The

Obesity
Created by:
 Yong Men Xiang
 Alvin Lim Xuan Yao
 Wong Bik Yong
1. Introduction of obesity
The definition of BMI and Obesity
 What actually is obesity
Obesity is a medical condition characterized by excessive
accumulation of body fat that poses a risk to health
 The BMI
BMI (Body Mass Index) is a numerical value derived from an
individual's weight and height. It is a simple, widely used
method for classifying adults into underweight, normal weight,
overweight, and obese.
The Relationship between obesity and BMI & obesity classification
(In the table below)
Classification BMI Risk of comorbidities
Underweight <18.5 Low (but the risk of other clinical
problems increased)
Normal 18.5-24.9 Average
Overweight >25 Above Average
Pre-obese 25.0-29.9 Increased
Obese class 1 30.0-34.9 Moderate
Obese class 2 35.0-39.9 Severe
Obese class 3 >40 Very Severe
BMI for Both Male and Female

BMI Statistic (10 students in afternoon session, SMK Tung HUA)

  Regarding the table, the ratio of underweight and normal for
form 2 is 1:1
Method to calculate the BMI
 First, measure your height in meters (m) and your weight in
kilograms (kg). After that, use the formula below to calculate
your BMI
The formula for measuring the BMI:
 ____WEIGHT___
HEIGHT X HEIGHT
Example
 Delvin's height is 1.55m, and his weight is 36.
 We use the formula that we showed before
 ____36___
1.55 X 1.55
=14.9
 So Delvin is underweight

Cause of Obesity
a) Genetic Factors
 1. Family History
 Individuals with a family history of obesity are more
likely to become obese themselves. This is due to
inherited traits that affect metabolism, fat storage,
and body weight regulation
2. Genetic Variations
 Specific genetic mutations or variations can influence
appetite control, energy expenditure, and fat
distribution. For example, mutations in the MC4R
gene can lead to severe obesity by disrupting signaling
pathways that regulate hunger and energy balance.
3. Epigenetics
 Environmental factors can affect how genes related to
obesity are expressed. For instance, maternal
nutrition during pregnancy influences the risk of
obesity in offspring.
b) Environmental and lifestyle factors
1. Diet
 Increased consumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient
foods (e.g., fast food, sugary beverages, and snacks)
contributes significantly to weight gain. A diet high in
fats, sugars, and processed foods promotes excessive
calorie intake without providing adequate nutrients
2. Physical Inactivity
 Secondary lifestyles, characterized by prolonged
periods of inactivity (e.g., sitting at a desk, watching
TV), reduce the total energy expenditure. Lack of
regular Physical exercise further exacerbates weight
gain

3. Socioeconomic Factors:
 Access to healthy foods and opportunities for physical
activity can be limited by socioeconomic status. Low-
 income communities might have limited access to
supermarkets with fresh produce and safe places to
exercise, leading to increased reliance on fast food
and sedentary behaviors.
c) Psychological and Emotional factors
1. Emotional Eating
 Many individuals use food as a coping mechanism for
dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, or boredom.
This often leads to overeating, particularly of comfort
foods that are high in sugar and fat
2. Behavioral Patterns
 Stress and lack of sleep can disrupt hormonal balance,
leading to increased appetite and cravings for
unhealthy foods. Chronic stress elevates cortisol
levels, a hormone associated with increased appetite
and fat storage, particularly abdominal fat.
3. Psychiatric Disorders
 Conditions such as depression and anxiety can
contribute to changes in eating habits and activity
levels, further promoting weight gain. Some
psychiatric medications can also lead to weight gain as
a side effect
 For example, there are five main types of psychiatric
prescription medications, such as antidepressants,
antipsychotics, and anxiolytics (also known as anti-anxiety
medications, which can include medications for sleep)

Effect of obesity
a) Health Effects
1. Cardiovascular Disease:
  Obesity significantly increases the risk of heart disease, high
blood pressure, and stroke. Excess fat in the body can lead to
lipid abnormalities, elevated blood pressure, and
atherosclerosis, all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases.
2. Diabetes:
 Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Excessive fat,
particularly abdominal fat, can lead to insulin resistance,
making it difficult for the body to effectively utilize insulin to
regulate blood sugar levels.
3. Certain Cancers:
 Obesity is linked to several types of cancer, including breast
cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer. Adipose tissue
secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines and hormones, which may
promote the growth and spread of cancer cells.
b) Psychological effects
1. Low Self-Esteem and Depression:
 Individuals with obesity often face social stigma and bias,
leading to low self-esteem, poor body image, and depression.
Weight-related teasing and negative comments can have a
severe impact on mental well-being.
2. Anxiety and Stress:
 Due to the high societal emphasis on body size, individuals with
obesity may experience higher levels of anxiety and stress.
They may worry about their appearance and acceptance by
others, leading to social anxiety and isolation.
3. Disordered Eating
 Individuals with obesity may face discrimination in job seeking
and career advancement. Some employers may perceive
individuals with obesity as lacking discipline or having poor
health, affecting their hiring and promotion opportunities.

c) Social effects
1. Employment Discrimination:
 Individuals with obesity may face discrimination in job seeking
and career advancement. Some employers may perceive
 individuals with obesity as lacking discipline or having poor
health, affecting their hiring and promotion opportunities.
2. Social Isolation:
 Individuals with obesity may face social rejection based on
their appearance, leading to isolation and a lack of support
networks. Reduced social activities can further impact mental
health and quality of life.
3. Financial Burden:
 The health issues associated with obesity often lead to higher
medical costs and decreased productivity. Individuals may
require more frequent medical visits, medication purchases,
and treatments, all of which increase the financial burden.

Prevention of obesity
a) Healthy Eating Habits:
1. Balanced Diet:
 Encouraging the consumption of a balanced diet rich in fruits,
 vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats helps
individuals maintain a healthy weight. Emphasizing portion
control and moderation can prevent excessive calorie intake.
2. Limiting Sugary and Processed Foods:
 Educating individuals about the detrimental effects of sugary
beverages, processed snacks, and high-calorie fast foods on
weight gain can help reduce their consumption. Encouraging
healthier alternatives and mindful eating practices can support
better dietary choices.
3. Meal Planning and Preparation:
 Teaching individuals how to plan and prepare nutritious meals
at home can empower them to make healthier food choices
and reduce reliance on convenience foods, which are often
high in calories and low in nutritional value
b) Regular Physical Activity:
1. Daily Exercise:
 Encouraging individuals to engage in at least 150 minutes of
moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-
intensity aerobic activity each week helps burn calories and
maintain a healthy weight. Incorporating activities such as
walking, cycling, swimming, or dancing into daily routines can
make exercise more enjoyable and sustainable.
2. Strength Training:
 Including strength training exercises at least two days a week
helps build muscle mass, which increases metabolism and
improves overall body composition.
3. Active Lifestyle
 Promoting an active lifestyle by reducing sedentary behaviors,
such as prolonged sitting and screen time, encourages
individuals to move more throughout the day. Encouraging
activities such as taking the stairs, walking or biking instead of
driving, and participating in recreational sports fosters a culture
of physical activity.
c) Regular Physical Activity
1. Access to Healthy Foods:
 Ensuring access to affordable, nutritious foods in communities,
such as fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean
 proteins, makes it easier for individuals to make healthier
dietary choices. Increasing the availability of healthy options in
schools, workplaces, and public spaces promotes healthier
eating habits.
2. Safe and Accessible Spaces for Physical Activity:
 Providing safe and accessible spaces for physical activity, such
as parks, playgrounds, walking paths, and bike lanes,
encourages individuals to engage in regular exercise. Creating
environments that promote active transportation, such as
walking or cycling infrastructure, also supports physical activity.
3. Education and Awareness:
 Increasing public awareness about the importance of healthy
eating and physical activity through educational campaigns,
community programs, and media initiatives helps empower
individuals to make informed choices about their health.
Providing resources, such as nutrition counseling, fitness
classes, and wellness workshops, reinforces healthy behaviors
and promotes long-term success in preventing obesity
Design a Healthy Plate:

Example of vegetables Example of carbohydrates

 Broccoli  Potato
 Cucumber  Rice
 Bread
  Tomato  Corn
 Cabbage Example of proteins
Example of fruits o Chicken
 Cherry o Steak
 Apple o Pork
 Papaya o Milk
 Watermelon

Plan a Balanced Meal Per Day Regarding

[Link]
Breakfast Lunch Dinner
3 sardine sandwiches 1 bowl of chicken 1 plate Nasi Kerabu
=71 cal*3 porridge =360 cal x 1
=213 cal =348 cal x1 =360 cal
=346 cal
1 hard-boiled egg 1 plate stir fried 1 bowl salad(raw)
=76 cal x 1 vegetables =100 cal x 1
=76 cal =66 cal x1 =100 cal
=66 cal
1 Cheese cake 3 Bananas (medium) 1 piece plain cake
=400 cal x 1 =60 cal x 2 =100 cal x 1
=400 cal =120cal =100
1 glass teh Tarik 1 fruit coconut water 1 glass ice lemon tea
=83 cal*1 =110 cal x 1 + 1 teaspoon sugar
=83 cal =110 cal =26 cal x 1
=26 cal
83 cal + 400 cal + 213 346 cal + 66 cal +120 360 cal + 100 cal +
cal + 76 cal cal +110 cal 100 cal + 26 cal
772 cal 642 cal 586 cal
Total:2000 cal

THE END