foundations
Biology
Grades 10 and 11
Learner’s Book
for NSSCO
Jenny-lee de Fontaine
Renee Freedman
Reinette Simenson
Jane Webb
-- macmillan
education
NAMIBIA PUBLISHING H OUSE Namibia
WIP7910N000Biology G10-11_LB.indb 1 2018/10/04 14:20
Biology Grades 10 and 11 Learner’s Book for NSSCO
Solid Foundations
© Jenny-lee de Fontaine, Renee Freedman, Reinette Simenson & Jane Webb, 2018
© Illustrations and design Namibia Publishing House (Pty) Ltd, 2018
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of
the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act, 1994.
Failure to comply with the terms of this notice
may result in legal action for copyright infringement
and/or civil claims for damages.
First published 2018
19 21 23 22 20 18
0 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
Published by
Namibia Publishing House
P.O. Box 22830, Windhoek, Namibia
Typeset by Maryke Goldie in Museo Sans 300 in 10pt
Cover design by Namibia Publishing House (Pty) Ltd
Cover image from iStock/Gallo Images
Illustrations by Angie Bowring, Gareth Williams, Ian Greenop, MAC archive
Photos by AAI Fotostock: pp 58, 62, 67, 68, 90, 93, 119, 127, 150 (both), 152 (left), 160 (top right), 160 (bottom left),
169, 177 (both), 194 (left), 195 (left), 195 (right), 205, 214, 233, 265, 267, 270, 358; AfriPics: 54, 59, 136, 158, 160 (top left),
160 (bottom right), 161, 195 (right), 282 (left), 298, 308, 324, 337 (bottom right), 338 (Namib beetle, mopane worm, eagle, lion), 391;
Gallo Images/iStock: 135, 224, 260 (both), 275, 281 (both), 282 (right), 295, 318, 319, 327, 337 (top), 337 (bottom left),
337 (bottom centre), 338 (gemsbok, sand grouse, meerkat, lizard, baboon, Guinea fowl, monkey, jackal), 339 (both),
355, 357 (both), 358 (right), 377, 378, 381 (both), 383, 385, 387, 388, 390, 397 (both), 400;
Greatstock: 103, 152 (right); Hoedspruit Endangered Species Wildlife Centre: 398; Reinette Simenson: 238 (all photos);
WikiCommons_Pache99z: 399
ISBN: 9789994540198
WIP: 7910N000
The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders. If they
have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the
necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
It is illegal to photocopy any page of this book without written permission from the publishers.
WIP7910N000Biology G10-11_LB.indb 2 2018/10/04 14:20
Contents
How to use this book v Topic 7 Enzymes 102
Unit 7.1 Structure and functioning of enzymes 102
Topic 0 Scientific processes 1 Unit 7.2 Factors that affect enzyme action 104
Unit 0.1 Mathematical requirements 1 Unit 7.3 Uses and applications of enzymes 110
Unit 0.2 Scientific skills 9
Topic 8 Plant nutrition 115
Unit 8.1 Structure and function of the leaf 116
SECTION I:
Unit 8.2 Mineral requirements for plant growth 119
Classification of living organisms
Unit 8.3 Photosynthesis 119
Topic 1 Classification of living organisms 30
Unit 1.1 Classification of living organisms 30 Topic 9 Human nutrition 130
Unit 1.2 Identification of living organisms 33 Unit 9.1 Nutrients and diet 130
Unit 9.2 Alimentary canal 140
Topic 2 Diversity of living organisms 36 Unit 9.3 Digestion 142
Unit 2.1 Classification of viruses 37 Unit 9.4 Absorption 144
Unit 2.2 Diversity of plants 39
Unit 2.3 Diversity of animals 41 Topic 10 Transport in plants 149
Unit 10.1 The vascular system 149
SECTION II: Unit 10.2 Water uptake and transpiration 153
Organisation and maintenance of the Unit 10.3 Translocation 160
organism
Topic 11 Transport in animals 163
Topic 3 The microscope 52
Unit 11.1 Transport systems in the human body 163
Unit 3.1 The light microscope 52
Unit 11.2 Blood 176
Unit 3.2 Calculating magnification and size of
Unit 11.3 Defence against diseases 178
a specimen 56
Topic 12 Gas exchange in humans 186
Topic 4 Cell structure, organisation and levels
Unit 12.1 The gas exchange system 186
of organisation63
Unit 12.2 Breathing 189
Unit 4.1 Cell structure 63
Unit 12.3 Effects of tobacco smoke on the gas
Unit 4.2 Levels of organisation 69
exchange system 194
Topic 5 Movement in and out of cells 74
Topic 13 Respiration 199
Unit 5.1 Diffusion 74
Unit 13.1 Aerobic respiration 199
Unit 5.2 Osmosis 79
Unit 13.2 Anaerobic respiration 202
Unit 5.3 Active transport 82
Topic 14 Excretion in humans 209
Topic 6 Biological molecules 87
Unit 14.1 Excretion of waste products 209
Unit 6.1 Chemical substances in living organisms 87
Unit 14.2 The renal system 211
Unit 6.2 Food tests 94
Unit 14.3 Kidney failure 213
WIP7910N000Biology G10-11_LB.indb 3 2018/10/04 14:20
Topic 15 Coordination, growth and development Topic 21 Inheritance 306
in plants219 Unit 21.1 Chromosomes, genes and proteins 307
Unit 15.1 Growth and development in plants 219 Unit 21.2 Monohybrid inheritance 310
Unit 15.2 Plant growth substances 220 Unit 21.3 Variation 320
Unit 15.3 Tropisms 224 Unit 21.4 Adapted features, selection and
evolution326
Topic 16 Coordination in humans 231
Unit 16.1 Nervous control in humans 231
SECTION IV:
Unit 16.2 Drugs and their effect on the nervous
Relationships of organisms with one
system242
another and with their environment
Unit 16.3 Hormones in humans 244
Topic 22 Energy flow, food chains and
Topic 17 Homeostasis 249 food webs 336
Unit 17.1 The importance of homeostasis 249 Unit 22.1 Energy flow in ecosystems 336
Unit 17.2 Controlling internal body temperature 251 Unit 22.2 Food chains in ecosystems 340
Unit 17.3 Controlling blood glucose concentration 257 Unit 22.3 Food webs in ecosystems 344
Unit 22.4 Ecological pyramids 346
SECTION III: Topic 23 Biochemical cycling 350
Development of the organism and the Unit 23.1 The nitrogen cycle 350
continuity of life Unit 23.2 The carbon cycle 353
Topic 18 Cell division 264
Unit 18.1 Mitosis 264 Topic 24 Populations 362
Unit 18.2 Meiosis 268 Unit 24.1 Population growth 362
Unit 24.2 Human population growth 370
Topic 19 Reproduction in plants 274
Unit 19.1 Asexual and sexual reproduction 274 Topic 25 Human influences on the ecosystem 376
Unit 19.2 Sexual reproduction in plants 278 Unit 25.1 Food supply, pollution and habitat
destruction377
Topic 20 Reproduction in humans 287 Unit 25.2 Conservation 392
Unit 20.1 Sex hormones in humans 288
Unit 20.2 Human reproductive system 291 Index405
WIP7910N000Biology G10-11_LB.indb 4 2018/10/04 14:20
How to use this book
How to use this book
Dear Learner
Welcome to the Biology NSSCO Learner’s Book, a course for the Namibia Senior Secondary Certificate. This book
will be your companion, your advisor and your helper for the next two years of your Biology learning experience.
Let’s look at the make-up of the book in more detail. Each topic has the following:
Classification
•
of living The book is organised according to the topics
organisms indicated in the syllabus.
A list of learning objectives that you need to attain by
the end of the topic. Note that the learning objectives
Leaming ob1ectives
are slightly different to the specific objectives as
By lht: !"nd ot tne ~op.c yoo wll ~ able to
OHCnbe ~ [Link]>hon ol tiv,ng Of'g.l('ltYl'rS using a h,[Link] c~sificat10n system
listed in the syllabus. We have combined the specific
~ m1al s o na re!.
objectives into more attainable learning objectives.
These are also the objectives that will be assessed at
the end of the topic.
The introduction to the topic, makes reference to
Introduction prior knowledge from Life Sciences Grade 8 and
In G,,de 8 you learnt d\lt wng Of96"1SfflS lfe CLH.S•fied into five kingdoms, blisecf on le,ues or ch¥&Clensbe:S
lhot !hoy shore You tlso loomt the ompoNnCO ol cllwl),ng Of91"lsms ond us«!• ~mple k,y to •dent,fy ....., Grade 9 where it links to the content to be covered in
oro,,_,,. In Gr6de 9 you letmt •bout wonomy end the MYWi ma,or ie-..ts of [Link]. namety kingdom.
Grades 10 and 11. The introduction also hints at what
you will be learning in the topic.
A topic is divided into smaller units. Each learning
objective is covered in a unit. In a unit the subject
'Unit 1.1 Classification of living ot9anisms
content as required by the syllabus is covered and
structured using suitable headings.
1.1.2 Hierarchical classification system for Suitable headings are used to make clear links to the
living organisms syllabus and structure the content in a logical way.
The practical activities are indicated by the syllabus
and will give you an opportunity to practise your
scientific process skills through experiments and
investigations. Each practical activity is set-out
according to the scientific process:
◗◗ Aim
Obserwand*••~and~
◗◗ You will need
◗◗ Method
◗◗ Observations and results
◗◗ Conclusion
◗◗ Questions
v
WIP7910N000Biology G10-11_LB.indb 5 2018/10/04 14:20
How to use this book
ffi A sign that warns you about hazards in the laboratory/
classroom and why you need to take care/be careful.
Activities will be completed as an individual, with a
Ust and <OIIStnlet didlot- bys to idtlllify liwillg ..,...isas partner or in a group.
Questions about the content you need to learn. These
questions will assess and consolidate your knowledge
1 Homans belOng tO tht! genus Homo (~an1ng 'mar't in [Link] and th@-spt'C:l@S [Link]!'ftS: {meaning "M:Se
of the required content.
inl ~'"'' y,,,....,..,..,.t-,,.,ri,m,~ n~l'ft.•,~,nc-
Exercises will be completed mostly individually.
The Word help boxes define subject terminology that
Word Help you need to know as well as explain difficult English
.tnt19t0t~d
""'"
1r,e-a,<llffd...,,no
words related to the content. The words are bolded in
Qtg,JIWffl5oriUl11'1
the text so you know which words would be explained
in the Word help.
You may notice small boxes in the margin that
You lt\lmr ctbour
nowcrs as the
,ep,OOuctTve orgart.5"
contain information. These boxes are snippets of
irti,l,c)nrsinGrade8
interesting information.
This box will give interesting facts related to what you
Did you know?
are learning about or bits of additional information
-lof
~!ilids4!~$>0Cl&'ly
Ille__,.,.,
Topic 1 | Classification of living organisms
that will help you to understand better the work that
you are busy with at the moment.
Key ideas of Topic 1
● Biodiversity is the diversity of living organisms on Earth.
At the end of each Topic, you will find the following:
● Classification
Topic of living organisms is the sorting living organisms into groups based on shared features.
1 | Classification of living organisms
● The five kingdom classification system is a common hierarchical classification system used to classify
living organisms.
● A hierarchical classification system has different levels arranged one above the other.
KeyThe
● levels in the five kingdom classification system are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and
ideas of Topic 1 A topic summary that gives you a short, at a glance,
species.
●
●
●
Biodiversity is the diversity of living organisms on Earth.
Scientists use a binomial naming system to identify each species; this system consists of a combination
Classification of living organisms is the sorting living organisms into groups based on shared features.
summary of the most important points covered in
of the genus name followed by the species name.
●
●
The five kingdom classification system is a common hierarchical classification system used to classify
A dichotomous key is a tool for identifying living organisms; it consists of a series of choices between
living organisms.
the topic.
two alternative features, eventually leading to the exact identification of the organism.
● A hierarchical classification system has different levels arranged one above the other.
● The levels in the five kingdom classification system are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and
species. The end of topic questions is an assessment
● Scientists use a binomial naming system to identify each species; this system consists of a combination
of the genus name followed by the species name.
Questions
A dichotomous key is on Topic
a tool 1
for identifying living organisms; it consists of a series of choices between
opportunity. It gives you some examination
●
two alternative features, eventually leading to the exact identification of the organism. preparation. This section includes some examination
Section A
Choose the letter of the correct answer in each of the following multiple choice questions:
type questions and allows you to practise and improve
1. What is a dichotomous key used for? your examination skills.
Questions
A. Naming a species on Topic 1
B. Classifying a species
Section A
C. Identifying a species
We hope you enjoy using your Biology NSSCO Learner’s
D. Analysing a species (2)
Book and get many happy, useful an informative hours
Choose the letter of the correct answer in each of the following multiple choice questions:
2. The binomial name for a species consists of:
of learning and success from it.
1. A.
What is a dichotomous
genus key used for?
and species names
A.
B. Naming
kingdomaand species
species names
B. genus
C. Classifying a species
and phylum names
C. kingdom
D. Identifyingand
a species
genus names. (2)
D. Analysing a species (2)
Section B
2. The binomial name for a species consists of:
A. genus
1. The and table
following species names
shows the hierarchical classification of Classification level Ostrich
B. kingdom
ostriches. and species
Answer names that follow.
the questions Kingdom Animalia
C. genus and phylum names
a) Define a hierarchical classification system. (2) Phylum Chordata
D. List
b) kingdom and genus
the seven names.
levels of the system in the order of (2)
Class Aves
highest to lowest. (2)
Section B class do ostriches belong to?
c) What (1) Order Struthioniforms
d) Write the binomial name for an ostrich. (2) Family Struthionidae
1. The following table shows the hierarchical classification of Classification level Ostrich
vi ostriches. Answer the questions that follow. Genus Struthio
Kingdom Animalia
a) Define a hierarchical classification system. (2) Species camelus
Phylum Chordata
b) List the seven levels of the system in the order of
Class Aves
highest to lowest. (2)
c) What class do ostriches belong to? (1) Order Struthioniforms
d) Write
WIP7910N000Biology the binomial name6for an ostrich.
G10-11_LB.indb (2) Family Struthionidae
7 2018/10/04 14:20
Genus Struthio
Species camelus
TOPIC 0 | Scientific processes
TOPIC 0
Scientific processes
Learning objectives
By the end of the topic you will be able to:
◗◗ know mathematical procedures
◗◗ know the scientific way of planning and conducting an investigation
◗◗ know the scientific way of recording and presenting data
◗◗ understand and recognise the correct way to draw graphs and tables
◗◗ understand scientific notation and prefixes, and use acceptable methods of stating units.
Introduction
In Grade 8 and Grade 9 you learnt some basic scientific skills and about the scientific process. You learnt how to
state the aim of an investigation, and how to estimate and measure some physical quantities. You observed and
classified objects and applied the basic principles of drawing. You conducted experiments and investigations and
started to understand the importance of accurate recording and presenting of results.
In this topic, you will develop more scientific skills, including mathematical procedures required for accurate
recording and presenting of results. You will learn about some scientific methods and procedures. You will also
learn how to work accurately and safely with scientific instruments and chemicals.
Before you can conduct an investigation, you have to think scientifically in order to ask a testable question and
hypothesis. In this topic, you will revise these skills.
Unit 0.1 Mathematical requirements
0.1.1 Mathematical procedures that are required for accurate recording
You need to be able to perform some mathematical calculations in order to record your observations and results
accurately. You are allowed to use your calculator throughout the Biology examination. It is advisable that you
practise using it before the exams.
Performing simple arithmetical calculations
You need to be able to perform operations such as addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication (×) and division (÷)
accurately. It is also important that you know when each operation should be performed, and what the result of
the calculation means. Remember that these operations can also involve entities and objects other than numbers.
1
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