Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 5. Each carries 1 score.

(4 X 1 = 4)
1. The number of moles of solute in one litre of the solution is _ _ __

. (a) Molarity · (b) . Molality

(c) Nom1ality (d) Mole fraction -

2. The element with outer electronic con~guration 3s23p3 _b elong to which block of the
periodic table?

3. The hybridisation of carbon in Ethyne molecule is _ _ __

4. Which among the following is a Lewis acid ?

(b) BF~

(c) PC/5 (d) NH 3

· 5. Which among the following is a grc,up showing+ R effect ?

(a) -CN (b) -OH

(c) - NO., (d) -COOH

Answer any 8 questions from 6 to 15, Each carries 2 scores. (8 X 2 = 16)

6. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to fom1 two different c<.Hnpound~, H.2O and H O .
7 2

(i) Which law is obeyed by this combination? • I

(1)
(ii) State the law mentioned above. (1)

7. Dual nature of matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie. Calculate the de Br~glie
wavelength associated with an electron with velocity 1.6 x I 06 mis. (2)

FY-425 2
 8. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
rules out the existence of def init

I
e pat h for
electrons. State Hei sen ber g's uncerta
. inty principle wit h equation.
' (2)

9. NF and NH ·are polar molecules.

3 3 The Dipole mo me nt of NF is less
3 tha n tha t of
NH3 . Wh y?
(2)

10. The spontan~ity of a proces·s is express

ed in terms of Gib b's energy.
(i) Define Gib b's energy.
(1)
(ii)

'\
Write Gib b's equation.
(1)

11. (i) Le-chatelier principle helps to maxim

ise the conversion of rea cta nts to pro
duc ts.
State Le-chatelier's principle.
(1)
. (ii) Explairi common ion effect.
(i) .

12. (i) .Fin d the oxidation n~mber of chlori~

e in HC/O4 •
(1)
(ii) Explain oxidation and reduction in term
s of oxidation number.
(1)

13. Give tpe structures of the following com

pounds :
(i) 3-Ethyl-2, 2-dimethyl pentane
(1)
(ii) Pent-4-en-2-ol .
(1)

14. Draw the cis and trans isomers of But

-2-ene.
(2)

15. Complete the following:

(i)
CH = CH . Red Hot Iron Tube
3
873 k
(1)
(ii) How alkanes are prepared by ·Wurtz rea
ction ?
(1)
FY-425 · 4
 Answer any 8 questions from 16 to 26. Each carries 3 scores. (8 X 3 ~ 24)

16. (i) Classify the ·following as homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture,

element and compound : . (2)

(a) Silver (b) Air (c) Mu(jdy water (d) Water

(ii) Define Limiting Reagent of a reaction. (1)

17. (i) Write the names of four quantum numbers. (2)

■
■

I (ii) State Pauli's exclusion principle. (1)

I

I
I
18. (i)

(ii)
Write the· IUPAC name of the element with atomic number 105.

Define electronegativity.
(1)

(1)
(iii) Chlorine atom has high electron gain enthalpy than fluorine atom.
(1)

19. (1) Write the general outer electronic configuration of transition-metals. (1)
\
\
(ii) Mention two properties of transition metals.
(2)

20. Give three salient features of molecular orbital theory.

21. (i) [Link] first law of thennodynarriics. Write its mathematical'expression. (2)

(ii) Which of the following is a process taking place with increase in entropy.?

(a) Freezing of water_

(b) Condensation of steam

(C) ' Evaporation of water

. (l) ·
FY-425 6
 I
22. (i) Define pH scale.
(1)
(ii) The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide
. . '
are 4.76 and 4.75
respectively. Calculate the pH of ammonium acetate solution.
(2)

23. (i) Describe disproportionation reaction with an example.

'(2)
(ii) Write the stock notation of the compound CuO.
(1)

24. (i) What is Heterolytic fission?

(1)
(ii) Write any one type of adsorption chromatography.
(1)
(iii) Name the purification method used to separate the
components of crude
petroleum:
(1)

25. (i) Draw the Newman's projections for the staggered and eclipsed
conformation of
ethane.
(2)
(ii) Which conformation of ethane is more [Link]?
(1)

CHJ -CH -CH 1

26. . (i) CH CH- CH + HBr . ~r I.
3 2
-[
. · · CH3 -CH 2 - CH2Br
n
Classify I and II as major and minor product.
(2)
(ii) [Link] rule that decides the formation of major product.
(1)

'
'
Apswer any 4 questions from 27 to 31. Each carries 4
scores. (4 X 4 = 16)
27. (i) Explain Bohr model of Hydrogen atom.
(2)
(ii) Write any two drawbacks of Rutherford model of atom.
(1)
{iii) What is photoelectric effect?
(1)

FY-425 8
 28. (i) Match the molecules in Column-I with their shapt; in Column.. JI.

· Column-I Column-II

(·l) PC/5 (A) Trigonal Pyramidal

(2) SF6 (B) Trigonal bipyramidal

(3) CH 4 - (C) Octahedral

(4) NH 3 (D) Tetrahedral (2) .

(ii) Define Bond order of a molecule. (1)

(iii) Mention the two ~ypes of Hydrogen [Link]. (1)

29. · (i) Define Lattice enthalpy. (1)

(ii) Const ruct an enthalpy diakrram for the determination of lattice
enthalpy of
sodium chloride. (3)

30. (i) What are Buff~r Soluti ons? Give an example for Buffer solution. (2) ~

(ii) Explain Bronsted-Lowry concept of acids and bases.

(1)

(iii) Write the relation between K. and Kc'? (1)

11

3 l. (i) · Differentiate Electrophite and Nucleophite . Give one example for each.
·. (2) .
(ii) Explain the following :

(a) Functional krroup isom~rism

(b) Metamerism (2)

FY-425 10

.
~
I
Qn. Sub Scor Tot
Answer Key/Value Points
No. Qns e al
Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 5. Each carry 1 score
1. (a) Molarity 1 1
2. p-Block 1 1
3. sp hybridisation OR, Diagonal hybridisation 1 1
4. (b) BF3 1 1
5. (b) -OH 1 1
Answer any 8 questions from 6 to 15. Each carry 2 scores
6. (i) Law of Multiple proportions 1
(ii) It states that if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the
2
masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in 1
the ratio of small whole numbers.
7. h
According to de Broglie equation, λ = 1
mv
Here v = 1.6 x 106 m/s, h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js and m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg (mass of electron)
6.626 x 10−34 2
So, λ = 1
9.1 x 10−31 𝑥 1.6 𝑥 106
= 0.455 x 10-9 m OR, 4.55 x 10-10 m OR, 4.55 A0
8. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that “it is impossible to determine
simultaneously, the exact position and exact momentum (or velocity) of an electron.” 1
ℎ
Mathematically, ∆x. ∆p ≥ 1
4𝜋 2
h
OR, ∆x. m∆v ≥
4π
h
OR, ∆x. ∆v ≥
4πm
9. This is because in the case of NH3, the orbital dipole due to lone pair and the
resultant dipole moment of the three N – H bonds are in the same direction. So, they
get added together. But in NF3, the orbital dipole is in the opposite direction to the 2
resultant dipole moment of the three N–F bonds. So they get partially cancelled. So
NH3 has higher dipole moment than NF3. OR,
2

NH3 NF3
10. (i) It is defined as the maximum amount of available energy that can be converted to 1
2
useful work. OR, G = H – TS
 (ii) Gibb’s equation is: ∆G = ∆H – T∆S 1
OR, Gibbs energy change = enthalpy change – temperature × entropy change
11. (i) Le Chatelier’s Principle states that a change in any of the factors that determine the
1
equilibrium conditions of a system will cause the system to change in such a manner
so as to reduce or to counteract the effect of the change.
OR, Le Chatelier’s principle states that whenever there is a change in concentration,
pressure or temperature of a system at equilibrium, the system will try to readjust in 2
such a way, so as to cancel the effect of that change.
(ii) Common ion effect is defined as a shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that
1
provides more of an ionic species already present in the dissociation equilibrium.
OR, It is the suppression of the dissociation of a weak electrolyte by the addition of a
strong electrolyte containing a common ion.
OR, Consider the dissociation of the weak electrolyte acetic acid.
CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COO– (aq) + H+ (aq)
If we add some strong electrolyte like sodium acetate (CH3COONa) to the above
equilibrium reaction, the concentration of acetate ion increases. Then according to
Le-Chatelier’s principle, the equilibrium will shift towards left or, the rate of forward
reaction decreases. i.e. the dissociation rate of acetic acid decreases.
OR, Explanation with another example
12. (i) +7 1
(ii) According to this concept, oxidation is the process of increase in the oxidation
2
number of an element and reduction is the process of decrease in the oxidation 1
number of an element. OR, explanation with example.
13. (i) C2H5 CH3
CH3 – CH2 – CH – C – CH3 1
CH3 2
(ii) CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH – CH3 1
OH
14.
2x1
=2 2

15.

(i) Benzene OR, C6H6 OR, 1

(ii) Wurtz reaction: Alkyl halides react with metallic sodium in dry ether to form alkanes. 1 2
This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction.
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
OR, 2 R-X + 2 Na → R – R + 2 NaX
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
OR, 2 CH3-Br + 2 Na → CH3 – CH3 + 2 NaBr OR, Any other example.
 Answer any 8 questions from 16 to 26. Each carry 3 scores
16. (i) (a) Silver – Element
(b) Air – Homogeneous mixture 4x½
(c) Muddy water – Heterogeneous mixture =2
3
(d) Water – Compound
(ii) Limiting reagent is a reagent that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction. 1
OR, it is a reagent that limits a reaction.
17. (i) Principal Quantum number, Azimuthal or Subsidiary Quantum number, Magnetic 4x½
Quantum number and Spin Quantum number. =2
(ii) Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same 3
set of 4 quantum numbers. 1
OR, an orbital can accommodate a maximum of only 2 electrons with opposite spin.
18. (i) Unnilpentium 1
(ii) Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of 1
electrons to itself.
(iii) This question is incomplete 3
It is due to the small size of fluorine/Greater electron-electron repulsion in fluorine/
Larger size of chlorine compared to fluorine/Lesser electron-electron repulsion in 1
chlorine/smaller size of 2p subshell in fluorine/I agree with this statement.
19. (i) (n-1)d1-10 ns0-2 OR, (n-1)d1-10 ns1-2 1
(ii) Transition elements are metals, they form coloured compounds or ions, they show
variable oxidation states and valencies, most of them are paramagnetic, they show 2 3
catalytic properties, they form alloys, they form interstitial compounds. [Any 2
required]
20. The salient features of Molecular orbital theory are:
1) In molecules, the electrons are present in some special type of orbitals called
molecular orbitals ([Link]).
2) The atomic orbitals ([Link]) of comparable energy and proper symmetry combine
to form molecular orbitals.
3) Atomic orbitals are monocentric, while molecular orbitals are polycentric.
4) The number of molecular orbitals formed = the number of atomic orbitals
3x1
combined. i.e. if 2 atomic orbitals combined, 2 molecular orbitals are formed. One 3
is called bonding molecular orbital (BMO) and the other is called anti-bonding
molecular orbitals (ABMO)
5) The BMO has lower energy and greater stability than the corresponding ABMO.
6) The molecular orbitals give the electron probability distribution around a group of
nuclei.
7) The molecular orbitals are filled according to 3 rules – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and Hund’s rule. [Any 3 required]
21. (i) It states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed.
OR, the total energy in the universe is always constant. 1
OR, the total energy of an isolated system is always constant.
3
Mathematically, ΔU = q + w OR, ΔU = q – pΔV 1
(ii) (c) Evaporation of water 1
22. (i) pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion or hydronium ion 1
concentration in moles per litre (or, molarity).
OR, pH = – log[H+]
OR, pH = – log[H3O+]
3
(ii) Given pKa of acetic acid = 4.76 and pKb of NH4OH is 4.75
pH = 7 + ½ [pKa – pKb] 1
= 7 + ½ [4.76 – 4.75] 1
= 7 + ½ [0.01] = 7 + 0.005 = 7.005
23. (i) Disproportionation reaction is a special type of redox reaction in which an element in 1
one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidised and reduced.
E.g. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
1
+1 -1 +1 -2 0 3
2 H2O2 (aq) → 2 H2O (l) + O2 (g)
OR, any other example
(ii) Cu(II)O 1
24. (i) Heterolytic fission is a type of bond fission in which the shared pair of electrons 1
remains with one of the fragments.
(ii) Column chromatography and Thin layer chromatography (TLC). 1 3
(iii) Fractional distillation. 1
25. (i)

2x1
=2
3

Staggered conformation is more stable than eclipsed form.

(ii) 1
26. (i) I is the major product and II is the minor product. 2
OR, major product:- 2-Bromopropne OR, CH3 – CH – CH3
CH3 3
minor product:- 1-Bromopropane OR, CH3 – CH2 – CH2Br
(ii) Markovnikov’s rule OR, Markownikoff’s rule. 1
Answer any 4 questions from 27 to 31. Each carry 4 scores
27. (i) The important postulates of Bohr atom model are:
(i) The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in a circular path
of fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits and are numbered as 1, 2, 3,
….. or K, L, M, ……… .
(ii) The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time. However when
an electron absorbs energy, it will move to an orbit away from the nucleus and when
it emits energy, it will move to an orbit near to the nucleus. The energy change does
 not take place in a continuous manner.
(iii) The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between
two stationary states that differ in energy by ΔE, is given by: 2
ΔE E2 − E1
ν = = [Bohr frequency rule]
ℎ h 4
(iv) The angular momentum of an electron is quantized. i.e. it is an integral multiple
h
of .
2𝜋
(v) The radius of orbits can be given by the equation: rn = a0 n2 where a0 = 52.9 pm.
(vi) The energy of electron in an orbit is given by the expression: En = – RH ( 𝑛12 ),
where n = 1,2,3 .. and RH is a constant called Rydberg constant. [Any 2
postulates required]
(ii) Drawbacks of Rutherford’s atom model are:
(i) He could not explain the stability of the atom. 1
(ii) He could not explain the electronic structure of atom.
(iii) Photoelectric effect is the phenomenon of ejection of electrons by certain metals
(like potassium, rubidium, caesium etc.), when light of suitable frequency incident on 1
them.
28. (i)
Column-I Column-II
(1) PCl5 (B) Trigonal bipyramidal 4x½
(2) SF6 (C) Octahedral =2
(3) CH4 (D) Tetrahedral
(4) NH3 (A) Trigonal pyramidal
4
(ii) Bond order is defined as one half the difference between the number of electrons 1
present in the bonding and the antibonding orbitals.
OR, Bond order (B.O) = ½ [Nb – Na]
OR, Bond order is the number of bonds between the two atoms in a molecule.
(iii) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. 1
29. (i) The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound is the enthalpy change when one mole of
an ionic compound dissociates into its ions in gaseous state. 1
OR, It is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of an ionic compound is formed from
corresponding gaseous ions.
(ii) Born-Haber cycle for the determination of lattice enthalpy of NaCl.

3
 ΔfH0 = ΔsubH0 + ΔiH0 + ½ ΔbondH0 + ΔegH0 + ΔlatticeH0
OR, ΔlatticeH0 = ΔfH0 – [ΔsubH0 + ΔiH0 + ½ ΔbondH0 + ΔegH0]

30. (i) Solutions which resist the change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small 1
amount of acid or alkali is called Buffer solution.
E.g. A mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate around pH 4.75
OR, a mixture of ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide around p H 9.25 1
OR, Blood
OR, a mixture of any weak acid and its salt with a strong base.
OR, a mixture of any weak base and its salt with a strong acid. 4
(ii) According to Bronsted- Lowry concept, acids are proton (H+) donors and bases are 1
(H+) acceptors.
OR, example: NH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Here NH3 is a base since it accepts an H+ ion to form NH4+ and H2O is an acid since it
donates an H+ ion to form OH–. OR, Another example.
(iii) Kp = Kc.(RT)∆n 1
31. (i) Electrophiles are reagents that take away an electron pair from the reactive site. ½
OR, they are electron deficient species attacks at electron rich centre.
OR, they are electron seeking reagents.
E.g. carbocations (R+), Cl+, Br+, NO2+, >CO, SO2 etc. [Any one example is required] ½
Nucleophiles are reagents that bring an electron pair to the reactive site.
OR, they are electron rich species attacks at electron deficient centre. ½
OR, they are nucleus seeking reagents.
Example: OH−, CN−, NO2−, Cl−, Br−, I−, H2O, NH3, R–NH2 etc. [Any one example is ½
required]

(ii) (a) Functional Group isomerism: The phenomenon of existence of two or more
compounds with same molecular formula but different functional groups is 4
1
termed as functional group isomerism.
OR, Isomers which differ in the functional group are called functional group
isomers and the phenomenon is called functional group isomerism.
OR, E.g. C2H6O may be an alcohol, ethanol (CH3–CH2–OH) or an ether,
methoxymethane (CH3–O–CH3).
(b) Metamerism: Isomerism arising due to different alkyl chains on either side of the
functional group is called metamerism. It is commonly shown by ethers. 1
OR, E.g.: C4H10O represents methoxypropane (CH3OC3H7) and ethoxyethane
(C2H5OC2H5)

###############################################################################################
 Answer Key/Value Points
No. Qns e al
Answer any 4 questions from 1 to 5. Each carry 1 score
1. 5 mol 1 1
2. Unnilquadium (Unq) 1 1
3. (c) F– 1 1
4. 3–Hydroxypentan–1–al (3–Hydroxypentanal) 1 1
5. Staggered conformation Or, Staggered form 1 1
Answer any 8 questions from 6 to 15. Each carry 2 scores
6. (i) Molarity of a solution is the no. of moles of solute in 1 litre of the solution.
Or, Molarity (M) = no. of moles of solute 1
Volume of solution in litre
(ii) Law of definite proportions states that a given compound always contains exactly the 2
same proportion of elements by weight. 1
OR, It states that a given compound always contains the same elements in the same
proportion by weight. OR, Explanation with example.
7. de Broglie equation is λ = h/p 1
Or, λ = h/mv
2
Where λ is the wavelength, m is the mass, v is the velocity and p is the momentum of 1
the particle.
8. (i) n = 3, l = 0 1
(ii) (b) 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 ½ 2
Hund’s Rule ½
9. (i) Modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are the periodic 1
functions of their atomic numbers. 2
(ii) Down a group, the atomic radius increases. 1
10. (i) Ionization enthalpy is the amount of heat required to remove an electron from the
outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom. 1
OR, it is the amount of heat required to convert a neutral gaseous atom to a
2
unipositive ion in the gaseous state.
(ii) Due to the stable half–filled electronic configuration (1s22s22p3) of N. 1

11. The law states that the total enthalpy change for a process is the same whether the
reaction taking place in a single step or in several steps. Or, the total enthalpy change
for a process is independent of the path followed. 1
Illustration:
2
Consider a process in which the reactant A is converted to product D in a single step
by involving heat change, ΔH. Let the same reactant A is first converted to B, then to 1
C and finally to D involving heat changes ΔH1, ΔH2 and ΔH3 respectively.
 Then according to Hess’s law:
ΔH = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3

OR, any other example

12. (i) According to Bronsted- Lowry concept, acids are proton (H+) donors and bases are
(H+) acceptors. 1
OR, example: NH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Here NH3 is a base since it accepts an H+ ion to form NH4+ and H2O is an acid since it
donates an H+ ion to form OH– . 2
(ii) It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion or hydronium ion
concentration in moles per litre (i.e. molarity). 1
i.e. pH = – log[H+]
or pH = – log[H3O+]
13. It is a reaction in which a compound is dissociated (broken down) into two or more
components, in which at least one must be in the elemental state. 1
OR, Decomposition reaction may be denoted as A → B + C
2
E.g.: 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
2NH3 → N2 + 3H2 1
2SO3 → 2SO2 + O2 OR, Any other reaction [Any one example is required]
14. Buta-1,3-diene OR, 1,3-Butadiene 1
2
No. of σ bonds = 9 and no. of π bonds = 2 1
15. (i) Cyclohexane OR, 1
2
(ii) C2H5–C2H5 OR, CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3 OR, C4H10 OR, Butane 1
Answer any 8 questions from 16 to 26. Each carry 3 scores
16. (i) Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n, where n = Molecular mass
1
Empirical formula mass
OR, Empirical formula = Molecular formula
n
(ii) Combustion of methane can be represented as:
1
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g) 3
16g 64g 44g 36g
Amount of O2 required for the complete combustion of 16g methane = 64g
So, the amount of O2 required for the complete combustion of 48g methane
= 64 x 48 = 192 g O2
1
16
17. Ans: Observations:
i. Most of the α– particles passed through the gold foil without any deviation.
ii. A small fraction of the α–particles was deflected by small angles. 1½ 3
iii. A very few α– particles were rebounded (Or, deflected by nearly 180°).
 Conclusions:
i. Most space in the atom is empty.
ii. In an atom, the positive charge is concentrated in a very small volume at the 1½
centre called nucleus.
iii. The volume of the nucleus is negligibly small as compared to the total volume
of the atom. (The radius of the atom is about 10–10 m, while that of nucleus is
10–15 m)
18. (i) This is because of the greater effective nuclear charge in Na+. 1
OR, Na+ has fewer electrons than Na but the same nuclear charge.
(ii) Because of the absence of vacant d-orbitals in nitrogen. 1
3
Due to larger size and less electron-electron repulsion in chlorine. [Or, Due to the
(iii) compactness of the 2p subshell of F, electronic repulsion is greater in F and hence it
does not easily add electron]. 1
19. (i) Dipole moment is the product of charge at one end (e) and distance between the 1
charges (r). i.e. μ = e x r.
(ii) This is because in the case of NH3, the orbital dipole due to lone pair and the
resultant dipole moment of the three N – H bonds are in the same direction. So, they
get added together. But in NF3, the orbital dipole is in the opposite direction to the 2
resultant dipole moment of the three N–F bonds. So they get partially cancelled. So
NH3 has higher dipole moment than NF3.
OR, 3

NH3 NF3
20. (i) Octet rule states that atoms containing 8 electrons in their valence shell are stable. 1
OR, atoms undergo chemical reaction in order to attain 8 electrons in the valence
shell.
(ii) Limitations of Octet Rule:
1) It could not explain the stability of compounds containing less than 8
electrons around the central atom. E.g. LiCl, BeH2, BCl3 etc.
2) It could not explain the stability of molecules containing odd number of
electrons (like NO, NO2 etc.). 3
3) It could not explain the stability of molecules containing more than 8 2
electrons around the central atom (i.e. expanded octet). E.g. PF5, SF6, H2SO4,
4) Octet rule is based upon the chemical inertness of noble gases. But some
noble gases like xenon and krypton form compounds with F and O.
5) This theory does not account for the shape of molecules.
6) It does not explain the relative stability of the molecules. [Any 2 Required]

21. (i) It states that the entropy of the universe always increases during every spontaneous 1
process. 3
 (ii) Entropy is a measure of degree of disorderness or randomness of a system. 1
(iii) If Gibb’s energy change (∆G) is negative, the process is spontaneous process. 1
22. (i) Solutions which resist the change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small 1
amount of acid or alkali is called Buffer solution.
E.g. for acidic buffer is an equimolar mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate/ OR,
(ii)
an equimolar mixture of HCN and NaCN/ OR, an equimolar mixture of Boric acid and ½
Borax/ OR, an equimolar mixture of any other weak acid and its salt with a strong
base. 3
E.g. for a basic buffer is an equimolar mixture of NH4OH and NH4Cl/ OR, an equimolar
mixture of NH4OH and NH4NO3/ OR, an equimolar mixture of any other weak base and ½
its salt with a strong acid.
Common ion effect is the suppression of the dissociation of a weak electrolyte by the 1
(iii)
addition of a strong electrolyte containing a common ion/ OR, Example
23. Oxidation number method:
Step 1: The skeletal equation is: MnO4 – + I – → MnO2 + I2
Step 2: Assign the oxidation number of each element and identify the elements
undergoing change in oxidation number. +7 -2 -1 +4 -2 0
– –
MnO4 + I → MnO2 + I2
Here the oxidation number of Mn and I are changed.
Step 3: Calculate the change in oxidation number and make them equal by
multiplying with suitable number. Here the oxidation number of Mn is decreased by
3 and that of I is increased by 1. In order to equate them, multiply MnO 4– by 2 and I–
by 6.
2 MnO4 – + 6 I– → MnO2 + I2
Step 4: Now balance all the atoms except Oxygen and Hydrogen
2 MnO4 – + 6 I– → 2 MnO2 + 3 I2
Step 5: Now balance the ionic charges on both sides. Here the net ionic charge on
6x½
LHS is -8 and on RHS is 0. To equate them, add 8 OH – on RHS [since the reaction
takes place in basic medium].
3
2 MnO4 – + 6 I– → 2 MnO2 + 3 I2 + 8 OH–
Step 6: Now balance hydrogen atoms by adding sufficient number of H 2O molecules.
Here add 4 H2O molecule on LHS.
2 MnO4 – + 6 I – + 4 H2O → 2 MnO2 + 3 I2 + 8 OH –
Now the equation is balanced.
24. (i) Detection of Nitrogen:
To a little of sodium fusion extract add freshly prepared ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4)
solution. Heated to boiling, cooled and acidified with dil. H2SO4. Blue or green
1½
colouration or precipitate indicates the presence of nitrogen.
3
(ii) Detection of Sulphur:
To a little of the sodium fusion extract, add sodium nitroprusside solution. A violet
colouration indicates the presence of sulphur.
1½
OR, The sodium fusion extract is acidified with acetic acid and lead acetate is added
to it. A black precipitate indicates the presence of sulphur.
25. (i) CH3–CHBr–CH3 (2–Bromopropane) 1
 (ii) Markownikoff’s rule [Markovnikov’s rule] 1 3
The rule states that when an unsymmetrical reagent is added to an unsymmetrical
alkene, the negative part of the reagent gets attached to the carbon containing lesser 1
number of hydrogen atoms.
26. (i) Isomerisation: n-Alkanes on heating in the presence of anhydrous aluminium
chloride and hydrogen chloride gas isomerise to branched chain alkanes.
OR, 1
CH3-(CH2)4-CH3 Anhydrous AlCl3/HCl CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 + CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3 CH3
(n-hexane) (2-Methylpentane) (3-Methyl pentane)
(ii) Aromatization: n-Alkanes having six or more carbon atoms on heating to 773K at 10-
20 atm pressure in the presence of oxides of vanadium, molybdenum or chromium 1
supported over alumina, we get aromatic compounds. This reaction is known as
aromatization.
OR, CH3-(CH2)4-CH3 Cr2O3 or V2O5 or Mo2O3 3
n-hexane 773K, 10-20 atm
Benzene
(iii) Pyrolysis: Alkanes having six or more carbon atoms on heating at higher temperature
decompose to form lower alkanes, alkenes etc. This reaction is known as pyrolysis.
OR, 1
C6H12 + H2

C6H14 773K C4H8 + C2H6

C3H6 + C2H4 + CH4

Answer any 4 questions from 27 to 31. Each carry 4 scores
27. (i) Lyman Series, Balmer series, Paschen series, Brackett series, Pfund series. 2
[Any 4 required]
(ii) Limitations of Bohr atom model:
(i) It could not explain the fine spectrum of hydrogen atom.
(ii) It could not explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen. 4
(iii) It could not explain Stark effect and Zeeman effect. 2
(iv) It could not explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
(v) It did not consider the wave character of matter and Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle. [Any 2 required]
28. (i) 1) In molecules, the electrons are present in some special type of orbitals called
molecular orbitals ([Link]).
2) The atomic orbitals ([Link]) of comparable energy and proper symmetry combine
to form molecular orbitals.
3) Atomic orbitals are monocentric, while molecular orbitals are polycentric.
4
4) The number of molecular orbitals formed = the number of atomic orbitals 2
combined. i.e. if 2 atomic orbitals combined, 2 molecular orbitals are formed. One
is called bonding molecular orbital (BMO) and the other is called anti-bonding
molecular orbitals (ABMO)
 5) The BMO has lower energy and greater stability than the corresponding ABMO.
6) The molecular orbitals give the electron probability distribution around a group of
nuclei.
The molecular orbitals are filled according to 3 rules – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and Hund’s rule. [Any 2 required]
(ii)
A B
I. BeCl2 d. sp
II. PCl5 a. sp3d 4x½
III. CH4 b. sp3
IV. BCl3 c. sp2
29. (i) It is the standard enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of a compound
from its elements in their most stable state of aggregation (reference state). 1
OR, It is the enthalpy of formation of a compound in the standard state [i.e. at 1 bar
pressure, generally 298 K temperature and the substances are in their pure form.]
(ii) The required equation is: C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + ½ O2(g) CH3OH(l)
The given data are:
CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l); ∆rH0 = -726 kJ/mol ……… (1)
C (graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g); ∆rH0 = -393 kJ/mol …………………….. (2) 4
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l); ∆rH0 = -286 kJ/mol ……………………... (3)
On reversing equation (1), we get 1
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2(g); ∆rH0 = 726 kJ/mol …………. (4)
On multiplying eqn. (3) by 2, we get 1
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l); ∆rH0 = -2 x 286 = -572 kJ/mol ………... (5)
Now add equations (2) + (4) + (5) and simplify. Then we get, 1
C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH(l), ∆rH0 = -393 + 726 + -572 = -239 kJ/mol
30. (i) An equilibrium reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same 1
phase is called homogeneous equilibrium.
E.g. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) OR, 1
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) OR, Any other correct example. 4
(ii) Kp = Kc.(RT)∆n

Here ∆n = 2 – 2 = 0. [Assuming H2, I2 and HI are in gaseous state] 1

So Kp = Kc 1
31. (i) Sublimation/Crystallisation/Simple Distillation/Steam distillation/Fractional 1
distillation/Distillation under reduced pressure/Differential
extraction/Chromatography etc. [Any 2 methods required].
(ii) Distillation under reduced pressure. 1 4
(iii) Electromeric effect is defined as the complete transfer of a shared pair of π-electrons 1
to one of the atoms joined by a multiple bond in presence of an attacking reagent.
There are two types of E effects: Positive Electromeric effect (+E effect) and Negative 1
Electromeric effect (-E effect).
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