2) No change (constant )

61
 CHAPTER (3)

Home Work
Lesson ONE

Choose the correct answer:

[Link] the opposite table shows some selected wavelengths from
the electromagnetic spectrum in air, so …………...

a) M < Z < Y b) Y < Z < M c) Y < Z = M d) Y = Z > M

2. The opposite figure shows a light ray being incident on a

reflecting surface, so its angle of reflection equals ………….

a) 40° b) 50° c) 60° d) 90°

[Link] the opposite figure, a light ray is incident with speed v on the
surface of a mirror and gets reflected from it, so the speed of the
ray after its reflection becomes …………… .
1
a) v b) v c) √2 v d) 2 v
√2

[Link] opposite figure shows a light wave being incident on a reflecting surface, so this
wave :
1. gets reflected by an angle of ……… .
a) 0° b) 45° c) 90° d) 180°
2. gets deviated from its path by an angle of …………. .
a) 0° b) 45° c) 90° d) 180°
5. A light ray is incident on mirror (A) as in the opposite figure, so the ray reflects
…………… .
a) from mirror C at an angle of 30°
b) from mirror C at an angle of 45°
c) from mirror C at an angle of 60°
d) parallel to mirror C

62
 CHAPTER (3)
6. The opposite figure represents three plane mirrors
forming three sides of a square. Which of the
following choices shows the correct path of the
incident light ray as it gets reflected by the three
mirrors?

7. In the opposite figure, the angle of reflection of the

light ray from mirror B equals ……………. .
a) 20° b) 40° c) 60° d) 70°

8. If the mirror gets rotated about point x in the direction

shown in the figure by an angle of 10°, the angle between
the incident ray and the reflected ray becomes …………..
a) 140° b) 135° c) 125° d) 115°

9. In the opposite figure, a light ray is incident on mirror A while being parallel to mirror
B, so:
[Link] light ray gets reflected from mirror A and falls on mirror B
at an angle of incidence that equals …………….. .

a) 90° b) 60° c) 30° d) 0°

2. The reflected light ray from mirror B falls again on mirror A with an angle of
incidence that equals ………….. .

a) 90° b) 60° c) 30° d) 0°

10. The opposite figure shows with a definite drawing scale the incidence
of a laser ray from source x on mirror 1, hence after the ray gets reflected
from mirror 2, it passes through point ……………

a) A b) B c) C d) D

61
 CHAPTER (3)

11. When a light ray is incident from air with an acute angle on a glass surface, its
direction gets changed due to the change of .............. between the two media.

a) the amplitude of light wave

b) the color of light
c)the frequency of light
d)the speed of light

12. When a light wave passes from an optically rarer medium to another optically denser
medium with an angle of incidence = zero, which of the following light properties does
not change?

a) The wave speed

b) The wavelength
c) The direction of propagation
d) The wave amplitude

13. The relative refractive index (₁n₂) between two media is less than one when
…………. .

a) the absolute refractive index of the first medium is smaller

b) the frequency of light in the first medium is greater
c) the speed of light in the first medium is greater
d) the wavelength of light in the first medium is smaller

14. The opposite figure shows a light ray that is incident on a glass slab, so the angles of
incidence and refraction are ……………., ………………. .

[Link] the angle of incidence on the boundary surface between two media gets
doubled, the relative refractive index between them …………. .
a) decreases to its half
b) gets doubled

62
 CHAPTER (3)
c) remains constant
d) increases by double its value

16. Which of the following graphs represents the relation between the relative refractive
index (₁n₂) between two media and the angle of incidence (𝜙) of the light beam on the
boundary surface between them?

17. Which of the following graphs represents the variation of the speed of light (v)
through different materials versus the absolute refractive index (n) for each of
these materials?

18. When a light ray gets incident from air on water surface at an angle of incidence 60°,
the angle of refraction will be …………… .

a) greater than 60°

b) less than 60°
c) equal to 60°
d) equal to 0°

19. A light ray is incident on the interface between two media having refractive indices
as shown in the opposite figure, so the values of the angle of reflection and the angle of
refraction are ………….. , …………… .

20. A light ray is incident on the boundary surface between two transparent media. If the
angle of incidence is 60° in medium (1) and the angle of refraction is 30° in medium (2),
the relative refractive index from medium (1) to medium (2) equals ……….. .

61
 CHAPTER (3)
𝟏
a) 2 b) √𝟑 c) √𝟐 d)
𝟐

21. The opposite figure shows a light ray falling from medium (1) on the boundary
surface with medium (2), so the relative refractive index from medium
(1) to medium (2) equals …………. .

a) 1.52 b) 1.48 c) 1.34 d) 1.22

22. A light ray is incident from air on the boundary surface with glass at an angle of 52°.
If the ray is deviated by an angle of 19°, the refractive index of glass is …………… .

a) 0.83 b) 1.33 c) 1.45 d) 1.65

23. If the absolute refractive index of gasoline n₁ = 1.5 and the absolute refractive index
of flint glass n₂ = 1.66, the relative refractive index from gasoline to flint glass (₁n₂)
equals ……………. .

a) 0.91 b) 1.1 c) 1.25 d) 1.5

24. The opposite figure represents a light ray that travels from medium A to medium B,
so the ratio between the speed of light in medium A and the speed of light in medium B
is ………….. .
a) greater than 1
b) less than 1
c) equal to 1
d) we can't determine the answer without knowing the values
of ϕ , θ

25. A light ray is incident from air inclined to a glass surface at an angle of 50° with the
surface. If the speed of light in air is 3 x 108 m/s and its speed in glass is 1.92 x 108 m/s,
the angle of refraction of the light ray in the glass equals ……………

a) 24.29° b) 29.34° c) 40° d) 50°

62
 CHAPTER (3)
[Link] opposite graph represents the relation between the sine of the angle of incidence
(sin ϕ) in a transparent medium (1) and the sine of the angle of refraction (sin 𝜃) in
another medium (2) when a light ray travels between them. If the speed of light in
medium (1) is 2 x 108 m/s, then:
(1) The relative refractive index from medium (1) to medium (2)
equals …………… .

a) 1.5 b) 0.75 c) 1.93 d) 2

2) The speed of light in medium (2) equals ………….

a) 2.33 x 108 m/s b) 2 x 108 m/s c) 1.5 x 108 m/s d) 1.33 x 108 m/s

[Link] a ray of light that has wavelength 𝜆 and frequency v moves from air into
another transparent medium of refractive index n , the frequency and the wavelength of
that light in the transparent medium will be ……………. .

28. A red light ray is incident from air on the surface of glass. If the wavelength of red
light in air is 7000 Å and the refractive index of glass is 1.5, the wavelength of red light
in glass is approximately ………. .

a) 10500 Å b) 8564 Å c) 5543 Å d) 4667 Å

29. A ray of light has a wavelength 700 nm in air and 526 nm in water, so it travels in
water with a speed of ……………. .
(Take: c = 3 x 108 m/s)

a) 2.25 x 108 m/s

b) 2 x 108 m/s
c) 1.89 x 108 m/s
d) 1.76 x 108 m/s

61
 CHAPTER (3)

30. In the opposite figure, a light ray is incident with an angle ϕ on the boundary surface
between two media 1, 2, hence if the ratio between the wavelengths light in the two
𝜆 3
media is ( 1 = ) , the figure that represents the correct path of the ray is …………. .
𝜆2 2

𝑛 2
31. If the ratio between the refractive indices of two media ( 1) is , the ratio between
𝑛2 1
v1
the speeds of light in the two media ( ) is ……….. .
v2
2 1 4 1
a) b) c) d)
1 2 1 4

[Link] a light ray is incident at an acute angle from a medium of refractive index 1.2
onto the surface of another medium of refractive index 1.5, then ………… .

33. A monochromatic light ray falls from air into a cuboid of glass that is placed above
a plane mirror, so the correct path of the ray is represented in figure …………… . 24.

[Link] the opposite figure, which of the following values of refractive index (n) makes
angle α larger?

a) 1.2
b) 1.3
c) 1.4
d) 1.5

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35. In the opposite figure, a light ray passes from air into a glass cuboid. If the angle of
incidence of the ray (ϕ) gets increased, the angle (α) between the reflected and the
refracted light rays ………… .

a) increases
b) decreases
c) may increase or decrease
d) won't change

[Link] opposite figure shows a glass plate which is put perpendicular to the surface of a
horizontal plane mirror. If a light ray falls at an angle of incidence 50° on the surface of
the mirror, its angle of refraction in the glass plate will be ………… .

a) 51.6°
b) 47.2°
c) 35.8°
d) 25.9°

[Link] the opposite figure, a light ray passes from air into water, then gets reflected by a
plane mirror under the surface of water, hence (Take: n water = 1.33)

(1)The angle of incidence (𝜙) equals ………….. .

a) 22.41° b) 30.58° c) 41.68° d) 60.12°

(2) The angle of refraction when the ray emerges from water equals …………. .

a) 60° b) 41.68° c) 30.58° d) 22.41°

38.A light ray is incident from air on one of the faces of a glass cuboid to come out from
the opposite face to air with an angle of emergence 50°. If the refractive index of glass is
1.53, so ……….. .

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 CHAPTER (3)

[Link] a light ray travelled from a medium of refractive index n1, to another medium of
refractive index n₂ , where n₂ > n₁, the proper graph of sin ϕ versus sin𝜃, when they are
drawn with the same scale may be …………. .

[Link] opposite figure represents the case of a light ray falling on a plane mirror. If 𝛼
30° calculate..........

𝜙
So , = …………… .
𝛽
1 1 2 3
a) b) c) d)
1 2 1 1

𝜙
So , = …………… .
𝜃
1 1 2 3
a) b) c) d)
1 2 1 1

[Link] (1) represents the incidence of a light ray from air onto the boundary surface
of medium 1 , if medium 1 is changed with another medium 2 as shown in figure (2),
then ………… .

42.A ray of red light is incident perpendicular to the spherical surface of a hemisphere,
so which of the following figures represents the correct path of the light ray?

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43.A light beam is incident perpendicular to a glass sheet of thickness d and refractive
index n, so if the speed of light in empty space is c, the time interval taken by the light to
pass through the sheet equals ………….. .

nd d dc c
a) b) c) d)
c nc n nd

44. If the absolute refractive index of water is 1.33, then the time taken by light to cover
a distance of 20 m in water equals
(Knowing that: The speed of light in air = 3 x 108 m/s)

a) 8.87 x 10-8 s b) 1.13 x 10-7 s c) 2.25 x 10-8 s d) 4.52 x 10-9 s

45. The opposite figure represents a light ray travelling from air through a layer of liquid
of thickness 4 m, if the speed of light in air equals 3 x 108 m/s, then:

(1) The refractive index of liquid equals ………….. .

a) 1.53 b) 1.49 c) 1.42 d) 1.37

(2) The time taken by the light ray to travel from point A to point B
equals …………. .

a) 2.28 x 10-10 s b) 114 x 10-8 s c) 2.28 × 10-8 s d) 114 x 10-10 s

[Link] opposite figure shows a light ray travelling from air into oil then into water. If
the absolute refractive index of oil is 1.48 and of water is 1.33, then the angles (ϕ), (θ)
are ……….. .

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 CHAPTER (3)

47. The opposite figure shows a light ray travelling through three different media, so the
relation among:
(1) The absolute refractive indices of these media is demonstrated by …………. .
a) n3 > n1 > n2 b) n1 > n2 > n3
c) n2> n1 > n3 d) n2> n3 > n1

(2) The speeds of light in the three media is ………… .

a) v1 > v2 > v3 b) v2 < v1 < v3
c) v1> v2 > v3 d) v3 < v1 < v2

48. light ray is incident to pass through three transparent media a, b and c as in the
opposite figure. If the speed of light in medium a is 1.4 of its speed in medium b, the
angle of incidence on the boundary surface between the
two media b and c equals …………. .
a) 30.34°
b) 34.30°
c) 59.7 °
d) 81.87°

[Link] the opposite figure, a light ray passes from water to air to emerge with an angle 𝛼 ,
so if another transparent immiscible liquid whose density is lower than water is poured
slowly above water, the angle of emergence of the light ray to air will be …………. .
a) greater than 𝛼
b) less than 𝛼
c) equal to 90°
d) equal to 𝛼

[Link] opposite figure shows a man looking constantly at a metal coin that is placed at
the bottom of a container filled with water up to level x, hence the coin seems to him at
specific position (a). When the tap is opened to let the water gets out gradually from the
container till its surface becomes at level y, the man will see the
image of the coin ………….. .

a) rising up gradually
b) descending gradually
c) stable at the bottom of the container
d) remained stable at its level (a)

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 CHAPTER (3)

Essay questions:

If the refractive index of water is 1.3 and that of diamond is 2.4, Calculate:
(a)The relative refractive index from diamond to water.
(b)The relative refractive index from water to diamond.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.A light ray falls at an angle of 50 on a glass surface from air. If the speed of light in
air is 3 x 108 m/s and in glass is 1.92 x 108 m/s, Calculate the angle of refraction of the
light ray in the glass.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. A light ray of frequency 4x1014 Hz falls from air on the plane surface of a glass
piece; refractive index of its material is 1.5. Calculate the wavelength of the light ray
through the glass. (knowing that: the speed of light in air = 3x108 m/s)

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Calculate the refractive index of glass when a light ray follows the path shown in the
figure.
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….

5. A swimming pool of depth 3m is filled completely with water

and to light the bottom of the swimming pool, a lamp is installed on a stand of height 2
m and at a distance 4 m from the edge of the swimming pool. Calculate the length of the
dark part at the bottom of the swimming pool.
4
(where: the refractive index of water = )
3
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………….

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 CHAPTER (3)

[Link] opposite figure represents the path of a light ray while being incident on a glass
cuboid of refractive index √3 that is placed above a plane mirror until it emerges from
the cuboid to the air, what is the thickness of the cuboid (ab or ed)?

………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………….

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