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Programming C# 4.0
SIXTH EDITION
Programming C# 4.0
Ian Griffiths, Matthew Adams, and Jesse Liberty
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
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Programming C# 4.0, Sixth Edition
by Ian Griffiths, Matthew Adams, and Jesse Liberty
Copyright © 2010 Ian Griffiths and Matthew Adams. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
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ISBN: 978-0-596-15983-2
[M]
1280338225
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
1. Introducing C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Why C#? Why .NET? 1
The .NET Framework Class Library 2
Language Style 3
Composability 4
Managed Code 5
Continuity and the Windows Ecosystem 6
C# 4.0, .NET 4, and Visual Studio 2010 7
Summary 9
2. Basic Programming Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Getting Started 11
Namespaces and Types 14
Projects and Solutions 19
Comments, Regions, and Readability 24
Bad Comments 26
XML Documentation Comments 26
Variables 28
Variable Types 28
Expressions and Statements 35
Assignment Statements 38
Increment and Decrement Operators 38
Flow Control with Selection Statements 39
if Statements 40
switch and case Statements 45
Iteration Statements 47
foreach Statements 48
for Statements 50
while and do Statements 52
v
Breaking Out of a Loop 53
Methods 55
Summary 58
3. Abstracting Ideas with Classes and Structs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Divide and Conquer 59
Abstracting Ideas with Methods 59
Abstracting Ideas with Objects and Classes 62
Defining Classes 64
Representing State with Properties 64
Protection Levels 66
Initializing with a Constructor 68
Fields: A Place to Put Data 72
Fields Can Be Fickle, but const Is Forever 75
Read-only Fields and Properties 76
Related Constants with enum 79
Value Types and Reference Types 82
Too Many Constructors, Mr. Mozart 88
Overloading 88
Overloaded Methods and Default Named Parameters 89
Object Initializers 92
Defining Methods 95
Declaring Static Methods 98
Static Fields and Properties 99
Static Constructors 101
Summary 102
4. Extensibility and Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Association Through Composition and Aggregation 104
Inheritance and Polymorphism 106
Replacing Methods in Derived Classes 109
Hiding Base Members with new 109
Replacing Methods with virtual and override 112
Inheritance and Protection 114
Calling Base Class Methods 116
Thus Far and No Farther: sealed 118
Requiring Overrides with abstract 121
All Types Are Derived from Object 127
Boxing and Unboxing Value Types 127
C# Does Not Support Multiple Inheritance of Implementation 132
C# Supports Multiple Inheritance of Interface 132
Deriving Interfaces from Other Interfaces 135
Explicit Interface Implementation 136
vi | Table of Contents
The Last Resort: Checking Types at Runtime 141
Summary 142
5. Composability and Extensibility with Delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Functional Composition with delegate 150
Generic Actions with Action<T> 156
Generic Predicates with Predicate<T> 160
Using Anonymous Methods 162
Creating Delegates with Lambda Expressions 163
Delegates in Properties 165
Generic Delegates for Functions 167
Notifying Clients with Events 171
Exposing Large Numbers of Events 180
Summary 183
6. Dealing with Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
When and How to Fail 191
Returning Error Values 194
Debugging with Return Values 200
Exceptions 201
Handling Exceptions 207
When Do finally Blocks Run? 214
Deciding What to Catch 215
Custom Exceptions 218
Summary 220
7. Arrays and Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Arrays 221
Construction and Initialization 222
Custom Types in Arrays 225
Array Members 230
Array Size 236
List<T> 243
Custom Indexers 247
Finding and Sorting 253
Collections and Polymorphism 254
Creating Your Own IEnumerable<T> 258
Summary 264
8. LINQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Query Expressions 265
Query Expressions Versus Method Calls 267
Extension Methods and LINQ 268
Table of Contents | vii
let Clauses 271
LINQ Concepts and Techniques 271
Delegates and Lambdas 271
Functional Style and Composition 273
Deferred Execution 274
LINQ Operators 275
Filtering 275
Ordering 276
Concatenation 279
Grouping 280
Projections 282
Zipping 288
Getting Selective 289
Testing the Whole Collection 291
Aggregation 292
Set Operations 294
Joining 295
Conversions 296
Summary 297
9. Collection Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Dictionaries 299
Common Dictionary Uses 301
IDictionary<TKey, TValue> 308
Dictionaries and LINQ 309
HashSet and SortedSet 310
Queues 311
Linked Lists 312
Stacks 313
Summary 314
10. Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
What Is a String? 316
The String and Char Types 317
Literal Strings and Chars 318
Escaping Special Characters 319
Formatting Data for Output 322
Standard Numeric Format Strings 323
Custom Numeric Format Strings 329
Dates and Times 332
Going the Other Way: Converting Strings to Other Types 336
Composite Formatting with [Link] 337
Culture Sensitivity 338
viii | Table of Contents
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Exploring Formatting Rules 340
Accessing Characters by Index 341
Strings Are Immutable 341
Getting a Range of Characters 343
Composing Strings 344
Splitting It Up Again 346
Upper- and Lowercase 347
Manipulating Text 348
Mutable Strings with StringBuilder 349
Finding and Replacing Content 353
All Sorts of “Empty” Strings 355
Trimming Whitespace 357
Checking Character Types 360
Encoding Characters 360
Why Encodings Matter 362
Encoding and Decoding 363
Why Represent Strings As Byte Sequences? 370
Summary 370
11. Files and Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Inspecting Directories and Files 371
Examining Directories 374
Manipulating File Paths 375
Path and the Current Working Directory 376
Examining File Information 377
Creating Temporary Files 381
Deleting Files 381
Well-Known Folders 383
Concatenating Path Elements Safely 387
Creating and Securing Directory Hierarchies 388
Deleting a Directory 394
Writing Text Files 396
Writing a Whole Text File at Once 396
Writing Text with a StreamWriter 397
When Files Go Bad: Dealing with Exceptions 400
Finding and Modifying Permissions 404
Reading Files into Memory 409
Streams 413
Moving Around in a Stream 419
Writing Data with Streams 421
Reading, Writing, and Locking Files 422
FileStream Constructors 423
Stream Buffers 423
Table of Contents | ix
Setting Permissions During Construction 424
Setting Advanced Options 425
Asynchronous File Operations 425
Isolated Storage 428
Stores 429
Reading and Writing Text 430
Defining “Isolated” 431
Managing User Storage with Quotas 436
Managing Isolated Storage 436
Streams That Aren’t Files 439
An Adapting Stream: CryptoStream 443
In Memory Alone: The MemoryStream 444
Representing Binary As Text with Base64 Encoding 444
Summary 447
12. XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
XML Basics (A Quick Review) 449
Elements 450
XHTML 451
X Stands for eXtensible 452
Creating XML Documents 452
XML Elements 455
XML Attributes 456
Putting the LINQ in LINQ to XML 459
Searching in XML with LINQ 461
Searching for a Single Node 465
Search Axes 466
Where Clauses 466
XML Serialization 467
Customizing XML Serialization Using Attributes 469
Summary 471
13. Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Choosing a Networking Technology 473
Web Application with Client-Side Code 474
.NET Client and .NET Server 477
.NET Client and External Party Web Service 479
External Client and .NET Web Service 480
WCF 481
Creating a WCF Project 481
WCF Contracts 482
WCF Test Client and Host 483
Hosting a WCF Service 486
x | Table of Contents
Writing a WCF Client 493
Bidirectional Communication with Duplex Contracts 501
HTTP 511
WebClient 512
WebRequest and WebResponse 516
Sockets 522
IP, IPv6, and TCP 523
Connecting to Services with the Socket Class 528
Implementing Services with the Socket Class 531
Other Networking Features 536
Summary 537
14. Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
The .NET Data Access Landscape 539
Classic [Link] 540
LINQ and Databases 544
Non-Microsoft Data Access Technologies 545
WCF Data Services 546
Silverlight and Data Access 546
Databases 547
The Entity Data Model 548
Generated Code 551
Changing the Mapping 554
Relationships 555
Inheritance 562
Queries 563
LINQ to Entities 563
Entity SQL 568
Mixing ESQL and LINQ 570
The EntityClient [Link] Provider 571
Object Context 571
Connection Handling 571
Creating, Updating, and Deleting 574
Transactions 576
Optimistic Concurrency 581
Context and Entity Lifetime 583
WCF Data Services 584
Summary 588
15. Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
.NET Components: Assemblies 589
References 590
Writing Libraries 593
Table of Contents | xi
Protection 595
Naming 598
Signing and Strong Names 599
Loading 601
Loading from the Application Folder 602
Loading from the GAC 603
Loading from a Silverlight .xap File 603
Explicit Loading 604
Summary 605
16. Threads and Asynchronous Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Threads 609
Threads and the OS Scheduler 611
The Stack 613
The Thread Pool 620
Thread Affinity and Context 622
Common Thread Misconceptions 623
Multithreaded Coding Is Hard 629
Multithreading Survival Strategies 632
Synchronization Primitives 634
Monitor 634
Other Lock Types 645
Other Coordination Mechanisms 649
Events 649
Countdown 650
BlockingCollection 650
Asynchronous Programming 651
The Asynchronous Programming Model 652
The Event-Based Asynchronous Pattern 655
Ad Hoc Asynchrony 656
The Task Parallel Library 656
Tasks 657
Cancellation 663
Error Handling 665
Data Parallelism 666
Parallel For and ForEach 667
PLINQ: Parallel LINQ 669
Summary 670
17. Attributes and Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Attributes 671
Types of Attributes 672
Custom Attributes 673
xii | Table of Contents
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